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Nuclei
Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions
1. The nuclear radius as compared to the atomic radius is of the order
(1) 10–3 (2) 10–5 (3) 10–7 (4) 10–9
Sol. Answer (2)
Fact.
2. Two nuclei which are not identical but have the same number of nucleons represent
(1) Isotones (2) Isobars (3) Isotopes (4) Isotones
Sol. Answer (2)
Definition based. Fact.
5. Which of the following pairs of particles cannot exert nuclear force on each other?
(1) Proton and electron (2) Neutron and electron (3) Electron and neutron (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Answer is all of these as electrons are not affected by nuclear forces at all.
6. When two nuclei of mass X and Y respectively fuse to form a nucleus of mass m alongwith the liberation of
some energy, then
(1) X + Y > m (2) X – Y = m (3) X + Y = m (4) X + Y < m
Sol. Answer (1)
Mass reduces and is converted into energy in fusion reactions.
8. If Fpp , Fpn and Fnn are the magnitudes of nuclear force between proton-proton, proton-neutron and neutron-neutron
respectively, then
(1) Fpp = Fpn = Fnn (2) Fpp < Fpn = Fnn (3) Fpp > Fpn > Fnn (4) Fpp < Fpn < Fnn
Sol. Answer (1)
Nuclear force between all nucleons is the same.
9. The atomic mass of 7N15 is 15.000108 a.m.u. and that of 8O16 is 15.994915 a.m.u. If the mass of a proton is
1.007825 a.m.u. then the minimum energy provided to remove the least tightly bound proton is
(1) 0.013018 MeV (2) 12.13 MeV (3) 13.018 MeV (4) 12.13 eV
Sol. Answer (2)
Energy + 8O16 7N15 + 1H1
Energy = [(MN + MH) – M0] c2 = [(15.000108+1.007825) – 15.994915] × 931.5 MeV
10. Nuclear energy is released in fusion reaction, since binding energy per nucleon is
(1) Smaller of fusion products than for fusing nuclei (2) Same for fusion products as for fusing nuclei
(3) Larger for fusion products than for fusing nuclei (4) Sometimes larger and sometimes smaller
Sol. Answer (3)
Since binding energy is larger for products than reactants.
α
X Y
11. A nucleus X undergoes following transformation then
Y Z
2β
(1) X and Y are isotopes (2) X and Z are isobars (3) X and Y are isobars (4) X and Z are isotopes
Sol. Answer (4)
α
x ⎯⎯→ y
y = xzm−−24
2β
y ⎯⎯→ z
z = xzm−−24+ 2
Hence, x and z are isotopes.
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 149
12. Consider the nuclear reaction X200 A110 + B90
If the binding energy per nucleon for X, A and B is 7.4 MeV, 8.2 MeV and 8.2 MeV respectively, then the
amount of the energy released is
(1) 200 MeV (2) 160 MeV (3) 110 MeV (4) 90 MeV
Sol. Answer (2)
Initial BE = 7.4 × 200 MeV
Final BE = 8.2 × 110 + 8.2 × 90 MeV
Energy release = Final – Initial
= (8.2 – 7.4) × 200 = 0.8 × 200
= 160 MeV
135
14. Ratio of nuclear radii of Cs to 40Ca is
(1) 1.40 (2) 1.50 (3) 2.750 (4) 3.375
Sol. Answer (2)
r A1/3
1/3
rCs ⎛ 135 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
rCa ⎝ 40 ⎠
1/3
rCs ⎛ 27 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
rCa ⎝ 8 ⎠
rCs 3
=
rCa 2
15. A nucleus with Z = 92 emits the following in a sequence ,–,–, , , , , , –, –, +, , +, . The Z
of the resulting nucleus is
(1) 74 (2) 76 (3) 78 (4) 82
Sol. Answer (3)
Z = 92
If it goes through 8 alpha decays and two + decays
Hence, net decrease = 8 × 2 + 2 × 1
= 18 protons
Net increase is due to – decays = 4 × 1
Hence, final Z = 92 – 18 + 4 = 78
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150 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
N
17. A heavy nucleus is unstable for any value of because
P
(1) Electrostatic repulsion dominate over nuclear attraction
(2) Nuclear repulsion dominate over nuclear attraction
(3) Nuclear forces are absent in heavy nucleus
(4) Nuclear force is long range force
Sol. Answer (1)
In heavy nuclei repulsion between the lots of protons in the nucleus makes the nucleus unstable.
18. When 90Th228 gets converted into 83Bi212, then the number of - and -particles emitted will respectively be
(1) 4, 7 (2) 4, 1 (3) 8, 7 (4) 4, 4
Sol. Answer (2)
Initial nucleus = 90Th228
Mass reduces by = 228 – 212
= 16 nucleons
16
Hence, alpha particles released are = = 4 particles
4
This results in atomic number reduction by 2 × 4 = 8
212
Now nucleus after alpha decays = x82
After 1 decay Z increases by 1
Number of decays = 83 – 82 = 1
Hence answer is 4 and 1 decays.
19. In the radioactive decay of an element it is found that the count rate reduces from 1024 to 128 in
3 minutes. Its half life will be
(1) 1 minute (2) 2 minute (3) 3 minute (4) 5 minute
Sol. Answer (1)
R 128
=
R0 1024
R 1
=
R0 8
3
R ⎛ 1⎞
or =⎜ ⎟
R0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n=3
3 half lives in 3 minutes, 1 half life in 1 minute
20. If a radioactive material remains 25% after 16 days, then its half life will be
(1) 32 days (2) 8 days (3) 64 days (4) 28 days
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 151
Sol. Answer (2)
N ⎛ N ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ 4 × N ⎠
2
N ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
or n = 2
2 half lives in 16 days
1 half life is in 8 days
21. The count rate of a radioactive source at t = 0 was 1600 count/s and at t = 8 s, it was 100 count/s. The count rate
(in counts) at t = 6 s was
(1) 150 (2) 200 (3) 300 (4) 400
Sol. Answer (2)
n
R ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
R0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
16 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n=4
T1/2 = 2 s
3
R ⎛ 1⎞
R R0 1600 200
R0 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
at t = 6 s,
8 8
22. The radioactivity of a sample is R1 at a time T1 and R2 at a time T2. If the half life of the specimen is T, the
number of atoms that have disintegrated in the time (T2 – T1) is proportional to
(1) (R1 T1 – R2T2) (2) (R1 – R2) (3) (R1– R2)/T (4) (R1 – R2)T
Sol. Answer (4)
R1 = N1 R2 = N2
R1 − R2
N = N1 – N2 =
λ
(R1 − R2 )T
∆N = ( = 0.693)
0.693
23. A radioactive sample at any instant has its disintegration rate 5000 disintegrations per minute. After 5 minute,
the rate is 1250 disintegrations per minute. The decay constant (per minute) is
(1) 0.8 ln 2 (2) 0.4 ln 2 (3) 0.2 ln 2 (4) 0.1 ln 2
Sol. Answer (2)
n
R ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
R0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1250 ⎛ 1 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
5000 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝2⎠
5
n=2 T1/2 = = 2.5 minute
2
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152 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
24. At time t = 0 some radioactive gas is injected into a sealed vessel. At time T some more of the gas is injected
into the vessel. Which one of the following graphs best represents the logarithm of the activity A of the gas
with time t?
logeA
logeA
logeA
logeA
(1) (2) (3) (4)
t t t t
T T T T
40
25. K isotope of potassium has a half life of 1.37 × 109 years and decays to an isotope of argon which is stable. In a
particular sample of moon rock, the ratio of potassium atoms to argon atoms was found to be 1 : 7. The age of the
rock, assuming that originally there was no argon present, is
(1) 4.11 × 109 year (2) 2.74 × 109 year (3) 5.48 × 109 year (4) 1.37 × 109 year
Sol. Answer (1)
T1/2 = 1.37 × 109 year
Ratio – Potassium : Argon = 1 : 7
1
Amount of Potassium left =
8
n
⎛ 1⎞ 1
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =
2 8
26. Two radioactive isotopes P and Q have half lives 10 minutes and 15 minutes respectively. Freshly prepared
samples of each isotope initially contain the same number of atoms. After 30 minutes, the ratio
number of atoms of P
will be
number of atoms of Q
3 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
NP = N0 ⎜ ⎟ NQ = N0 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
NP : NQ = 1 : 2
NP
or = 0.5
NQ
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 153
27. In a radioactive decay let N be the number of residual active nuclei, D the number of daughter nuclei, R the rate
of decay and M the mass of active sample at any time t. Below are shown four curves.
N D M
28. A freshly-prepared radioactive source of half-life 2 h emits radiation of intensity which is 64 times the permissible
safe level. The minimum time after which it would be possible to work safely with this source is
(1) 6 h (2) 12 h (3) 24 h (4) 128 h
Sol. Answer (2)
T1/2 = 2 hours
To work safely the number of reacting molecules must decrease by 64 times
n
⎛ 1⎞
N = N0 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
n
N ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
64 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n=8
Time it will take to T1/2 × 8 or 16 hours
30. The sample of a radioactive substance has 106 nuclei. Its half life is 20 s. The number of nuclei that will be
left after 10 s is nearly
(1) 1 × 105 (2) 2 × 105 (3) 7 × 105 (4) 11 × 105
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154 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
n
⎛ 1⎞
N = N0 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
1
n=
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
N = 106 ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎟
N 0.732 × 106
N 7 × 105
33. Heavy water instead of ordinary water is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor because ordinary water
(1) Cannot slow down neutron (2) Absorbs neutrons
(3) Is expensive (4) Accelerates neutron
Sol. Answer (2)
Fact.
34. Out of the following, which one is not emitted by a natural radioactive substance?
(1) Electrons
(2) Electromagnetic radiations
(3) Helium nuclei with charge equal to that of two protons
(4) Neutrons
Sol. Answer (4)
Fact.
35. In each fission of 92U235 energy of 200 MeV is released. How many acts of fission must occur per second to
produce a power of 1kW?
(1) 3.1 × 1013 (2) 1.3 × 1016 (3) 1.3 × 1015 (4) 3.1 × 1016
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 155
Sol. Answer (1)
Each fission 200 MeV is released
or energy released = 200 × 106 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
Power needed = 1000 W
1000
Number of fission =
200 × 10 × 1.6 × 10−19
6
= 3.1 × 1013
36. If 1 g hydrogen is converted into 0.993 gm of helium in a thermonuclear reaction, the energy released in the
reaction is
(1) 63 × 107 J (2) 63 × 1010 J (3) 63 × 1014 J (4) 63 × 1020 J
Sol. Answer (2)
1 g hydrogen converted to 0.993 g helium.
m = 0.007g
m = 7 × 10–6 g
E = mC2
E = 7 × 10–6 × 9 × 1016 = 63 × 1010
38. A neutron strikes a 92U235 nucleus and as a result 36Kr93 and 56Ba140 are produced with
(1) -particle (2) 1-neutron (3) 3-neutron (4) 2--particle
Sol. Answer (3)
In the reaction sum of atomic number remains the same but mass reduces by 3.
Hence 3 neutrons were produced.
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156 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions
1. A certain stable nucleide, after absorbing a neutron, emits -particle and the new nucleide splits spontaneously
into two -particles. The nucleide is
4 7 6 6
(1) 2 He (2) 3 Li (3) 4 Be (4) 3 Li
2. After 3 hours, only 0.25 mg of a pure radioactive material is left. If initial mass was 2 mg then the half life of the
substance is
(1) 1.5 hr (2) 1 hr (3) 0.5 hr (4) 2 hr
Sol. Answer (2)
Initial mass = 2 mg
Final mass = 0.25 mg
n
N ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
0.25 ⎛ 1 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝2⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
8 ⎝2⎠
4. If a heavy nucleus has N/Z ratio higher than that required for stability, then
(1) It emits – (2) It emits +
(3) It emits particle (4) It will undergo K electron capture
Sol. Answer (1)
N
If ratio is higher it will try to increase number of protons by decay.
Z
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 157
5. Half lives for and emission of a radioactive material are 16 years and 48 years respectively. When material
3
decays giving and emission simultaneously then time in which th of the material decays is
4
(1) 29 years (2) 24 years (3) 64 years (4) 12 years
Sol. Answer (2)
1 material is giving two products
Let initial number be = N0
3
Let time when N decay be t
4 0
T1T2
Effective half life = T + T = 12 years
1 2
n
N ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟ n=2
4 ⎝2⎠
6. Two radioactive samples A and B have half lives T1 and T2 (T1 > T2) respectively. At t = 0, the activity of B was twice
the activity of A. Their activity will become equal after a time
T1T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1T2
(1) T T (2) (3) (4) T T
1 2 2 2 1 2
2e λ1t = e λ2t
2 = e( λ2 −λ1 )t
Taking ln on both sides
0.693 = (2 – 1)t
⎛ 1 1⎞
1= ⎜ − ⎟t
⎝ T2 T1 ⎠
T2T1
=t
T1 − T2
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158 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
8. N atoms of a radioactive element emit n number of -particles per second. Mean life of the element in seconds, is
n N N n
(1) (2) (3) 0.693 (4) 0.693
N n n N
Sol. Answer (2)
n is the rate of decay n N
or n = N
1 N
Mean life is or
λ n
9. Ten percent of a radioactive sample has decayed in 1 day. After 2 days, the decayed percentage of nuclei will be
(1) 81% (2) 19% (3) 20% (4) 100%
Sol. Answer (2)
N1 = N0 – N0e–t
N0
Since N1 =
10
9N0
N0 e −λt =
10
9
e −λt =
10
9N0
Amount left =
10
N2 = N0 – N0e–2t
81
or N2 = N0 − N0
100
or N2 = 19% of N0
10. A sample of radioactive element has a mass of 10 gm at an instant t = 0. The approximate mass of this element in
the sample after two mean lives is
(1) 2.50 gm (2) 1.35 gm (3) 6.30 gm (4) 3.70 gm
Sol. Answer (2)
m = 10 g at t = 0
m = m0e–t
2
where t =
λ
m0
m=
e2
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 159
11. During mean life of a radioactive element, the fraction that disintegrates is
e 1 1 e
(1) e (2) (3) (4)
e e e 1
Sol. Answer (2)
1
In mean life t =
λ
1
N N0 e
⎛ 1 e ⎞ ⎛ 1 e ⎞
Fraction that disintegrates is 0 ⎜ ⎟ Or magnitude ⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ e ⎠ ⎝ e ⎠
13. After five half lives percentage of original radioactive atoms left is
(1) 1% (2) 0.3% (3) 3.125% (4) 0.2%
Sol. Answer (3)
n
⎛ 1⎞
N = N0 ⎜ ⎟ where n = 5
⎝2⎠
N0
N=
32
N = 3.125% of N0
1
14. The radioactivity of a certain radioactive elements drops to of its initial value in 30 seconds. Its half life
64
is
(1) 8 seconds (2) 15 seconds (3) 7.5 seconds (4) 5 seconds
Sol. Answer (4)
n
N ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
64 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n=6
Hence half life is 5 seconds
15. Find the decay rate of the substance having 4 × 1015 atoms. Half life of a radioactive substance in -decay
is 1.2 × 107 s
(1) 2.3 × 108 atom/s (2) 3.2 × 108 atom/s (3) 2.3 × 1011 atom/s (4) 3.2 × 1011 atom/s
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160 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
0.693
T1/2 = 1.2 × 107 s =
λ
0.693
λ=
1.2 × 107
dN
− = λN0
dt
dN 0.693
− = × 4 × 1015
dt 1.2 × 107
dN
or = 2.3 × 108 atom/s
dt
16. The average binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus of atom is approximately
(1) 8 J (2) 8 KeV (3) 8 eV (4) 8 MeV
Sol. Answer (4)
Fact.
17. For the nuclear fusion reaction 12 H 13 H 24 He 10 n temperature to which gases must be heated is 3.7 × 109 K.
Potential energy between two nuclei is closest to (Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.38 ×10–23 J/K)
(1) –10–10 J (2) –10–12 J (3) –10–14 J (4) –10–16 J
Sol. Answer (4)
3
KE of nuclei = kt = 7.659 × 10–14 (for fusion)
2
Potential energy between nuclei must be much less than the initiating KE so that the nuclei have enough
KE for reaction to take place.
18. A nucleus 220X at rest decays emitting an -particle. If energy of daughter nucleus is 0.2 MeV, Q value of the
reaction is
(1) 10.8 MeV (2) 10.9 MeV (3) 11 MeV (4) 11.1 MeV
Sol. Answer (3)
Energy of daughter nucleus = 0.2 MeV
mα
0.2 MeV = Q
mα + mD
4
0.2 MeV = Q
220
0.2 × 220
MeV = Q
4
2 × 55
=Q
10
Q = 11 MeV
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 161
19. Radioactive nuclei P and Q disintegrate into R with half lives 1 month and 2 months respectively. At time t =
0, number of nuclei of each P and Q is x. Time at which rate of disintegration of P and Q are equal, number
of nuclei of R is
(1) x (2) 1.25 x (3) 1.5 x (4) 1.75 x
Sol. Answer (2)
Let time be t
λ1 × e −λ1t = λ 2 × e −λ2t
λ1
= e( λ1 −λ2 )t
λ2
λ1
ln = ( λ1 − λ 2 )t
λ2
ln 1 – ln 2 = (1 – 2)t
0.693 = (1 – 2)t
208
20. A radioactive element X emits six -particles and four -particles leading to end product 82 Pb . X is
21. In nature, ratio of isotopes of Boron, 5B10 and 5B11, is (given that atomic weight of boron is 10.81)
(1) 81 : 19 (2) 21 : 44 (3) 19 : 81 (4) 44 : 21
Sol. Answer (3)
Atomic weight = 10.81
Weighted mean is hence = 10.81
10 × x + 11 × (100 − x )
10.81 =
100
1081 = 10x + 1100 – 11x
x = 19
Hence, B10 : B11 = 19 : 81
22 22
22. Q-value of the decay 11 Na 10 Ne e is
22 22
(1) [m (11 Na) m(10 Ne)] c 2 22
(2) [m(11 22
Na) m(10 Ne) me ] c 2
22 22
(3) [m(11 Na) m(10 Ne) 2me ] c 2 22
(4) [m(11 22
Na) m(10 Ne) 3me ] c 2
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162 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
23. Which of the alternatives gives correct match of Column-I with Column-II?
Column-I Column-II
(1) a(i), b(iii), c(iv), d(ii) (2) a(iii), b(i), c(ii), d(iv) (3) a(iii), b(i), c(iv), d(ii) (4) a(i), b(iv), c(ii), d(iii)
Sol. Answer (3)
Fact.
24. Correct increasing order of penetrating powers of , particles and -rays, all moving with same kinetic energy
is
(1) , ,
(2) , ,
(3) , ,
(4) All have same penetrating power as all have same kinetic energy
Sol. Answer (1)
Fact.
(1) 2.67 MeV (2) 2.67 KeV (3) 26.7 MeV (4) 26.7 KeV
Sol. Answer (3)
Fact.
In proton-proton cycle four hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium.
(1) 1 milli bacquerel (2) 1 milli curie (3) 1 micro bacquerel (4) 1 micro curie
Sol. Answer (1)
Fact.
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 163
SECTION - C
Previous Years Questions
1. A nucleus of uranium decays at rest into nuclei of thorium and helium. Then [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(1) The helium nucleus has less kinetic energy than the thorium nucleus
(2) The helium nucleus has more kinetic energy than the thorium nucleus
(3) The helium nucleus has less momentum than the thorium nucleus
(4) The helium nucleus has more momentum than the thorium nucleus
Sol. Answer (2)
Th
U ⇒
Linear momentum conservation
→ → →
PU = Pα + PTh
→ →
0 = Pα + PTh
→ →
| Pα | = | PTh | = P
P2 P2
KE of α = and KE of Th =
2Mα 2MTh
Mα < Mth
KE of > KE of Th.
27 125
2. If radius of the 13 Al nucleus is taken to be RAl, then the radius of 53 Te nucleus is nearly [AIPMT-2015]
1/3 1/3
⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎛ 53 ⎞ 5 3
(1) ⎜ ⎟ RAl (2) ⎜ ⎟ RAl (3) RAl (4) RAl
⎝ 53 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ 3 5
1
27
For, 13 Al RAl R0 (27) 3 3R0 ...(i)
1
125
For, 53Te RTe R0 (125) 3 5R0 ...(ii)
(ii)
,
(i)
RTe 5R0
RAl 3R0
5
RTe RAl
3
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164 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
3. The Binding energy per nucleon of 73 Li and 42 He nuclei are 5.60 MeV and 7.06 MeV, respectively. In the nuclear
(1) 19.6 MeV (2) –2.4 MeV (3) 8.4 MeV (4) 17.3 MeV
Sol. Answer (4)
Q = 2 (4 × 7.06) – (7 × 5.60)
Q = 17.3 MeV
4. A radio isotope X with a half life 1.4 × 109 years decays to Y which is stable. A sample of the rock from a cave
was found to contain X and Y in the ratio 1 : 7. The age of the rock is [AIPMT-2014]
(1) 1.96 × 109 years (2) 3.92 × 109 years (3) 4.20 × 109 years (4) 8.40 × 109 years
Sol. Answer (3)
1 7
X : Y = 1 : 7 then X , Y
8 8
n
⎛ 1⎞ 1
⎜2⎟ 8 n = 3
⎝ ⎠
t
3 t 3 t1/2 = 3 × 1.4 × 109
t1/2
5. A certain mass of Hydrogen is changed to Helium by the process of fusion. The Mass defect in fusion reaction
is 0.02866 u. The energy liberated per u is:(Given 1 u = 931 MeV) [NEET-2013]
(1) 26.7 MeV (2) 6.675 MeV (3) 13.35 MeV (4) 2.67 MeV
Sol. Answer (2)
6. The half life of a radioactive isotope X is 20 years. It decays to another element Y which is stable. The two
elements X and Y were found to be in the ratio 1 : 7 in a sample of a given rock. The age of the rock is estimated
to be [NEET-2013]
(1) 60 years (2) 80 years (3) 100 years (4) 40 years
Sol. Answer (1)
7. If the nuclear radius of 27Al is 3.6 Fermi, the approximate nuclear radius of 64Cu in Fermi is
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
(1) 4.8 (2) 3.6 (3) 2.4 (4) 1.2
Sol. Answer (1)
R A1/3
8. A mixture consists of two radioactive materials A1 and A2 with half lives of 20 s and 10 s respectively. Initially
the mixture has 40 g of A1 and 160 g of A2. The amount of the two in the mixture will become equal after
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
(1) 20 s (2) 40 s (3) 60 s (4) 80 s
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 165
Sol. Answer (2)
n2 n1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
m2f = m2 ⎜ ⎟ m1f = m1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
2n1 n1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
m2 ⎜ ⎟ = m1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
m2 2− n1 = m1
160
= 40
2n1
Hence, they will become equal after = 2 × 20 = 40 s
2
9. The half life of a radioactive nucleus is 50 days. The time interval (t2 – t1) between the time t2 when of it has
3
1
decayed and the time t1 when of it had decayed as: [AIPMT (Mains)-2012]
3
(1) 30 days (2) 50 days (3) 60 days (4) 15 days
Sol. Answer (2)
2N0
= N0 e −λt1
3
N0
at t2 = N0 e −λt2
3
2 = e λ( t2 − t1 )
(t2 – t1) = ln 2
ln2
t2 – t1 = = T1/2 = 50 days
λ
10. The power obtained in a reactor using U235 disintegration is 1000 kW. The mass decay of U235 per hour is
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
(1) 1 microgram (2) 10 microgram (3) 20 microgram (4) 40 microgram
Sol. Answer (4)
Power obtained = 1000 kW
By the formula E = mc2
1000 × 103 = m × (3 × 108)2
106
= ∆m per second
9 × 1016
106 × 60 × 60 36
m per hour = 16
= × 10 −8 = 4 × 10–8
9 × 10 9
or 40 g
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166 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
11. The half life of a radioactive isotope X is 50 years. It decays to another element , Y which is stable. The two
elements X and Y were found to be in the ratio of 1:15 in a sample of a given rock. The age of the rock was
estimated to be [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
(1) 100 years (2) 150 years (3) 200 years (4) 250 years
Sol. Answer (3)
Tx = 50 years
1
Amount of x left =
16
n
x0 ⎛ 1⎞
= x0 ⎜ ⎟
16 ⎝2⎠
n=4
Hence, age of the rock is 200 years
12. Fusion reaction takes place at high temperature because [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
(1) Molecules break up at high temperature
(2) Nuclei break up at high temperature
(3) Atoms get ionised at high temperature
(4) Kinetic energy is high enough to overcome the coulomb repulsion between nuclei
Sol. Answer (4)
Fact.
m
13. A nucleus n X emits one -particle and two – particles. The resulting nucleus is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
m4 m 6 m 6 m4
(1) n 2 Y (2) n 4 Z (3) nZ (4) n X
14. Two radioactive nuclei P and Q in a given sample decay into a stable nucleus R. At time t = 0, number of P
species are 4N0 and that of Q are N0. Half-life of P (for conversion to R) is 1 minute whereas that of Q is 2
minutes. Initially there are no nuclei of R present in the sample. When number of nuclei of P and Q are equal
the number of nuclei of R present in the sample would be : [AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
5N0 9N0
(1) (2) 2N0 (3) 3N (4)
2 2
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 167
ln 2
2ln 2 = ⋅t
2
t = 4 minutes
⎛ N ⎞ ⎛ N ⎞ 9N0
P = ⎜ 4N0 − 0 ⎟ + ⎜ N0 − 0 ⎟ =
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
15. The mass of a 73 Li nucleus is 0.042 u less than the sum of the masses of all its nucleons. The binding energy
(1) 46 MeV (2) 5.6 MeV (3) 3.9 MeV (4) 23 MeV
Sol. Answer (2)
Binding energy = mC2
1 amu = 931 MeV
mC2 = 0.042 × 931 MeV
= 39.123
Binding energy per nucleon = 5.589
16. The activity of a radioactive sample is measured as N0 counts per minute at t = 0 and N0/e counts per minute
at t = 5 minutes. The time (in minutes) at which the activity reduces to half its value is:
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
5
(1) loge2/5 (2) log 2 (3) 5 log102 (4) 5loge2
e
17. The decay constant of a radio isotope is . If A1 and A2 are its activities at times t1 and t2 respectively, the
number of nuclei which have decayed during the time (t1 – t2) [AIPMT (Mains)-2010]
(1) A1t1 – A2t2 (2) A1 – A2 (3) (A1 – A2)/ (4) (A1 – A2)
Sol. Answer (3)
A = A0e–t
A1 = A0 e −λt1 A2 = A0 e −λt2
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168 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
18. The binding energy per nucleon in deuterium and helium nuclei are 1.1 MeV and 7.0 MeV, respectively. When
two deuterium nuclei fuse to form a helium nucleus the energy released in the fusion is
[AIPMT (Mains)-2010]
(1) 23.6 MeV (2) 2.2 MeV (3) 28.0 MeV (4) 30.2 MeV
Sol. Answer (1)
E = (28 – 4.4) MeV
E = 23.6 MeV
20. The number of beta particles emitted by a radioactive substance is twice the number of alpha particles emitted
by it. The resulting daughter is an: [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
(1) Isomer of parent (2) Isotone of parent (3) Isotope of parent (4) Isobar of parent
Sol. Answer (3)
Atomic number of initial and final nuclei will be same.
21. In a Rutherford scattering experiment when a projectile of charge z1 and mass M1 approaches a target nucleus
of charge z2 and mass M2, the distance of closest approach is r0. The energy of the projectile is:
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
(1) Directly proportional to z1z2 (2) Inversely proportional to z1
(3) Directly proportional to mass M1 (4) Directly proportional to M1 × M2
Sol. Answer (1)
22. Two radioactive materials X1 and X2 have decay constants 5 and respectively. If initially they have the same
1
number of nuclei, then the ratio of the number of nuclei of X1 to that of X2 will be after a time
e
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
e 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 4
Sol. Answer (4)
23. Two nuclei have their mass numbers in the ratio of 1:3. The ratio of their nuclear densities would be
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 3 (3) 3 : 1 (4) (3)1/3 : 1
Sol. Answer (1)
Nuclear densities are always roughly same.
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 169
A
24. If M(A; Z), Mp and Mn denote the masses of the nucleus ZX , proton and neutron respectively in units of u (1u
= 931.5 MeV / C2) and BE represents its bonding energy in MeV, then [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
(1) M(A, Z) = ZMp + (A – Z)Mn + BE/C2 (2) M(A, Z) = ZMp + (A – Z)Mn – BE/C2
(3) M(A, Z) = ZMp + (A – Z)Mn + BE (4) M(A, Z) = ZMp + (A – Z)Mn – BE
Sol. Answer (2)
27 125
25. If the nucleus 13 Al has a nuclear radius of about 3.6 fm, then 32Te would have its radius approximately as
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(1) 4.8 fm (2) 6.0 fm (3) 9.6 fm (4) 12.0 fm
Sol. Answer (2)
R A1/3
RAL A1/3
AL
= 1/3
RTe ATe
1/3
ATe
RAL × = RTe
A1/3
Al
1251/3
3.6fm × = RTe
271/3
5
3.6 × = RTe
3
RTe = 6 fm
26. In a radioactive decay process, the negatively charged emitted – particles are [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(1) The electrons produced as a result of the decay of neutrons inside the nucleus
(2) The electrons produced as a result of collisions between atoms
(3) The electrons orbiting around the nucleus
(4) The electrons present inside the nucleus
Sol. Answer (1)
By definition.
A
27. A nucleus ZX has mass represented by M(A, Z). If Mp and Mn denote the mass of proton and neutron respectively
and BE the binding energy in MeV, then [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(1) BE = M(A, z) – ZMp – (A – Z)Mn (2) BE = [M(A, z) – ZMp – (A – Z)Mn]c2
(3) BE = [zMp + (A, z)Mn – M(A, Z)]c2 (4) BE = [zMp + AMn – M(A, Z)]c2
Sol. Answer (3)
Binding energy = Mass defect (m)C2
m = Mass of individual protons + Mass of individual neutrons – Mass of nucleus
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170 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
28. Two radioactive substances A and B have decay constants 5 and respectively. At t = 0 they have the same
number of nuclei. The ratio of number of nuclei of A to those of B will be (1/e)2 after a time interval
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
1 1
(1) (2) (3) 4 (4) 2
2 4
Sol. Answer (1)
NA = N0e–5t NB = N0e–t
NA : NB = 1 : e2
N0 e −5 λt 1
−λt
=
N0 e e2
1
1
e 4 λt =
e2
4t = 2
1
t=
2λ
29. The binding energy of deuteron is 2.2 MeV and that of 42 He is 28 MeV. If two deuterons are fused to form one
4
2 He then the energy released is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
(1) 25.8 MeV (2) 23.6 MeV (3) 19.2 MeV (4) 30.2 MeV
Sol. Answer (2)
30. In a radioactive material the activity at time t1 is R1 and at a later time t2, it is R2. If the decay constant of the
material is , then [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
⎛t ⎞
(1) R1 R2e – (t1 t2 ) (2) R1 R2e(t1 t2 ) (3) R1 R2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ (4) R1 = R2
⎝ t1 ⎠
Sol. Answer (1)
Simply by formula of radioactive disintegration
R1 = R2e −λ( t1 − t2 )
31. The radius of germanium (Ge) nuclide is measured to be twice the radius of 94 Be . The number of nucleons in
Ge are [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
(1) 73 (2) 74 (3) 75 (4) 72
32. In the reaction 21H 31H 42 He 01n , if the binding energies of 21H , 31H and 42 He are respectively a, b and c (in
MeV), then the energy (in MeV) released in this reaction is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) c + a – b (2) c – a – b (3) a + b + c (4) a + b – c
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 171
Sol. Answer (2)
Binding energy of reactants = Binding energy of product + Energy released
33. The nuclei of which one of the following pairs of nuclei are isotones? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) 74 71 92 92 84, 86 40 32
34Se , 31Ga (2) 42Mo , 40Zr (3) 38Sr 38Sr (4) 20Ca , 16S
34. Fission of nuclei is possible because the binding energy per nucleon in them [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) Increases with mass number at high mass numbers
(2) Decreases with mass number at high mass numbers
(3) Increases with mass number at low mass numbers
(4) Decreases with mass number at low mass numbers
Sol. Answer (2)
The mpre the binding energy the more stable the nucleus. Energy is released when fission occurs by going
from less stable to more stable configuration.
36. The volume occupied by an atom is greater than the volume of the nucleus by a factor of about
(1) 101 (2) 105 (3) 1010 (4) 1015
Sol. Answer (4)
Fact.
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172 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
39. The radius of germanium (Ge) nuclide is measured to be twice the radius of 94 Be . The number of nucleons
in Ge are
(1) 72 (2) 73 (3) 74 (4) 75
Sol. Answer (1)
R A1/3
1/3
RBe ABe
= 1/3
RGe AGe
1 91/3
or = 1/3
2 AGe
1/3
AGe = 2 × 91/3
Taking cube on both sides
AGe = 8 × 9 = 72 nucleons
40. What is the respective number of and -particles emitted in the following radioactive decay?
200
X90 168Y80
(1) 8 and 8 (2) 8 and 6 (3) 6 and 8 (4) 6 and 6
Sol. Answer (2)
200 − 168
Number of alpha particles : =8
4
After alpha decay number of protons left = 90 – 8 × 2 = 74
Number of particles = 80 – 74 = 6
41. A nucleus ruptures into two nuclear parts, which have their velocity ratio equal to 2 : 1. What will be the ratio
of their nuclear size (nuclear radius)?
(1) 31/2 : 1 (2) 1 : 31/2 (3) 21/3 : 1 (4) 1 : 21/3
Sol. Answer (4)
m1 v 2
m1v1 = m2v2 or =
m2 v1
r13 1 r1 1
or = or =
r23 2 r2 21/3
43. Complete the equation for the following fission process 92U235 + 0n1 38Sr90 + …
(1) X142 + 30n1
57
(2) X145 + 30n1
54
(3) X143 + 30n1
54
(4) X142 + 0n1
54
92
U235 + 0n1 38Sr90
Conerving mass :
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 173
Initial mass 236
Final mass 90 + mx + Nn01
146 = mx + N01
Among option only (3) meets the criteria.
7
46. X(n, ) 3 Li , then X will be
10 9 11 4
(1) 5 B (2) 5B (3) 4 Be (4) 2 He
x + n01 ⎯⎯
→ 73 Li + 24 He
Conserving charge Zx = 5
Conserving mass = Mx = 7 + 4 – 1 = 10
10
x must be 5B
47. Mn and Mp represent the mass of neutron and proton respectively. An element having mass M has N-neutron
and Z-protons, then the correct relation will be
(1) M < {N . Mn+ Z . Mp} (2) M > {N . Mn + Z . Mp} (3) M = {N . Mm + Z . Mp} (4) M = N {Mn + Mp}
Sol. Answer (1)
Mass M = N + Z
Due to mass defect M < NMn + ZMp
49. A deutron is bombarded on 8O16 nucleus then -particle is emitted. The product nucleus is
(1) 7N13 (2) 5B10 (3) 4Be9 (4) 7N14
Sol. Answer (4)
O16 2
→ 24He + X 816+1+−22− 4
8 + 1 H ⎯⎯
X = N714
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174 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
51. If in a nuclear fusion process the masses of the fusing nuclei be m1 and m2 and the mass of the resultant
nucleus be m3, then
(1) m3 = m1 + m2 (2) m3 = |m1 – m2| (3) m3 < (m1 + m2) (4) m3 > (m1 + m2)
Sol. Answer (3)
Due to mass defect m3 < (m1 + m2)
52. Mp denotes the mass of a proton and Mn that of a neutron. A given nucleus, of binding energy B, contains Z
protons and N neutrons. The mass M(N, Z) of the nucleus is given by (c is the velocity of light)
(1) M(N, Z) = NMn + ZMp – Bc2 (2) M(N, Z) = NMn + ZMp + Bc2
(3) M(N, Z) = NMn + ZMp – B/c2 (4) M(N, Z) = NMn + ZMp + B/c2
Sol. Answer (3)
Mp Denotes mass of proton
Mn Neutron
Binding energy B
B B
M(N, Z) = NMn + ZmD – 2 as is the mass defect
C C2
53. The mass of proton is 1.0073 u and that of neutron is 1.0087 u (u = atomic mass unit). The binding energy
4
of 2 He is (Given helium nucleus mass = 4.0015 u)
(1) 0.0305 J (2) 0.0305 erg (3) 28.4 MeV (4) 0.061 n
Sol. Answer (3)
Mass of He 4.0015
Mass defect = 2 × 1.0073 + 2 × 1.0087 – 4.0015 = 2.0146 + 2.0174 – 4.0015 = 232 = 0.0305 amu
Binding energy = 0.0305 × 931.5 MeV = 28.4 MeV
A
54. A nucleus represented by the symbol ZX has
14 14
55. How many elementary particles are emitted when 6C transforms to 7N?
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 175
56. Q value of a nuclear reaction is positive. The reaction is
(1) Exothermic (2) Endothermic
(3) Elastic (4) Both exothermic and endothermic
Sol. Answer (1)
Fact.
58. When two nuclei (with A = 8) join to form a heavier nucleus, the binding energy (B.E.) per nucleon of the heavier
nuclei is
(1) More than the B.E. per nucleon of the lighter nuclei
(2) Same as the B.E. per nucleon of the lighter nuclei
(3) Less than the B.E. per nucleon of the lighter nuclei
(4) Double the B.E. per nucleon of the lighter nuclei
Sol. Answer (1)
The daughter nucleus is more stable hence binding energy per nucleon will be higher
60. The binding energies per nucleon for a deuteron and an -particle are x1 and x2 respectively. The energy Q
released in the reaction 2H1 + 2H1 4He2 + Q, is
(1) 4(x1 + x2) (2) 4(x2 – x1) (3) 2(x2 – x1) (4) 2(x1 + x2)
Sol. Answer (2)
Final Binding energy – Initial binding energy
= 4 × x2 – 4 × x1
= 4(x2 – x1)
61. The count rate of a Geiger Muller counter for the radiation of the a radioactive material of half-life of 30 minutes
decreases to 5 second–1 after 2 hours. The initial count rate was
(1) 80 second–1 (2) 625 second–1 (3) 20 second–1 (4) 25 second–1
Sol. Answer (1)
T1/2 = 30 minutes
Time = 2 hours
n
⎛ 1⎞ 2 × 60
R = R0 ⎜ ⎟ n= =4
⎝2⎠ 30
5 × 24 = R0
R0 = 80 second–1
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176 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
62. Half-lives of two radioactive substances A and B are respectively 20 minutes and 40 minutes. Initially the
samples of A and B have equal number of nuclei. After 80 minutes the ratio of remaining numbers of A and
B nuclei is
(1) 1 : 4 (2) 4 : 1 (3) 1 : 16 (4) 1 : 1
Sol. Answer (1)
N0 is same
4 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
N A = N0 ⎜ ⎟ NB = N0 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
NA : NB = 1 : 4
ln 2 1
(1) T1/2 (2) T1/2 ln 2 (3) T1/ 2 (4) ( + T1/2) = In 2
65. Half life of a radioactive element is 12.5 hour and its quantity is 256 gm. After how much time its quantity
will remain 1 g?
(1) 50 hrs (2) 100 hrs (3) 150 hrs (4) 200 hrs
Sol. Answer (2)
n
N ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
N0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
256 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n=8
Hence, time = T1/2 × 8 = 12.5 × 8 = 100 hours
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 177
67. A sample of radioactive element contains 4 x 1016 active nuclei. Half life of element is 10 days, then number
of decayed nuclei after 30 days
(1) 0.5 × 1016 (2) 2 × 1016 (3) 3.5 × 1016 (4) 1 x 1016
Sol. Answer (3)
3
N ⎛ 1⎞ 30
=⎜ ⎟ as n = T =3
N0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 1/2
1
N = 4 × 1016 ×
8
N = 0.5 × 1016
68. A sample of radioactive element has a mass of 10 g at an instant t = 0. The approximate mass of this element
in the sample after two mean lives is
(1) 1.35 g (2) 2.50 g (3) 3.70 g (4) 6.30 g
Sol. Answer (1)
2
t=
λ
m = m0e–t
m0
m=
e2
69. The half life of radium is about 1600 years. Of 100 g of radium existing now, 25 g will remain unchanged after
(1) 4800 years (2) 6400 years (3) 2400 years (4) 3200 years
Sol. Answer (4)
T1/2 = 1600
n
m ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
m0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝2⎠
n=2
Hence, answer is 1600 × 2 = 3200
70. When 90Th288 gets converted into 83Bi272, then the number of and -particle emitted will be respectively
(1) 4, 7 (2) 4, 1 (3) 8, 7 (4) 4, 4
Sol. Answer (2)
(288 − 272)
Number of alpha particles emitted = = 4 particles
4
Atomic number will reduce by = 4 × 2 = 8
Number of decays = 1
71. A radioactive substance has 108 nuclei. Its half life is 30 s. The number of nuclei left after 15 s is nearly
(1) 2 × 105 (2) 3 × 106 (3) 7 × 107 (4) 5 × 108
Sol. Answer (2)
N = N0e–t
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178 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
0.693 × t
−
N = 108 e T
N = 108e–0.693/2
108
N=
2
72. A certain stable nucleide, after absorbing a neutron, emits -particle and the new nucleide splits spontaneously
into two -particles. The nucleide is
4 7 6 6
(1) 2 He (2) 3 Li (3) 4 Be (4) 3 Li
74. In a nuclear reaction transforming a nucleus into another with the emission of a positron, the neutron proton
ratio
(1) Decreases (2) Increases
(3) Remains same (4) May decrease or increase
Sol. Answer (2)
+ decays occurs when proton reduces to neutron.
N
Hence, ratio will increase.
P
75. If a heavy nucleus has N/Z ratio higher than that required for stability, then
(1) It emits – (2) It emits +
(3) It emits particle (4) It will undergo K electron capture
Sol. Answer (1)
N
– decay will reduce its ratio
Z
76. The half-life of I131 is 8 days. Given a sample of I131 at time t = 0, we can assert that
(1) No nucleus will decay before t = 4 days (2) No nucleus will decay before t = 8 days
(3) All nuclei will decay before t = 16 days (4) A given nucleus may decay at t = 0
Sol. Answer (4)
Nuclear reactions are completely spontaneous and unpredictable.
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Solution of Assignment Nuclei 179
77. Which of the following is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor?
(1) Cadmium (2) Plutonium (3) Uranium (4) Heavy water
Sol. Answer (4)
Fact.
78. Which of the following are suitable for the fusion process?
(1) Light nuclei
(2) Heavy nuclei
(3) Element must be lying in the middle of the periodic table
(4) Middle elements, which are lying on binding energy curve
Sol. Answer (1)
Fact.
SECTION - D
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. A : Uncertainty principle demands that an electron confined to a nucleus must have very high energy so that
the electron cannot reside in a nucleus.
R : The electrostatic attraction between electron and proton is large at such a small distance but is not enough
to bind such a high-energy electron.
Sol. Answer (1)
2. A : A free proton is stable but inside a nucleus, a proton gets converted into a neutron, positron and neutrino
(p n + e+ + ).
R : Inside a nucleus, neutron decay (n p + e– + ) as well as proton decay are possible, since other
nucleons can share energy and momentum to conserve energy as well as momentum and both the decays
are in dynamic equilibrium.
Sol. Answer (1)
3. A : Exothermic reactions are possible when two light nuclei fuse or when a heavy nucleus undergoes fission
into intermediate mass nuclei.
R : The nature of nuclear binding energy curve is such that it rises for lighter nuclei and slightly decreasing
for heavier nuclei.
Sol. Answer (1)
4. A : For fusion, the light nuclei must have sufficient initial energy to cross the Coulomb barrier. Hence, fusion
requires high temperature, however, the actual temperature required is somewhat less than expected
classically.
R : It is due to quantum mechanical tunneling of the potential barrier.
Sol. Answer (1)
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180 Nuclei Solution of Assignment
5. A : Only in low or medium energy nuclear reactions, the number of protons and number of neutrons are
separately conserved.
R : In high energy reactions, protons and neutrons can be converted into other particles and a new quantum
number, the Baryon number is however, always conserved.
Sol. Answer (2)
4
v= KA
3
A 1
Density = = = constant
V 4
πK
3
7. A : During radioactive disintegration an -particle and a-particle do not emit simultaneously from any nucleus.
R : An -particle emits from a nucleus when the N/Z ratio is less than the stability range (where N = number
of neutrons and Z = number of protons in a nucleus).
Sol. Answer (2)
The two common modes of radioactive decay are alpha and beta types. In both these decays the other
particle is not ejected.
9. A : A radioactive substance has half life of 1 hour. Therefore, if two nuclei of the substance are present initially,
after 1 hour only one will remain undissociated.
R : When a nucleus makes a transition from excited state to ground state, it emits a -particle.
Sol. Answer (4)
Both the statements are wrong. Nuclear reaction being spontaneous may occur at any time.
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