ASSIGNMENT

P.SARANKUMAR
CIVIL FINAL YEAR
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND
EARTH QUAKE ENGINEERING
 EARTH QUAKE

DEFINITION:
A sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

CAUSES OF EARTH QUAKE:

An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. ... When the stress on the edge
overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel
through the earth's crust and cause the shaking that we feel.

EFFECTS OF EARTH QUAKE:

 The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture,

landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction.
 Fires are probably the single most important secondary effect of earthquakes.

TYPES OF EARTH QUAKE WAVES:

There are four main types of earthquake waves:

 P-waves and S-waves (which are body waves),

 Rayleigh waves and Love waves (which are surface waves).

FIVE MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA

 2001 Gujarat earth quake

 1934 Bihar earthquake
 1993 Maharashtra earthquake
 1950 Assam earthquake
 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake
 Kashmir earthquake

The 2005 Kashmir earthquake occurred in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir.

It was centered near the city of Muzaffarabad, and also affected
Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and Indian-administered Jammu and
Kashmir. It registered a moment magnitude of 7.6 and had a maximum Mercalli
intensity of VIII (Severe).

The earthquake also affected countries in the surrounding region where tremors
were felt in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Chinese Xinjiang. It is considered the
deadliest earthquake to hit South Asia since the 1935 Quetta earthquake.

Date : 8 october

Year : 2005

Origin time : 08:50:39

Magnitude : 7.6

Depth : 15 km (9.3 mi)

Epicenter : 34.45°N 73.65°E

Type : Oblique-slip

Areas affected : Pakistan, India, Afganistan.

Maximum intensity : VIII (severe)

Landslides : Yes

After shockes : 5.9 Mw  8 Oct at 03:57

5.8 Mw  8 Oct at 03:58

6.4 Mw  8 Oct at 10:46

FIG (1)
 Kashmir lies in the area of collision of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic
plates. The geological activity born out of this collision, also responsible for the birth of
the Himalayan mountain range, is the cause of unstable seismicity in the region shown in
fig (1).

DAMAGE DONE:

• The earthquake destroyed or damaged around 585,000 rural homes and some
40 ,000 urban homes.

• Three million people were left homeless in the immediate aftermath.

• Nearly half of those killed on Oct 8, 2005, were children.

• Around 6,300 schools and colleges were damaged or destroyed in the earthquake.
 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26
January, India's 52nd Republic Day, at 08:46 AM IST and lasted for over 2
minutes. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village
of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India.
The intraplate earthquake reached 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a
maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The
earthquake killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people (including 18 in
southeastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000
homes

UTC time 2001-01-26 03:16:40

USGS-ANSS ComCat

Local date 26 January 2001

Local time 08:46 AM IST

Type Oblique-slip

Magnitude 7.7 Mw

Depth 16 kilometres (10 mi)

Epicenter 23.419°N 70.232°E[2]

Areas affected India, Pakistan

Max. intensity X (Extreme)

Casualties 13,805–20,023 dead

~ 166,800 injured
LOCATION:

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on
26 January, India's 52nd Republic Day, at 08:46 AM IST and lasted for over 2
minutes. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in
Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India.

CAUSES:

The earthquake was caused at the convergent plate boundary between the Indian
plate and the Eurasian plate boundary. These pushed together and caused
the earthquake.

The M7 earthquake in Gujarat in January 2001 was caused by a fault that

ruptured deep in the Earth's crust. The ultimate cause is the collision between the
Indian plate and the Eurasian Plate.
EFFECTS:

The death toll in the Kutch region was 12,300. Bhuj, which was situated only 20 km
away from the epicentre, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred
in Bhachau and Anjar with hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj
and Bhachau. Over a million structures were damaged or destroyed, including many
historic buildings and tourist attractions.
The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km
of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the city's historic Swaminarayan temple and
historic fort as well Prag Mahal and Aina Mahal. The Indian National Trust for Arts
and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in
Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them are either collapsed or
seriously damaged. Only 10% were undamaged.
In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of approximately 7
million (according to data in 2018), as many as 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed
and several hundred people were killed. Total property damage was estimated at
$7.5 billion. In Kutch, the earthquake destroyed about 60% of food and water
supplies and around 258,000 houses, 90% of the district's housing stock.
The biggest setback was the total demolition of the Bhuj Civil hospital. The Indian
military provided emergency support which was later augmented by
the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. A
temporary Red Cross hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement
hospital was built.