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Synthesis and Purification of Tert-Butyl Chloride

Joone Xyron Creenciaa,*
aCollege of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

ABSTRACT
Sample:
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was examined using fluorescence and absorbance spectra from sulfidic cave
and thermal and non-thermal surface-discharging spring waters. Many of the sites have a limited allochthonous supply of
organic matter (OM) and contain ecosystems that are dependent on chemolithoautotrophic microbial communities. Water-
extracted OM from microbial mats at the sites had fluorescence signatures consistent with the fluorescent amino acids. Based
on fluorescence-derived indices and absorbance spectral characteristics, the origin of the cave and spring CDOM appeared to
be from microbially-derived material, and the degree of OM humification was low. Little of the CDOM pool was represented by
terrestrial humic fluorescence signatures, which are typically observed in surface waters, as well as soil and sediment
porewaters. Comparison of the cave and spring waters with a wide array of reference humic substances and OM from other
environments showed a continuum of spectral properties constrained by origin and degree of humification.

Tert-butyl chloride was synthesized using tert-butyl alcohol and cold, concentrated hydrochloric acid. Alcohols like tert-
butanol undergo nucleophilic substitution reaction with hydrogen halides like HCl and HBr to form their corresponding alkyl
halides, which, for this experiment, is in the form of tert-butyl chloride.

1. Introduction that were not done). Past tense, passive voice. Do not
include diagram or procedural steps in preparing set-
Provides pertinent background information about ups – put set-up figures in appendices and label
the study. Acquaints readers with the experiment. properly all the parts
Should end with the objective(s) of the experiment.
It’s NOT just another version of the Sample:
“INTRODUCTION” found in the manual. 2.1. Synthesis

Sample: All fluorescence measurements were made using a

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been intensely
investigated in water systems around the world
because of the significant roles this ubiquitous material
plays in various biogeochemical and ecological
processes (Findlay and Sinsabaugh, 2003; Anesio et al.,
2004; Judd et al., 2006). In natural settings, DOM
parent material is primarily derived from terrigenous
and aquatic macro (e.g. plants, animals) and
microorganisms (e.g. algae, phytoplankton and
bacteria).
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), the
fraction that absorbs ultraviolet (UV) and visible light,
is the controlling factor for the optical properties of
surface waters (Green and Blough, 1994).
SPEX Fluorolog- 3 spectrofluorometer (Jobin Yvon,
Edison, NJ, USA) equipped with a 450W Xe lamp,
double excitation and emission monochromators and
an extended red, high sensitivity, multi-alkali
photocathode photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu
Corporation, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) with slits set to 5
nm for both excitation and emission monochromators
and using a 0.1 s integration time.
2.2. Characterization
EEM fluorescence spectra were obtained by
collecting a series of 43 emission scans (kEm 250–550
nm, 2.5 nm intervals) at 5 nm excitation wavelength
intervals between kEx 240 and 450 nm.

3. Results and Discussion

2. Materials and Methods
Most important part of the report. Presents
Summarizes the procedure performed in the pertinent results of the experiment. Organizes data into
experiment in paragraph form (do not include parts
*Corresponding author. Mobile: 09051434752
E-mail address: joone.tempest@gmail.com
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tables, figures, graphs, etc. (whichever is appropriate).

Should provide labels with short caption for each
tables, figures, graphs, etc. Label for tables should be on
top of the table while label for figures should be below
the figure.
Discussion should include the following:
- Mechanism of the reaction(s)
- Purpose of each reagents
- Rationalization of method (purpose of each major
techniques in the methodology)
- Techniques used to increase the yield
- Interpretation of results (What is its significance?) Figure 1. Gel permeation chromatogram of MePEG−PLA
- Compare expected results with those obtained, block copolymer.
account for any difference
- Possible reasons for low yield 4. Conclusion and Recommendations
- Assessment of product purity
Summary of important results (should answer: “so
Sample: what”). Discuss degree of success or failure of the
3.1. Geochemical Analysis experiment. If necessary and possible, include
suggestions for improvement (on the method used,
Geochemical data for each of the samples are listed NOT on the course or how it is being handled). Be
in Table 1. direct in stating conclusion and recommendation (don’t
The EEM spectra of the cave and spring waters (Fig. 2, include background information).
panels a through i) contained many of the
characteristic peaks observed in other studies of Sample:
marine and terrestrial CDOM (e.g. Fig. 1). The cave and spring waters displayed strong
microbial fluorescence features, lacked significant
3.2. Sample Absorbance and Fluorescence terrestrial signatures and exhibited unique absorbance
characteristics. One of the most important findings is
The absorbance spectra for the cave and spring that a substantial portion of CDOM in karst waters, and
waters had steep drops in optical density between 200 especially in sulfidic cave systems, appears to be almost
and 250 nm, followed by an exponential decrease with exclusively a result of in situ microbial activity.
increasing wavelength beyond 280 nm. Many samples
had a peak or shoulder in the ca. 260– 270 nm range, References
consistent with strong absorbance by fluorescent
amino acids, but could also be due to the presence of a Include at least 3 credible publications, books, journals,
wide range of other specific compounds that absorb in etc.
this region of the UV spectrum.

Table 1. Amount of Alcohol and Acid for a Specific Type of Sample:

Ester –do not cut tables – Aiken, G., McKnight, D.M., Harnish, R., Wershaw, R.,
Flavor Alcohol Acid Volume 1996. Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the
Volume(mL) (mL) Lake Fryxell Basin, Antarctica. Biogeochemistry 34,
Banana 2-pentanol Acetic acid 157–188.
(9.77 mL) (3.43 mL)
Alberts, J.J., Takács, M., 2004. Total luminescence
spectra of IHSS standards and reference fulvic acids,
humic acids and natural organic matter: comparison of
aquatic and terrestrial source terms. Organic
Geochemistry 35, 243–256. American Public Health
Association, 1998. Standard Methods for the
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Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed.

American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.

Anesio, A.M., Hollas, C., Granéli, W., Laybourn-Perry, J.,

2004. Influence of humic substances on bacterial and
viral dynamics in freshwaters. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 70, 4848–4854.

Appendices

 - Other raw data not presented in the discussion

 - Completely filled out data sheet with calculations
- Answers to questions that have no
relevance/connection to the report.