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Irc 24 1967 PDF
Irc 24 1967 PDF
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
AND
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR
ROAD BRIDGES
Section V
Steel Road Bridges
<<
IRC 24-1967
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
AND
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR
ROAD BRIDGES
Section V
Steel Road Bridges
Published hi
THE iNDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
Jamnagar House, Shabjahan Road,
New Delhi-i100il
1984
Price Rs 24
<< (Plus packing & postage)
IRC 24-1967
CONTENTS
Clause No. Page No.
introduction ... 1
501. General .,. 2
501.1. Scope ... 2
501.2. Clearances .,. 2
502. Materials ,.. 2
502.1. Structural Steel ... 2
502.2. Rivet and Rivet Bars ... 2
502.3, Cast Steel ... 3
502.4. Cast Iron ,,, 3
502.5. Steel for Pins (including Kunckle Pins) and Rollers ... 3
502.6. Bolts and Nuts .,. 3
502.7. Washers ,,, 3
502.8. Welding Electrodes ... 4
502.9. Steel for Parallel Barrel Drifts .,. 4
502.10. Deleted ,., 4
503. Loads and Stresses ,., 4
503.1. Loads and Forces to be Taken into Account ,,. 4
503.2. Combination of Loads and Forces ... 5
503.3. Stresses ... 5
503.4. Deformation Stresses ... 6
503.5. Relief of Stresses ... 6
504. Permissible Stresses ... 6
504.1. Allowable Working Stress for Combination of
Loads and Forces ... 6
504.2. Fluctuations of Stress (Fatigue) ... 7
504.3. Basic Permissible Stresses in Structural Steel ... 9
504.4. Allowable Working Stresses ... 12
504.5. Working Shear Stresses in Solid Web Plates ... 19
504.6. Combined Stresses .,, 22
504.7. Deleted ... 23
504.8. Deleted ... 23
504.9. Deleted 23
504.10. Deleted “ 23
504.11. Deleted ... 23
505. Design of General Details ... 23
505.1. Effective Spans ... 23
505.2. Effective Depth 23
<< ...
IRC: 24-1967
II
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ERC: 24-1967
Appendices
Appendix A Deleted 75
Appendix B Critical Compression Stress C~for Sections ... 75
Symmetrical about the X-Xaxis formula
Appendix C Preparation of Camber Diagram for Open Web
Spans which are not Predeformed and Prepara-
tion of Camber Diagram and Rules for Prede-
forming for Predeformed Spans ... 77
Appendix D Field Requirements ... 80
Tables
Table 1 Total Variation in Allowable Stress ,,
It’
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IRC; 24-1961
Page No.
Table 4 Allowable Working Stresses P~in kg/sq. mm. on
Elfective Cross Section for axial Compression ... 13
Table 5 Values of K
1 .., 15
Table 6 Values of K2 ,.. 16
Table 7 Values of 9 and B to be used for Calculating Values
ofC~inkgfsq.mm ... 17
Table 8 Allowable Working Stress P~for Different Values
or Critical Stress C~ ... 18
Table 9-A Allowable Average Shear Stress (P~in kg per sq. mm)
in Stiffened Web of Steel Conforming to iS: 226 ... 20
Table 9-B Allowable Average Shear Stress (P~in kg per sq. mm)
in Stiffened Web of Steel Conforming to I.S: 961 ... 21
Table 10 Maximum Permissible Value of Equivalent
Stressf~in kg per mm’ for Mild and High
Tensile Steel ... 22
Table 11 Effective Length of Compression Members ... 49
Table 12 Diameter of Holes of Rivets .,. 64
Table 13 Weight of Rivet Heads ... 81
iv
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IRC: 24-l~67
INTRODUCTION
The Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Steel
Road Bridges was finalised by the Subcommittee, consisting of the
following personnel, at their meeting held at New Delhi on the 9th,
10th and 11th July, 1965:
K.F. Antia .., Convenor
B. Balwant Rao Member-Secretary
S.P. Dass
D.S. Desai
S.K. Ghosh
NP, Mathur
N.M. Thadani
P.K. Mukherjee
S.S. Varma
~Oi. GENERAL
501.1. Scope
This Code deals with the use of mild and high tensile steel in
the superstructure of simply supported road bridges upto 125 me-
tres span between the centres of bearings. Where appropriate, the
recluirenlentS of the speciticatioiis nay be applied to larger spans or
other types of steel bridges, but care should be taken, in these circ-
umstances, to make necessary amendments for fixity at the supports,
continuity and other indeterminate or special conditions.
501.2. Clearances
All bridges shall be designed with adequate clearances as
specified in the 1RC : 5 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
for Road Bridges Section 1, Cluse 105. Other features should also
conform to the standards laid down in other sections.
502. MATERIALS
2
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IRC 24-1~67
502.7. Washers
Plain washers shall be made of steel. Tapered or other
3
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IRC: 24-1967
503.3. Stresses
503.3.1. Primary Stresses : In the design of triangulated
structure, axial stresses in members are usually calculated on the
assumption that all members are straight and free to rotate at the
joints; all joints lie at the intersection of the centrodial axes of the
members; all loads including the weight of’ members, are applied at
the joints. These stresses are defined as primary stresses.
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IRC 24-1967
503.2. (i), the allowable working stress shall be those given as basic
stresses under Clause 504.3. When secondary stresses are also
taken into account in the case of triangulated trusses, allowable
working stresses may be increased by 16 per cent.
<< 7
ERC: 24-1967
S
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mc : 24-1967
504.2.3. Connections, riyetcd or bolted No allowance for
fatigue shall normally be made in calculating the required number
of rivets or boLts in a riveted or bolted connection except that all
rivets or bolts subjected to reversal of stress during the passage of
the live load shall be proportioned for the arithmetical sum of the
maximum load plus 50 per cent of the maximum load of the
opposite sign. In the case of wind bracing, the connections shall
be designed to resist the greater stress only.
mm mm mm mm
1 2 4 5
9
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IRC : 24-1967
2 3 4 5
<< 10
tRC~24.1967
thickness of the web plate are used, d1 is the depth of the girder
between the flanges less the sum of the depths of the tongue plates
or eight times the sum of the thicknesses of the tongue plates,
which ever is lesser.
4. Parts in shear
Maximum shear stress. (Having
regard to the distribution of 10.2 15.7 14,3 13.0
stresses in conformity with the
elastic behaviour of the member
in ilexure).
Average shear stress. (On the
gross effective sectional area of 8.5 13.5 12.2 11.0
webs of plate girders rolled See also Clause 504.5
beams, channels, angles and tees). ~—--———-,~.. .. __.._
5. Parts in bearing
On fiat surfaces 18.9 28.3 25.9 23.6
On power driven shop rivets and
turned and fitted bolts 23.6 32,2
On power driven field rivets 22.0 30.7
On hand-driven rivets 18.9 —
<< 11
Il~.C:24.1907
3 4 5
6. Pins
En shear 10.2 14.1
P
__~_~__I
~
i+(0.18+0.0008 -—) Sec (—~f.._~_._
radians)
w Ii crc
== allowable working stress on effective cross section for
compresion member
p = constant depending upon the yield stressf, of steel
(See Table 3)
in = load factor = 1.82
E = Young’s modulus = 21,100 kg/mm
2
r = least radius of gyration of the compression member
I effective length of the compression member.
12
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!RC: 24-1967
tALE 3. VALUES 0~ roa VARaOUS VALUBS 01’!, THE YIELD STRUS 1’O~
MLLD STEEL AND H1GH TSNS!LF ~TUL
Yield stressf~ P
Steel
kg~sqmm kg/sq mm
13
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IRC:24-1~67
the compressive bending stress, f~ shall not exceed the value Poe
given in Table 8 correspondIng to C~,the critical stress in the com-
pression element calculated as follows
d2/s is not greater than 75, for steel conforming to IS: 961—
d1 and t are as defined in Table 2
effective length of compression flange (see Clause 506.5.)
radius of gyration about the y-y axis of the gross section of the
whole girder, at the point of maximum bending moment
D over all depth of girder, at the point of maximum bending moment
effective thickness of the compression flange
K~times mean thickness of the horizontal portion of the compres-
slon flange at the point of maximum bending moment.
14
<<
IRC 24-1967
TABLE 5. VALUESOFK,
Ra 1.0 0.9 0,8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
K, 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
1’~fote: Where the value of Ra calculated for the comoression flange alone is
smaller than that when both flanges are combined, this smaller value
of Ra shall be used.
(b) Where the moment of inertia of the compression flange about the
y~—yaxis exoeeds that of the tension flange:
267730 ~ 1 f It. \‘ 1 2677300
(l/ry)’ L
~s.j 1 + ~ j+L~-
=A+K~B in kg. per sq. mm.
15
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IRC 24-1967
TABLE 6. VALUES OF K,
R,,, 1.0 0.9 08 0.7 9.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 02 0.1 0.0
K, 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 9.1 0.0 —0.2 —0.4 —0.6 —0.8 —1.0
(c) Where the moment of inertia of the tension flange aboul the y-y
axis ~ceeds that of the compression flange:
1~-inkg/sq. mm.
= (4 + K,B)
Where 1, r
5, D, t~& K, are as defined in (a) & (b) above, and
y,= distance f-om the neutral axis of girder to extreme fibre in compress-
sion.
y~=distance from neutral axis of girder to extreme fibre in tension.
Values of K.~for different values of R,,, are given in Table 6 above.
For tees and angles. .R,,,=0 and K,=—1.
Notes I. For values of A’ and ~B’for different ratios of l/ry & DJte to be used
for calculating C, in kg/sq. mm, refer Table 7,
2 For values of allowable bendig compressive strets Poe for different
values of C,, see Table 8.
16
<<
TABLE 7. VALLJESA and BTO BE USED FOR C.~LCULATING~ALU~S o~C~in kgsq mm
Note
where A= ~
267730
[i + ~
1
~
1
(
and B
1
~j~12
Where flanges are equal and of constant cross secLion C~=A
)1 267730
~ 8 10 12 14 - 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 80 100
251.0 224.6 208.7 198.6 191.8 186.9 183.2 117.6 174.7 172.8 171.5 170.1 169.1 168.4 168.0 167.4
40
187.6 172.6 162+8 156.2 151.5 147.9 142.5 139.5 l37~5 136.4 134.7 134.0 133.2 1329 132.2
45 212.5
160.6 146-5 137.0 130+7 126.1 122.7 17.3 114.3 112.4 111.2 109.8 109.0 108.2 107.7 107.!
50 184.1
55 162.4 140.3 126.8 117.8 111.7 107.2 103.8 987 95.8 93.9 92.6 91.2 90.4 89.1 89.1 88.5
145.2 124.4 111.5 j03.0 97.0 92.8 89.5 84.4 81.5 797 78.4 770 76.2 75.4 75.0 74.3
60 t
63.3
131.5 111.8 99.5 91.3 85.7 81.6 78.3 73.2 70.4 687 67.4 66.0 65.2 64.4 63.9
65
101.4 89.8 81.9 76.4 72.4 69.5 64.4 61.6 59.8 58.6 57.3 56.5~ 55.8 553 54.6
70 120.0
110.6 93.1 81.7 74.3 69.0 65.0 62.0 57.3 54.5 52.8 51.7 5u.2 49.5 48.7 48.2 47.6
75
102.5 85,7 75.1 67.9 62.7 59.1 56.1 51.5 48.7 46.9 45.8 44.4 43.6 42.9 4_.5 41.9
80
95.6 79.5 69.4 62.5 57.5 53.9 51.2 46.6 43.8 42.2 41.1 39.7 38.9 38.1 37.8 37.0
85
64.6 58.0 53.1 49.6 46.9 -.2.5’ 39.8 38.1 37.0 35.6 34.8 34.0 33.7 33.1
90 89-5 74.3
69.6 60.3 54.0 49.3 45.8 433 38.9 36.4 34.6 33 5 32.3 31.5 307 30.4 29.6
95 84.3
79.5 65.5 56.5 50.4 46.0 42,7 40.2 35.9 33.4 31.8 30.7 29.3 28.5 27.9 27.4 26.8
100 24.7 23.9 23.1 22.8 22.2
110 71.5 58.7 50.4 44.7 40.6 37.5 35.1 31.0 28.7 27.1 26.0
40.2 36.4 33.4 31.2 27.2 250 23.5 22.4 21.1 20.3 19.7 19.2 18.6
120 65.0 53.2 45~5
130 59.7 48.7 41.6 36.5 32.9 30.1 28.0 24.2 22.0 20.6 19.5 18.3 17 6 169 16.5 15.9
140 55.1 44.9 38.1 33.4 30.1 27.4 25.4 21.9 197 18.3 17.3 16.1 15.4 14.6 14.3 13.7
51.3 41.7 35.4 30.9 27.7 25.2 23.3 20.0 17.8 16.5 15.6 14.3 13.7 12.9 12.6 - 12.0
150
160 47.9 38.9 32.9 28.7 25.7 23.3 21.4 18.3 16.2 15.0 14.0 12.9 12.1 11.5 11.2 10.4
45.0 36.4 30.7 26.8 23.9 21.6 19.8 16.9 15.0 13.7 12.8 11.7 11.0 10.2 9.9 9.3
170
29.0 25.2 224 20.2 18.6 15.6 13.9 12.6 11.7 10.6 9.9 9.3 9.0 8.2
180 42.4 34.3
32.4 23.8 21.1 19.1 17.5 14.6 12.9 11.7 10.9 9.8 9.1 8.3 8.0 7.4
190 402 27.2
200 38.0 30.7 j 25.8 22.4 19.8 18.0 16.4 13.7 12.0 10.9 10.1 9.0 8.3 7.7 7.4 6.8
21.3 18.9 17.0 15.4 12.9 11.3 10.2 9.4 8.3 7.7 7.1 6.8 6.1
210 36.2 29.1 24.6
22 34.5 27.7 23.3 20,2 18.0 16,1 14.6 12.3 10.6 9.6 8.8 7.7 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.5
I 230 32.9 26.5 22’.2 19.2 17.0 15.3 14.0 11.5 10 1 9.0 82 7.2 6.6 60 5.7 50
240 31.5 25.4 21.2 18.4 16.2 14.6 13.4 11.0 9.6 8.5 7.7 6.8 6.3 5.7 5.4 4.7
250 30.2 24.4 20.5 17.6 15.6 14.0 12.8 10.6 9.1 8.0 7.4 65 5.8 5.2 49 4.3
15.0 13.4 12 I 10.1 8.7 7.7 6.9 6.1 5.5 4.9 46 3.9
260
270
29.1
28.0
23.3
22.5
19.5
18.9
16.9
16.2 143 12.9 11.7 96 - 82 7.4 6.8 58 5.2 4.6 43 3.6 c>
280 26.9 21.7 18.! 15.6 13.7 124 11.2 91 7,9 6.9 6.3 5.5 4,9 4.4 4.1 3.4 t.~
290 26 0 21.0 17.5 15.1 13.2 12.0 10.9 8.8 76 6.8 6.1 5.2 4.7 4.1 38 3.2 P
300 25.2 20.2 - 16.9 1•-.6 128 11.5 10.4 8.5 7.2 6,4 58 5.0 4.4 3.9 36 3.0 ~
~ -.1
<<
IBC : 24 1967
(SEE TAB~s 2)
3 1.5 1.5
4 2.0 2.0
5 2.5 2.5
6 3.0 3.0
7 3.5 3.5
8 3.8 3.8
9 4.2 4.2
10 4.6 4.6
12 5.3 5.4
14 6.0 6.2
16 6.7 7.0
18 7.2 7.7
20 7.6 8.4
22 8.0 9.0
24 8.4 9.6
26 8.8 10.2
28 9.2 10.8
30 9.6 11.4
35 10.5 12.7
40 11.2 13.7
45 11.9 14.6
50 12.4 15.3
55 12.9 15.9
60 13.3 16.5
65 13.6 17.1
70 13.9 17.4
75 14.1 17.8
80 14.4 18.2
90 14.9 18.8
100 15.3 19.4
125 15.8 20.5
150 15.8 21.2
200 15.8 22.2
215 15.8 22.4
<<
18
IRC: 24.1961
504.5. Working Shear Stresses In Solid Web Plates
(a) 4verage shear stress: The calculated average shear stress .(. on
the effective section area of the web shall not exceed the value given
In Clause 504.3. Table 2 or in the case of stiffened webs, the value
Pq given by the following equations, whichever is the less:
where
a the greater dimension of the web in a panel not greater than 270 t
b = the lesser clear dimension of the web in a panel not greater than
180:
= thickness of web
K, = 9.5 for mild steel conforming to IS: 226 & 13.5 for H.T.S. conform-
ing to IS : 961
K, = 250 for mild steel conforming to IS : 226 & 200 for H.T.S. conform-
ing to IS :961
(i) For webs without horizontal stiffeners, d is the clear distance between
flange angles or, where there are no flange angles, between flanges
~igaoringfillets); but where tongue plates having a thickness not
leu than twice the thickness of web pldte are used, d is the depth
of the girder between the flanges less the sum of the depths of the
tongue plates or eight times the sum of the thickness of the tongue
plates, whichever is the less.
iii) For webs with horizontal stiffeners, d is the clear distance between
the tension flange (angles or flange plate or tongue plates) and the
horizontal stiffener.
Not. For the mjnfmum tWckness of web plates and the design of web stiffen-
era, see Clause 506.6.1 to 506,6.4.
19
<<
lkC: 24-1967
d 1.2d l.4d
0.4c/ O.6d~ 08d I .Sd
1.6 7.2
170 8.7 8.7 8,3 7.0
7.5
190 8.7 8,7 7.9
240
8.7 7.7
20
<<
IRC: 241961
<< 21
IRC: 24-1967
fe 3f,2
504.6.3. Shear~bearing and bending stresses: The equiva-
lent stress f~(see Clause 504.6.4) due to a combination of shear
stressf., bearing stress!
5 and bending stressfb, tensile or conipres-
sive is calculated from
2+fj,+3f~~
+f5
504.6.4, Irrespective of the permissible increase of stress in
other Clauses the equivalLut stressf~calculated in Clause 504.6.3.
above shall not exceed the values given in Table 10.
TABLE 10. THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBE.B VALUE 05 EQIJ!VFILBNT $TRE$Sf, pop.
MILD AND HIGH TENSILE ETSEL
22
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11W 24.1967
504.7. Deleted
504.8. I)eleted
504.9. Deleted
504.10. Deleted
504. 11. Deleted
23
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IRC: 24-1967
The depth between the gravity axes of the top and bottom
chord of open web girders shall not be greater than three times the
distance between the centres of main girders.
505.5. Symmetry
All sections shall, as far as possible, be symmetrical abou t
the line of resultant stress, and all rivets shall be grouped symme-
trically about the same line.
505.7. Corrosion
All the details shall be designed to reduce to a minimum
the incidence of corrosion. All parts should be accessible for
inspection, cleaning and painting; otherwise they should be adequa-
tely protected or effectively sealed.
24
<<
IRC: 24-1967
505.8. Drainage
Adequate drainage shall be provided at all places where
pockets of depressions are likely to hold water.
505.9. DeflectIon
505.9.1. Rolled steel beams, plate girders and lattice girders,
shall be designed so that the total deflection due to live load and
impact shall not exceed 1/800th of the span.
505.9.2. The deflection of cantilever arms due to live load
and impact shall not exceed 1/400th of the cantilever arm.
505.9.3. In calculating deflection to comply with Clauses
505.9.1. and 505.9.2. above, the side-walk Live-load may be igno-
red. The gross moment of inertia shall be used for calculating
the deflection of beams or plate girders. In calculating the
deflection of trusses, the gross area of each member should be
used.
505.10. Camber
Camber may be required to maintain clearance under all
conditions of loading or it may be required on account of appear-
ance. It may also result from prestressing. Beams and plate
girders of sptins upto and including 35 m need not be cambered.
In the case of open web spans, camber, if any, shall be provided as
required under Clause 507.8.
505.11, Provision for Temperature Changes
505.11.1. Every span should be provided with means so as
to permit all longitudinal expansion and contraction due to change
of temperature over a range specified in Clause 218.4 (a) of IRC
6 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges
Section II combined with the greatest extension or contraction of
the supported chord due to live load including impact.
505.11.2. Deleted
505.11.3. Deleted
505.11.4. Deleted
505.11.5. Deleted
505.12. SpacIng of Trusses and Girders
The distance between the centres of trusses or girders shall be
sufficient to prevent overturing or overstressing due to lateral
forces.
25
<<
TRC: 24-1967
505.13. Anchorage
Anchor and fixing bolts shall be provided where required to
resist all forces which may act on them. Anchorage shall provide
the stability equivalent to 50 per cent in excess of any possible over-
turning moment of the span as a whole or of the bearings due to all
possible loads during the service of the bridge.
505.14. Effective Length of Struts
For th~ puropse of determining allowable axial stress, the
effective length / of a compression member shall be taken as
follows
(a) Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at both
ends, 1=- 0.7 L
(b) Effectively held in position at both ends and restrained in direction
at one end, 1’=0,85L
(c) Effectively held in position at both ends but not restrained in direc
ton, 1=L
(d Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end, at
the other end partially restrained in direction but not held in
position, 1=1.5 L
(c~Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end
but not held in position or restrained in direction at the other
end, /=2 L
where
L=.. length of strut from centre to centre of intersection with
supporting members or lateral supports.
For battened struts the effective length 1, given above, shall
be increased by 10 ner cent. (See also Clauses 507.3.3. and
507.3.4.).
505.15. EffectIve Sectional Area
505.15.1. The gross sectional area shall be the area of the
cross section as calculated from specified sizes. (See also Clause
505.21).
505.15.2. Effective sectional area of a member of flange in
tension shall be the gross section area with the following.., deduction
as appropriate:
(i) Deductions for riiet and bolt holes
Except as required by the following paragraph, the areas to be
deducted sha~1be the sum of the sectional areas of the maximum
number of holes in any cross section at right angle to the direction
of stress in the member.
26
<<
lRC: 24-1967
the area to be deducted when the holes are staggered shall be that
given above, or if greater, the sum of the sectional areas of all holes
on any zig-zag line extending
2t~4Gfor
progressively
each gaugeacross
spacethe
in member
the chain
or
of holes,
part ot the member, less S
where d
1 = the clear distance between flange angles or, where there are no
flange angles, the clear distance betv~een the flanges
S = the staggered pitch, i e., the distance, centre to centre of holes in
consecutive lines measured parallel to the direction of stress in the
member.
the thickness of the material, and
C = the gauge, i.e., the distance, centre to centre of holes in consecutive
lines measured at right angles to the direction of stress in the
member.
For sections such as angles with holes in both legs, the gauge shall
be measured along the centre of the thickness of the section.
Where lug angles are used, the whole area of the member
shall be taken as effective.
<< 27
IRC: 24-1967
505.16. Floor Beams
All floor beams shall be rolled, riveted or welded steel
girders rigidly connected to the trusses or may be placed on top
of trusses or the girders. Floor beams may preferably be square
to trusses or the girders.
505.17. Joists and Stringers
505.17.1. Stringers shall be of steel. They shall be securely
fastened to cross beams excepting where arrangements are made to
permit of expansion. Suitable arrangements for supporting such
stringers shall be designed.
505.17.2 Stringers should have free ends below the expan-
sion joints in decking.
505.17.3. For steel decking over stringers, the limit of span
lengths in which steel stringers can be riveted continuously to the
cross girders from end to end of span, shall be 30 metres. Beyond
this limit, sliding bearings should be provided at one or more inter-
mediate points.
505.18. Bracing
505. 18.1. In all spans, bracings shall be provided to trans-
mit to the piers or abutments the effect of the lateral and longitudi-
nal forces. Wherever the overhead clearance permits, lateral diago-
nal bracing should preferably be provided in the planes of both
upper and lower chords of through spans.
The floor system may be taken as part of the bracing system
provided it is designed for that purpose.
Wherever the depth of the girder allows, intermediate sway
bracing may be provided. If it is provided, it shall not be taken as
affording any relief to the lateral system unless the stresses are
calculated for the complete space frame. Sway bracing when
provided shall be proportioned to transmit to the chord supported
on bearings through the web members at least 50 per cent o the
panel lateral load and the vertical members shall be designed to
resist the resulting bending moment.
505.18.2. The lateral bracing between compression chords
shall be designed to resist a transverse shear at any section equal to
2~per cent of the total compressive force carried by both the flange
or chords at the section under consideration. This force should be
ccms~deredin addition to the wind and centrifugal forces.
<< 28
IRC: 24-1967
505.18.3. Where the restraint is provided by members, later-
ally connected to the chord or beam, such members shall be capa-
ble of resisting the above lateral force apportioned equally to each
point of restraint and shall be so braced or connected to the other
parts of the structure as to be capable of resisting this lateral force.
505.18,4. Through truss spans shall be provided with portal
bracings, as deep as the clearance will allow. The portal bracing
shall be designed to take the full end reaction of the top chord
lateral system and the end posts of the portal shall be designed to
transfer this reaction to the bearings. In addition, the portal
system shall be designed to resist a lateral shear equal to If per
cent of the total compressive force in the end posts or in the top
chords in the end panel whichever is greater.
505.2 1.2. Deductions for holes for rivets, boltü and pins: In
~a1culating the area to be deducted for rivets, bolts or pins, the
following diameters of hole shall be used
(i) for shop rivets, the diameter of the hole shall be applied,
(ii) for coubtersunlc rivets or bolts, the diameter of the hole shall be
taken as 3 inn: larger than that of the rivet or the bolt, and
(iii) for turned and fitted bolts, the diameter of the hole shall be taken as
the diam:ter of the bolt,
30
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LRC: 24-1967
In the case of angle members, the lug angles and their con-
nection to the gusset or other supporting member, shall be capable
of developing a strength not Less than 20 per cent in excess of the
force in the outstanding lug of the angle, and the attachment of
33
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IRC: 24-1967
34
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IRC: 24-1967
506. 1 General
506.1.1, ProportIoning: Solid web girders shall be proport-
ioned on the basis of the moment of inertia of the gross section
with the neutral axis at the centroid of the section. In computing
the maximum stress, the stresses calculated on this basis shall
be increased in the ratio of gross to effective,area of the flange
section.
35
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IRC: 24-1967
.Vo:c: Webs having openings larger than those used for rivets, bolts or other
fastenings require special consideration and are not covered here.
506.4. Flanges
506.4.1. Section
<< 36
IRC: 241967
506.4.4. Splices
506.4.4.!. Flange joints should preferably not be located at
points of maximum stress.
38
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IRC 24-1967
40
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IRC : 24-l9~
506.6. Webs
506.6.1. Minimum thickness: The thickness t, of the web
plate shall not be less than 8 mm and shall not be less than the
following:
(i) for iinstiffened webs:
d,f 85 for steel conforming to IS .: 226
d
1/75 for steel conforming to IS :961
(ii) for vertically stiffened webs
11180 of the smaller clear panel dimension,
//270 of the greater clear panel dimension, and
<< 41
IRC 24-1967
(iii) for webs stiffened, both vertically and horizontally and with the
horizontal stiffener at a distance from the compression flange of 215
of the distance from the compression flange to the neutral axis
i/ISO of the smaller clear dimension in each panel
1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension, and
d,/250 for steel conforming to IS : 226 or
d~/225for steel conforming to IS : 961
(iv) when th~ is also a horizontal stiffner at the neutral axis of the
girder:
i/ISO of the smaller clear dimension in each panel or
1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension, and
d,/400 for steel conforming to IS 226 or
d,f 360 for Steel conforming to IS : 961
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IRC 24-1967
S :‘..: maximum permitted clear distance between stiffeners for thick
.
ness t.
Note Where on the basis of requirements of strength, the web thickness pro-
vided is greater than the,minimum required, or the stiffener spacing is
made closer than the maximum permissible, the moment of inertia of the
stiffeners need not be correspondingly incrcased.
When the thickness of the web is less than d2/200 for steel
conforming to IS: 226 or d2/lSO for steel conforming to 15:961
,
where d2 == depth of web as defined in Clause 506.6.1. one hori-
zontal stiffener, on one or both sides of the web, shall be placed at
a distance from the compression flange equal to 2/5 of the distance
between the compression flange and the neutral axis. This stiffener
shall have a moment of inertia I not less than 4 St~where I and 1
are as defined in Clause 506.4.3. above, and S is the actual distance
between stiffeners.
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IRC : 24-1967
Lateral loading on stiffener:
3 PlY
Increase of I —
507.1. General
For triangulate4 frames designed on the assumption of pin
jointed connections, mmbers meeting at a’ joint should, where
practicable, have their centroidal axes meeting at a point; and
wherever practicable the centre of resistance of a connection shall
lie on the line of action of the load so as to avoid a moment due, to
an eccentricity on the ‘connections.
Where the design is based on non~/ntersectingmembers at a
jo/nt, all stresses arising from the eccentr/city of the
members shall
be calculated and the stressses kept within the limits specified in
the appropriate clauses of this code.
46
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IRC: 24-1967
0.8 x distance
0.85 x distance between centres See Clause
between centres of intersection 507.2.4
of intersection with lateral
Chord s with the web bracisig members
members or rigidly
connected cross
girders
Multiple in-
Webs tersection 0.85 x greatest 0.70 x distance 0.85x distance
system where distance between between centres between centres
adequate centres of any 01’ intersection of intersection
connections two adjacent with the main with main
are provided intersections chords chords
at all points
of intersec- ‘
‘
tions ~
Note : The intersections referred to are those of the centroidal axes of the
members.
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IRC 24~i967
with t’cspe~ to the centroid of the strut may be ignored and the
strut designed as an axially-loaded member provided that the
calculated average stress does not exceed the allowable stresses
given in Table 4 of Clause 504.4. in which I is the length of the
strut, centre to centre of fastenings at each end, and r is the mini-
mum radius of gyration.
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a~=distance between frames
I maximum moment of inertia of compression chord about
the p—i’ axis of the truss
when S is not greater than —--——————,
40Ff
3Ff, El,
where
distance of the centroid of the compression chord
from the top of the cross member
d”= distance of the centroid of the compression chord
from the neutral axis of the cross member
b = half the distance between centres of the main trusses
I, = moment of inertia of the vertical in its plane of bending
I moment of inertia of the cro.qs member in its plane of bending
(C,
fb
In the above formula
F
C~=Eiilerckitical stress in the chord==
(l!r)5
the amount of lap shall be not iC5S than four times the thickness of
the bar or four times the mean thickness of the flange or the corn-
pOnLnt to which the bars ar~attached, whichever is the lesser. The
welding shall be provided at least along each side of the bar for
the full length of the lap and returned along the ends of the plate
for a length equal to at least 4 times the thickness of the plate.
Where lacing bars are fitted between the main components,
they shall be connected to each component by fillet welds on both
sides of the bar or by full penetration butt welds.
54
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mc : 24.1961
battens) is not more than 0.8 times the ratio of slenderness about
the x-x axis, the spacing of battens centre to centre of end fasten-
ings shall be such that the ratio of slenderness I/r of the lesser main
component over this distance shall be not greater than 50 or
greater than 0.7 times the ratio of slenderness of the member as a
whole, about its x-x axis (axis parallel to the battens).
In battened compress/on members in which the ratio of slen-
derness about the y-y axis is more than 0.8 times, the ratio of slen-
derness about the x-x axis, the spacirkg of battens centre to centre
of end fastening shall be such that the ratio of slenderness f/r ofthe
lesser main component over this distance shall not be greater than
50 or greater than 0.7 times the ratio of slenderness of the member
as a whole about its weaker axis.
507.2.7,3. Battens shall be plates, channels or I sections and
shall be riveted, bolted or welded to the main components. Battens
and their connections shall be so designed that they resist
simultaneously a longitudinal shear force equal to and a
be taken in reSpect of each of the two planes, except where the maxi-
mum value of l/r can occur about a rectangularaxis, In which case
each batten shall be designed to resist a shear force of 2~per cent of
the total axial force. Q, D and a are as defined in Clause 507.2.7.3.
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IRC : 24-1967
507.3.1.2. The open sides of built-up tens/on members of
U or I section shall be connected by lac/ng or battening when the
length of the outstand towards the open side eiceeds 16 times the
mean thickness of the outstand.
507.3.1.3. Lacing and battening shall be designed in accor-
dance with Clauses 507.3.5. and 5073.6. and shall be proportioned
to resist all shear forces due to external forces, if any, in the plane
of lacing. The shear shall be considered as divided equally among
all transverse systems and plating in parallel planes.
507.3.2. Effective-sectional area: The properties of the cross
section shall be computed from the effective sect/onal area. When
plates arc provided solely for the purposes of lacing or battening,
they shall be ignored in computing the radius of gyrat/on of the
section.
507.3.2.1. The end sectional area of a bolt or screwed
tension rod shall be taken as the area at root of the thread.
507.3.3. Deductions : The effective sectional area of the
member shall be the gross sectional area with thefollowing deduc-
tions as appropriate
(1) Deductions for rivet and bolt holes
(See Clause 505.21.2). Except as required by Clause 505. 15.2.
the arcas to be deducted shall be the sum of the sectional areas of
the maximum number of boles in any cross section at right angles
to the direction of stress in the member.
(ii) Deductions for a single angle connected through one leg
To allow for eccentricity of connection, allowance should be
made as per Clause 505.15.
507.3.4. Tension members composed of two components back
to back
507.3.4.1. Tension members composed of two anglàs, tees, or
channels back to back, either in. contact or separated by a distance
not exceeding 50 mm shall be connected together in their length at
regular intervals by riveting, bolting or welding so spaced that the
maximum ratio of slenderness of each element is not greater than
that specified for main members in Clause 5073.1.1.
507.S.4.2. Where the components are in contact back to
bach, riveting, bolting or intermittent welding shall be in accor-
dance with Clauses 505.2 1.3. to 505.2 1.5. as applicable.
57.
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IRC: 241%?
507.3.4.3. When the components are separated they shall be
connected through solid washers or packings, riveted, bolted or
welded.
End battens shall have an effective length of not less than the
perpendicular distance between the centroids of the ma/n compo-
nents and intermediate battens shall have an effect/ve length of not
less than one-half of this d/stance.
59.
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IRC : 24-1967
Where battens are attached by welds, the length of welds connect-
ing each longitudinal edge of the batten plate to the component
shall, in the aggregate, be not less than half the length of the batten
plate, and at least 1/3 of the weld shall be placed at each end of
the longitudinal edge. In addition, welding shall be returned
along the base of the plate for a length at least equal to four times
the thickness of the plate.
Where the tie or batten plates are fitted between ma/n com-
ponents they shall be connected to each member either by fillet
welds on each side of the plate equal in length to at least that sped-
fled in the preceding paragraphs or by full penetrat/on butt welds.
507.4. Splicing
507.4.1. Splices whether in tens/on, compress/on, bending
or shear shall be designed to transmit the required force in the
member.
507.4.2. Cover material: All cover material shall, as far as
practicable, be so disposed with respect to the cross section of the
member as to communicate the proport/onal load in the respective
parts of the section.
507.4.3. Both surfaces of the parts spl/ced shall be covered
or other means taken to mainta/n the al/gnment under load of the
abutting ends.
507.4.4. Rivets, bolts or welds shall develop the full load in
the cover material calculated on the cover area.
508. WORKMANSHIP
508. 1.
General
All woik shall be /n accordan’~e with the drawings and
clauses of this code. Care shall b~taken that alt parts of an
assembly fit accurately together.
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IRC : 24-1967
and over shall be mach/ned and those less than 12 mm thick may
be sheared and ground.
508.4.3. Ends of plates and sections
508.4.3.1. The ends of plates and sections forming the main
components of plate girders or of bu/lt up members shall be
machined, machine flame cut, sawn, or hand flame cut and
ground.
508.4.3.2. In joints and splices of compression members,
and girder flanges and of tension members where so spec/fied on
the drawings, the abutting surfaces shall be faced and brought to
an even bearing. A tolerance of 0.5 mm may be permitted
locally.
Where close fitting is not specified, any clearances shall not
exceed 3 mm.
12 13.5
14 1.5.5
t6 .17.5
18 19.5
20 21.5
22 23.5
24 25.5
21 29.0
30 - 32.0
33 35.0
64
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<< 66
IRC: 241967
diameter of the barrel unless otherwise spec/fled by the eng/neer.
The diameter of the bolts as given on the draw/ng shall be the
nominal diameter of the barrel. The length ofthe barrel shall be
such that it bears fully on all the parts connected. The threaded
portion of each bolt shall project through the nut by at least one
thread. Faces of heads and nuts bearing on steel work shall be
machined.
508.7.4. Washers
508.7.4.1, General: In all cases where the full bearing area
- of the bolt is to be developed, the bolt shall be provided with a
steel washer under the nut of sufficient thickness to avo/d any
threaded portion of the bolt be/ng w/th/n the thickness of the parts
bolted together and to prevent the nut when screwed up from
bearing on the shank of the bolt.
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<< 70
IRC : 24-1967
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IRC 24-1967
509.2. ErectIon
The method oferection, the drawings of~tenqSrarywork,rand
the erection equipment shall be subject to approval by the Eng/neer
but sudh approval Sit not: telien the confletOr of any responsi-
bility. AliteiniporarjrWor.k:shill be detignet:afld constructed %r
the loads which it will be called upon to support.
<<
IRC : 24-1967
73
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LkC 24-1967
APPENDIX A
(Deleted)
APPENDIX B
(504.4.3.2)
\(bt~~
- approximately, where b and t are the breadth and
T) average thickness of each element.
13-1.2. For channel and Z sections, the formula in B-i.!. above gives
conservative values.
75
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IRC : 24-1967
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iRC: 24-1967
APPENDIX C
(507.8. and 509.4.3.)
METHOD OF ERECTION
C-I. Preparation of camber dIagram for girders which are not predefornked
All bridge trusses shah be erected such that the panel points of the truss
are raised a certain distance above the horizontal line through the supports.
This effect shall be obtained by increasing length of top chord members
while retaining the nocilinal lengths of the bg;pm chord and web members.
The necessary figures shall be so worked Gut that the camber at the centre is
equal to the calculated deflection specified in Clause 507.8.1, The total in-
crease in the length ofthechord should be uniformly distributed over all the
panels.
C-2. Predeformed open web girder spaas
C-2. I. Preparation of camber diagram: Working drawings shall be dimen-
sioned for the main girder without camber and in order to ensure that its
fabrication and erection shall be such as to eliminate deformation stresses
in the loaded span, a camber diagram shall be prepared on which shall be
clearly indicated the amounts by which the nominal lengths tthat is the length
which will give no camber) of members shall be increased or decreased in
order that the outline of the girder under full load (dead load, live load and
impact) shall be the nominal outline. A further change as indicated in
(Clause C-2.l .3 may be made when the outline of the girder shall be normal
outline enlarged (I +K) times in the vase of a through span and reduced
1-K), times in the case of a deck span (see Clause C-2~1.3 for definition
of K).
C-2. 1.1. The stress camber change in each member shall be equal to the
change of length of the member due to the above loading, but of opposite
sign.
C-2. [.2. For the purpose of calculating the change in length of membeEs
under stress, the modulus of elasticity for both high tensile and mild steel shall
be taken as 20,470 kgImm~. The effective length shall be taken between the
theoretical intersection points of adjacent members and areas of members shall
be the gross areas.
C-2.i.3. To ensure that the length of the floor system of a span shall be
constructed to its nominal dimensions, that is, to avoid changes in lengths of
floor and loaded chord lateral system, a further change in length may be made
in the lengths of all members equal to:
Loaded chord extension or contraction
Loaded chord length x length of member==K xL
in through spans, this change shall be an increase in the length of all
members while in the deck spans it will be a decrease in the lengths of all
members.
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Cl. 1.4. The nominal girder lengths altered in accordance with Clauses
(>2.1 and C-2.l.3 above give a correctly stress cambered girder but with loaded
chord length identical with that shown on the working drawings, thus requiring
no modifications to floor and loaded chord lateral systems.
C-2.l.5. The nominal lengths and camber lengths shall be rounded off to
the nearest 0.5 mm.
C-2.l.6. The difference between nominal lengths and camber lengths thus
modified is the practical camber change.
C-2.t.7. A Williot diagram shall be drawn for the practical camber changes
to obtain ordinates of the erection packings necessary to produce the required
camber.
C-2.l.S. Adjustments of the lengths shall be made to top lateral bracing
members to suit camber lengths of the top chords in the cases of through girder
spans and to the bottom lateral ~racingmembers in the case of deck spans. The
average value of the predefortiled length of top or bottom latetal memberr, as
the case may be, may be adopted throughout. If adjustments of Clause C-2.l.3.
have not been made, the length of the floor and loaded chords lateral systems
may havc to be adjusted.
C-2.2. Fabrication
C-2.2. I. The actual manufactured lengths of the members are to be the
lengths with camber given on the camber diagram,
C-2.2.2. The positions and angular setting outlines of all connection holes
in the main gussets and also the position of the connection holes in the chord
joints and the machining of the ends shall be exactly as shown on the working
drawings. This will permit the butts In the chord segments to be exactly as
shown on the working drawings.
C-2.2.3. The groups of connection holes at the ends of all the members are
to be as shown on the working drawings, i.e., without any allowance for camber
but the distance between the groups at the ends of each member shall be altered
by the amount of the camber allowance in the member.
C-2.3. Erection
C-2.3.l. The joints of the chords shall be drifted, bolted and preferably
riveted to their geometric outline.
C-2.3.2. All other members shall be elastically strained Into position by
external forces, so that as many holes as possible are fair when filled with
rivets.
C-2.33. Drawing in the members by drifting ofjoints shall be avoided as
far as possible and, when necessary, shall be done with great care and under
close expert supervision. Harnmersnot exceeding one kilogram In weight shall
be used with turned barrel drifts and a number of holes drifted simultaneously,
the effect of the drifting being checked by observation of adjacent unfilled
holes.
C-2.3.4. The first procedure during erection shall consist of placing camber
jacks in position on which the structure Is to be supported. The camber jacks
shall be set with their top level and with sufficient run-out to allow for the
lowering of panel points except by the necessary amounts to produce the
78
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IRC: 24-1967
required camber In the main girders. It is essential that the camber is accura-
tely maintained throughout the process of erection and it shall be constantly
checked. Thejacks shall be spaced so that they support the ends of the main
girders and the panel points. The bottom chord members shall then be placed
on the camber jacks, carefully levelled and checked for straightness and the
joints made and riveted up.
C-2 3.5, The vertical and diagonal web members, except the end posts,
shall then be erected in their proper positions on the bottom chords. It is reco-
mmended that temporary top gussets, the positions of the holes in which are
corrected for the camber change of the length in the members, shall be used to
connect the top ends of the members; this will ensure that the angles between
the members at the bottom jpints are as given by the nominal outline of the
girders. The verticals end diagonala shall thea be riveted to the lower chords.
C-2.3.6. The temporary top gussets, if used, shall then be replaced
by the permanent gussets, which shall be riveted to the members after these have
been strained into their correct relative positions.
C-2.3.7. All panel points, except the centre, shall then be lowered by
amounts to produce the correct camber in the main girders as shown on the
camber diagram.
C-23.8. The top chord shall be erected in its uncambered position and
supporied at the panel points by suitable means, the centre being at its final
position, It is essential that the centre of this length of top chord shall
also be the centre of this span, The butt joints shall then be made and riveted
up.
C-2.3.9. The ends of the upper chord shall then be lowered to the cambe-
red position and the holes brought into eorrect registration by straining the
web members,
C-2.3l0 The end posts shall be erected last. The upper end connection
shall preferably be made first, and if there is no splice in the end raker, the final
closure made at the bottom end connection. If there is a splice, the final
closure shall be made at the splice.
C-2.3.l I When cantilever method of erection is used, the procedure given
in Clauses C-2.3.4. to C-2.3.lO. does not apply.
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APPENDIX ID
FIELD REQUIREMENTS
D-1. Lines and levels
All lines and levels shall be specified by the engineer or the purchaser.
The contractor shall be respOnsible for all setting out and shall give all
necessary assistance and facilities for checking by the Engineer or the pur-
.
chaser.
Any stakes or marks set out by the Engineer on site shall be carefully
preserved.
D-2. Unless otherwise provided in the contract, the contractor shall
supply and erect all necessary falsework and staging and shall supply all labour,
tools, erection plant, drifts, service bolts, nuts and washers and other
materials necessary to carry out the work.
D-3, Despatching
The contractor should sOpply all rivets, bolts, nuts, washers, etc., required
to complete erection at site with an allowance for wastage, etc., of 121 per cent
of the net number of field rivets, bolts, washers required, or a minimum of five
number of each item,
Service bolts and nuts, ordinary platters, washers and drifts for use In the
erection of the work shall be supplied at 60 per cent ~45per cent bolts and 15 per
cent drifts) of the number of field rivets per span in each size (this Includes
wastage). The purchaser may, however, specify a reduction in the quantities of
service bolts, etc., if more than one span ofeach type Is ordered.
D-4. Measurement for payment of weight
Normally the basis of payment shall be computed by weight based on
the nominal weight of materials. When specially agreed upon between the
purchaser and the supplier, the basis of payment may be the weigh bridge
weight.
D-5, The weight of rolled and cast steel and cast iron shall determined
from the dimensions shown on the drawings on the following basis:
Rolled ox cast steel: 1,84 >~10’ kgjm’
Cast Iron: 7,21 x 10’ kg/m’
Weight of structural sections shall be nominal weight.
The weight of castings shall be computed from the dimensIons shown on
the drawings with an addition of S per cent for fillets and overrun.
The weight of weld fillets and the weight of protective coatings shall not
be included,
D-6. The weight of rivet heads shall be computed by taking the weight
of 100 snap heads as given in Table 13.
<< 80
IRC : 24-1967
When specially agreed upon, the allowance for snap heads may be taken
as a flat percentage of the total weight. This percentage may be taken as 3
per cent or modified by mutual agreement.
TABLE 13. Wuosir OP RIVET Hs4ws
mm , kg,
12 1.3
14 • 2.1
16 3.4
18 4.45
20 6.1
22 8.1
24 10.5
27 15.0
30 20.5
33 27,2
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