Tunneling Introduction

Mass Rapid Transportation Jakarta
By Nick Osborne APNA Geotech & tunnels practice leader
 Director G&T Chartered Engineer
Nick Osborne 23 years relevant experience

1997 2009
Jubilee Land Transport Authority
Mott MacDonald
line C711, C709, C710, C825, C828, C856, DTL3, C908, C909, C907, C906, C901, C905, C902, C903
C913 ,C921, C156, NS Cable Tunnels, C937, KL Blue line, E1003

E E E E E
1 2 3 4 5

Land Transport Authority

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 Introduction

• Introducing tunnels
• Linning design – key concepts
• Tunnel control & settlement
• The project itself
• Current performance
Tunnels come in all shapes & sizes ...
… constructed by different methods ...
… methods ...
… in all types of ground ...
… for a multitude of purposes.
… purposes.
 Why underground?

• Topography
• Geology
• Out of sight
• Lack of space – free up land for other use
• Minimise surface disruption
• Environmental benefits
• Programme
• Commercial effeciency
• Safety
 What influences a design ?

• Procurement process
• Functional design criteria
• Ground & water loading
• Temporary loads – handling & shove force
• Future developments
• Durability criteria (design life)
• Groundwater conditions
• TBM wear
• Environment
 Arching in 3D

Initial
direction
of stresses
( in kPa)

“Arching” of
the stresses
around tunnel
Arching
 …. a gradual process

ground
reaction
curve
pi pi
tunnel
u

Deformations occur over

a finite time period
 Timing & stiffness of support

ground reaction
curve
support pressure

support curve

pi
pi
u or t
deformation
or time
p/u = E stiffness
 Overview of design approach

Chainage (m) Design Overburden

Design Depth Ref. Soil Type at
Chainage
Section From To (m)
Borehole Tunnel Face
(m)

AC1a,
104-1 9+670 9+733 9+670 3.8 104-5 AC1ax,
AC1b

104-2 9+733 9+992 9+733 5.0 E-480 AC1a, AC1b

104-3 9+733 9+992 9+990 9.8 104-8 AC1b, DC2

AC1b. DC1,
104-4 10+194 10+821 10+700 11.5 104-14
DC2

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 Linning Components

• Body of segment
• Radial joint Radial Joint

• Circle joint
• Gasket groove
Circle Joint
• Bolts / pocket
• Lifting socket

Radial Joint

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 Lining design

Items Details

Internal Diameter 6.050m

Segment Length 1.5m

Segment Thickness 250mm

Segment Configuration 5 + 1 key

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 Linning design -closed form Muir Wood
modified curtis
Loading Cases Load Description Condition
Overburden pressure Full
Surcharge (minimum) 10 kN/m2
Load Case 1 2m below ground
Ground Water Table
(Non-slip) level
Ovalisation in radius 20mm
Construction tolerance at radial joint 5mm
Overburden pressure Full
Surcharge (minimum) 10 kN/m2
Load Case 2 5m below ground
Ground Water Table
(Non-slip) level
Ovalisation in radius 20mm
Construction tolerance at radial joint 5mm
Overburden pressure Full
Surcharge (minimum) 10 kN/m2
Load Case 3 Ground Water Table At ground level
(Non-slip)
Ovalisation in radius 20mm
Construction tolerance at radial
5mm
joint
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 Seismic design

• Cross sectional analysis – Wang 1993

• Longitudinal analysis – closed form solutions Hashash et al 2001

• Consider – Operating Design Earthquake (ODE)

• Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE)

Loading Cases Load Description Condition

Overburden pressure Full
Surcharge (minimum) 10 kN/m2
Load Case 1 2m below
Ground Water Table
(Non-slip & Full-slip) ground level
Ovalisation in radius 20mm
Construction tolerance at
5mm
radial joint
Overburden pressure Full
Surcharge (minimum) 10 kN/m2
Load Case 2 5m below
Ground Water Table
ground level
(Non-slip & Full-slip)
20 Ovalisation in radius 20mm
Construction tolerance at
5mm
radial joint
 Tunnelling Approach

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 Closed face TBM

10 11 1411
10
Canteen
Hydraulic Switch HVSafety
12 13
Welfare Safety
Control Refuge Stores Workshop
Grout Pumps Workshop Grease
Power
Packs Gear Cabin Refuge
Transformer Store

1-Cutting Wheel 2-Drive Unit 3-Push Cylinder 4-Air Lock 5-Screw Conveyor 6-
Erector
7-Screw Conveyor Gate 8-Segment Handler 9-Segment Crane 10-Conveyor
11-Ventilation 12-Cable Drum 13-Spoil 14-End of Main Vent Duct

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Movie Shield Tunnel
 TBM –selection EPBM or Slurry ?

EPB / Slurry Range

Sieve Size
Silt Sand Gravel
Clay Fine Medium Coarse Fine Medium Coarse Fine Medium Coarse
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0,001 0,002 0,006 0,02 0,06 0,2 0,6 2,0 6,0 20.0 60,0

EPB Methods Slurry Methods

Earth Pressure Balance TBM
 What to balance

A = GH = Marine Clay Depth

B = BC = Slice Width
G
C = EG = Ground treatment thickness above TBM
D = AB = TBM Diameter
H = AJ = Ground treatment Thickness above TBM invert F
(the whole wedge will be treated)
L = BE = Slice Length = D/tan C E

B
L

K
J

D


After Horn et al 1960

Face Pressure Calculation

Effective stress analysis

• Based upon the silo theory (Jenssen,1985) according to the tri-
dimensional model of sliding mechanism proposed by Horn
• Analysis based on drained condition
Earth Pressure Balance TBM
Controlling Face Pressure – conditioning
Tail Void ≒ Tail Clearance(30mm) + TBM Body(40mm)
= 70mm (To be backfill grouted)

Tail Seal
TBM Body (t=40mm) (Wire Brush)
Ground Water

Backfill Grouting
Segment at Tail Void
Jack
Tail Clearance
30
(t=30mm)
 Stage 4 –Tail void grouting result

Marine clay

Extrados of
segment
Tail void grout
 Stages of Settlement

A B C D E F

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

Distance

4: Settlement due to
1: Preceding settlement the tail void
Smax
2: Deformation of ground at
the front of the face
Settlement 3: Settlement during
passage of the shield

5: Consolidation settlement
Segment lining

Face Tail

Shield passing
 Tunnel settlement - Estimation

2.5i

Ground surface

-y y

Point of inflection (0.6) Smax

Z0 C

Smax Settlement

Useful formula:
S=Smax exp(-y2/2i2)
i=KZo
Vs= √(2 i Smax or VLD2/4 D

Smax=0.313VLD2/i
Perfect Gaussian trough
 Project Overview
• Total Length = 3.89km
• Underground Stations: 4-Stations
• Transition Structure （U-shape & Box Culvert): 460m
• Shield Tunnel: 2.6km x 2-lines Inner Dia.=6.05m
Project Overview
CP 104 Soil Profile
CP 105 Soil Profile
 Shield Tunnel

Benhil
 EPB Shield Tunnel

Manufacturer: JTSC (Japan Tunnel System Corp.)

Outer Diameter: Φ6,690mm
Machine Total Length: L=11m
Thrust Cylinder: 1500kN x 2100mm x 22sets
Cutter Motor (Electric): 55kWx4Px400Vx11sets
Cutter Rotational Speed:0.96rpm
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 Current progress/performance

Launching Ceremony – September 2015

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 Temporary Facilities Layout for Shield Tunnel
Overhead Crane Gantry Crane Soil Pit
(15ton x 2) (32ton x 2)
(1,650m3)

Segment Storage House

44 （27t Locomotive + Mock Car (12m3x3) + Segment Car)*4 set

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Settlement Contour assuming Volume Loss = 1.0 %

More than 20mm settlement is calculated

on the ground surface by empirical analysis.
Current performance
Settlement Monitoring
(1) Ground Surface (along Jl. Sudirman) by Manual Survey
(2) Just Above Tunnel Lining by Multi-Rod Extensometer

LAUNCHING SHAFT
 P3 P2
P1

SB NB

TBM (SB) Passed through: 18 ~ 20 Oct.

SB NB

TBM (SB) Passed through: 21 ~ 22 Oct.

P1: 1.0m from Tunnel Lining

DETAIL

Allowable Settlement at Road: 30mm

Passed through: 18 ~ 20 Oct

P1: 1.0m above from Tunnel Lining

Passing Through
1

Allowable Settlement at Road: 30mm

P2: 3.5m above from Tunnel Lining

Allowable Settlement at Road: 30mm

• Settlement is smaller than P1.

 Terima kasih

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