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CpE 100 – Computer Hardware Fundamentals

 PC CARD SLOT TYPES
TYPES OF MEMORY: a. PCI - is the oldest of the three types of video cards. PCI is also used for devices such
as sound and network cards. PCI uses a shared bus topology to allow for
1. SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory):
"Synchronous" tells about the behaviour of the DRAM type. In late 1996, SDRAM began to communication among the different devices on the bus. It provides for a bandwidth of
appear in systems. Unlike previous technologies, SDRAM is designed to synchronize itself up to 133 Mbps with a 64 bit version supporting up to 512 Mbps.
with the timing of the CPU. b.AGP- was designed for use with 3D graphics applications. AGP uses a dedicated
2. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM): point-to-point channel so that the graphics controller can directly access main
The next generation of SDRAM is DDR, which memory. It provides for a bandwidth of 266 Mbps to 1.07 Gbps.
achieves greater bandwidth than the preceding single c. PCI-X stands for "PCI-eXtended". PCI-X is a computer bus and expansion card standard
data rate SDRAM by transferring data on the rising
that enhances the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher bandwidth demanded by servers.
and falling edges of the clock signal (double
pumped). d.PCIe- expands on and doubles the data transfer rates of the standard PCI interface.
PCI Express is a two way (point to point bus) serial connection which avoids
3. DDR2 .Double Data Rate Two SDRAM):
Its primary benefit is the ability to operate the external performance problems that can arise from bandwidth sharing on a common bus.
data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM.
TYPES OF PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)
4. DDR3 SDRAM(Double Data Rate Three
SDRAM): a. ‘PCIe x1’ connections have one data lane
DDR3 memory reduces 40% power consumption b. ‘PCIe x4’ connections have four data lanes
compared to current DDR2 modules, allowing for c. ‘PCIe x8’ connections have eight data lanes
lower operating currents and voltages (1.5 V, d. ‘PCIe x16’ connections have sixteen data lanes
compared to DDR2's 1.8 V or DDR's 2.5 V).
e. ‘PCIe x32’ connections have thirty-two data lanes (currently, these are VERY
5. DDR4 SDRAM rare)
(Double Data Rate Fourth SDRAM):
DDR4 SDRAM provides the lower operating voltage
(1.2V) and higher transfer rate. The transfer rate of DDR4 is 2133~3200 MT/s. DDR4 adds
four new Bank Groups technology.

Installing Memory

1 memory connector closest from processor

2 securing clips (2)

3 connector

NOTICE: To prevent static damage to components inside your computer, discharge static
electricity from your body before you touch any of your computer's electronic
components. You can do so by touching an unpainted metal surface on the computer
chassis.
CHIPSET

The actual function of a chipset is to communicate between all components of

the modern PC, or, to put it in other words, the chipset is the infrastructure. The chipset
contains numerous components, and moreover, it makes various interfaces available for
connecting additional components (PCI, USB, AGP, IDE, etc).

The chipset consists of two units:

1. Northbridge - The north bridge chip, also called MCH (Memory Controller Hub),
is connect directly to the CPU and has basically the following functions:
 Memory controller
 PCI Express controller
 AGP bus controller
 Interface for data transfer with the south bridge chip

2. Southbridge - The south bridge chip, also called ICH ( I/O Controller Hub) or PCH
(Platform Controller HUB) is connected to the north bridge and is in charge of
controlling I/O devices and on-board devices, such as:

 Storage ports (parallel and serial ATA ports)

 USB ports
 On-board LAN
 PCI bus
 PCI Express lanes
 Real time clock
 CMOS memory

TYPES OF BUSES:
 AGP bus (short for Accelerated Graphics Port)
 Memory bus
 Front-side bus
 PCI bus (Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect)
 LPC bus (Short for low pin count)
 USB Bus (Short for Universal Serial Bus)
 Your computer CPU should have come with 3 main things:
 CPU
 Heatsink
 Thermal Paste
Installing the Processor
1. If the release lever on the socket is not fully extended, move it to that position.
2. Orient the front and rear alignment-notches on the processor with the front and rear
alignment-notches on the socket.
3. Align the pin-1 corners of the processor and socket.
Removing the Processor
1. At the processor, place your finger upon the hook end of the release lever, then
push down and out to release it from the tab that secures it.
2. Gently remove the processor from the socket.
Types of processor:
Pin Processor Pin less processor
Note: Before installing a CPU fan and heatsink, you'll first have to determine whether you need to
apply thermal paste to the CPU.
INSTALLING CPU FAN:
 To install a CPU fan and heat sink, you will need to
align the four push pins of the heat sink (circled in
yellow above) with the four pin holes on the
motherboard (circled in yellow below):
 Once everything is aligned, place your thumbs on the
two diagonally opposite push pins and press down on
both pins at the same time until you hear a "click"
sound.
 Once you have pushed down all four pins, take a look
at the bottom of the motherboard. If you have
installed the CPU cooler correctly, the pins should
protrude fully.
 Now we are down to the final step of installing a CPU
fan: Plug the CPU fan power connector into the 4-pin
CPU fan header on the motherboard. On most
motherboards, this header will be located near the
CPU socket:
TYPES OF STORAGE DRIVE DEVICES PORT

 HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)

HDDs are an older technology which was initially introduced by
IBM almost 60 years ago. It is the abbreviation of Hard Disk Drive and it
makes use of magnetism for the purpose of storing data.
 SOLID-STATE DRIVE (SSD) DATA CABLE
The reason why it is called that is because it does not have any
moving part similar to a USB drive. In layman terms, you can call an SSD
a very large and more sophisticated type of a USB.
 M.2 SSD
Is a solid-state drive (SSD) that conforms to a computer industry
specification written for internally mounted storage expansion cards of a
small form factor.

Power Supply
Cable

Hard Disk Drive Solid-State Drive M.2 SSD Storage

POWER SUPPLY - The job of the Power Supply Unit is simply to take the raw (A/C) power coming
out of a household power socket and deliver a reliable DC current in the following voltages to the
various components.

DC Power Connector P1 – (Main Power/ ATX Power)

A single 20 or 24 pin Motherboard Connector: main
power to the Motherboard

DC Power Connector P2 – (Power for CPU- 4 or 8 pins)

CPU POWER

DC Power Connectors P3, P5, and P6 ( SATA DRIVE)

DC Power Connector P4 Molex - these supply power to IDE drives

ATX POWER
COMPUTER DRIVES
The term Drives covers a multitude of devices. These
devices are non-volatile in that data written to a drive, unlike RAM,
is persisted after the power is pulled from the PC
Different Types of Drive
 A floppy disk, also known as a floppy, diskette, or simply disk, is
a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and
flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic
enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks
are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD).
 Hard Disk Drive: this is a magnetic media device. It is the
traditional non-volatile storage used by computers and is
reasonably fast, able to store vast amounts of data and very
competitive price-wise per Gb of storage. Hard drives can differ
hugely in performance, so check the read and write speeds for
your selected drive before purchase
 CD-ROM, DVD ROM, BluRay Player: these are all read-
only, optical devices (-i.e. they use lasers to read
the pits and lands on the surface of a disc) : the difference being
the speed they run and amount of data on the disc. These are
generally a lot faster than a Burner drive, but still relatively slow
 CD Burner, DVD Burner: these are all read-write, optical devices
(-i.e. they use lasers to burn or read the pits and lands on the
surface of a disc) : again, CDs and DVDs differ in their speed and
amount of data they can get on the disc. Great for backing up data,
but very slow
 SSD (Solid State Drive): these are basically non-volatile memory
devices containing no moving parts: the computer sees them as a
normal hard drive, but they are effectively a special bank
of RAM chips that continue to store data even when the power is
off. These are the quickest - and most expensive devices - out
there, although some are not much quicker than the fastest hard
drives.
 Hybrid Drive: some manufacturers offer hard drives combined
with a limited SSD (-such as Seagate Momentus), to speed up
data transfers. This may become an affordable alternative to CpE 100 – Computer Hardware Fundamentals
SSDs for the less well healed.