Building

Automation
System

HarisH Patil
 Building Automation System

• A building automation system is the high-

technology tool or platform that expands and
enhances the capabilities of those responsible
for operations of a building.
 Building Automation System
• A BAS comprises several subsystems
which are connected in various ways to
form a complete system.
• The system has to be designed and
engineered around the building itself to
serve the services systems for which it is
intended.
 BAS
• HVAC systems,
• Electrical systems
• Lighting systems,
• Fire systems
• Security systems
• Lift systems.
• ....
• ............
 BAS
• In industrial buildings:
●
The compressed air,
●
Steam
●
Hot water systems
●
Etc...Process used for the manufacturing
process.

• A BAS may be used to monitor, control and

manage all or just some of these services.
A typical network architecture of
BAS
A typical network architecture of
i-BAS
A typical network architecture of
i-BAS
 Benefits of BAS
• Increased reliability of plant and services
• Reduced operating costs
• Well Building management
• Enhancing staff productivity
• Protection of people and equipment
 BAS Functions
Typical functions provided by BAS:

• Installation- management and control functions;

• Energy- management functions (supervisory control);
• Risk- management functions;
• Information- processing functions;
• Facility- management functions;
• Performance monitoring and diagnosis;
• Maintenance management.
BAS:Important Systems

• HVAC
• Security System
• Fire System
 BAS Design Process
• Consideration of Environmental Parameters
• Building Area
• Type of Building
• Requirement of Owner
• Requirement of Occupants
• No. of variables for controlling (temperature,
pressure etc)
• Other supporting system
 Intelligent Building
i-BAS
IB as a building created to give its users:
the most efficient environment;
optimised building utilization
manage resources efficiently
minimizes the life costs
high efficiency,
comfort,
convenience
safety
 Intelligent architecture and
structure

Intelligent architecture relates to three

distinct areas of concern:
Intelligent design;
Intelligent technology;
Intelligent use and maintenance of
building.
 Intelligent architecture and
structure
• Intelligent building are highly complex.
• But It is:
fundamentally simple to operate,
energy and resource efficient,
easy to maintain, upgrade, modify and
recycle
Technology systems and evolution of
Intelligent Buildings
Why we need Intelligent
Buildings?
Intelligent Buildings and
Ordinary BAS ?
Pros: Intelligent Buildings
• Air quality.
• Higher level security.
• Cost Effective.
• Highest Comfort.
• Environment friendly:Eliminates CO2
emission.
• Appropriate Control.
• .........
• ...................
Cons: Intelligent Buildings
• Higher initial cost.
• More maintaince
• Special Supervision
• Need to update with new technology
• ...............
• .......................
Fire System

Fire Alarm
Supression System
 Building/Human Life Safety System

Fire Detection Fire Supression /

Fighting

Conventional Addressable
System System Fire Extinguishers

Analog Hydrant System

Intelligent
Addressable

Gas based

Integrated to other Building Systems

 FIRE?

Fire is a generic term that refers to flaming

combustion, smoldering combustion, or pyrolysis.
According to NFPA 72:
Flame: A body or stream of gaseous material
involved in the combustion process and emitting
radiant energy at specific wavelength bands
determined by the combustion chemistry of the fuel.
In most cases, some portion of the emitted radiant
energy is visible to the human eye.
 Fire Triangle

EN

FU
YG

EL
OX

HEAT
 Fire Signatures

FIRE

Thermal Chemical
Products Products

Flame Heat Smoke Gas

 Fire Stages and Detectors

Incipient Smoldering Flame Heat

Detector Ion Photoelectric Heat/Flame Heat

Invisible Visible
Particles Particles
Automatic Fire Alarm System

●
Detect,
●
Alert
●
and Evacuate.

●
…................. Life Safety!
 Automatic Fire Alarm System

A system in which all or some of the circuits are actuated

by automatic devices such as automatic fire detectors.
 Automatic Fire Alarm System

Main Controller
Inputs

Primary AC )

Secondary (DC)
Outputs

The Basic FAS

 Automatic Fire Alarm System

A system in which all or some of the circuits are actuated

by automatic devices such as automatic fire detectors.
Automatic Fire Alarm System
 Alarm Initiating Devices
FIRE
ALARM

PULL
in case
of
FIRE

 A device that, when activated, initiates an alarm condition.

 May be operated manually or automatically.

 Responds to smoke, flame, heat, manual activation, or water flow.

 A circuit containing these components is called an Initiating

Device Circuit (IDC).
 Notification Appliance
FIRE BELL
F
I
R
E

Devices which produce audible, visual, or both, alarm

signals in response to a fire emergency.
NA: Bell, Horn, Speaker, Siren, Strobe, Light, Text display......
A circuit which contains these components is called a
Notification Appliance Circuit (NAC).
 Notification Appliance
FIRE BELL
F
I
R
E

Remote Annunciators

LED Annunciator Custom Graphic

LCD-160 or XLS-NCA
Annunciator
Liquid Crystal Display
Fire Alarm System – The History
●
Conventional Technology
●
Addressable Technology
●
Analog Addressable Technology
– Environmental Drift
– Day / Night Sensitivity
●
Analog Intelligent Technology
 The Beginning...Conventional
●
Conventional System
– What is a Zone?

Detector

A zone may be a floor, room

(a geographic area)
 The Beginning...Conventional
 Conventional systems has Zone Cards
 A Zone is an area consisting of group of devices
 Each Zone typically consists of about 30 devices
 Conventional Fire Alarm System reports alarm by
Zone – does not identify individual detector which is
in alarm
 Conventional Fire Alarm System consists of
conventional devices/detectors
 A conventional detector has less coverage area
 The Beginning...Conventional
How effective are they in detecting Smoke ??
U.L. Window

4.0% •Several
•SeveralSensitivity
SensitivityLevels
Levels
3.5% •Alarm
O •AlarmPoint
PointEstablished
EstablishedatatFA
FAPanel
Panel
B
S 3.0% ALARM
C LEVEL
U 2.5%
R SMOKE
A 2.0%
T
I 1.5%
O SMOKE
N 1.0%
SMOKE
0.5% ZERO
REFERENCE
0.0%
 The Beginning...Conventional
Why are they prone to False Alarms ??
U.L. Window

4.0% •Several
•SeveralSensitivity
SensitivityLevels
Levels
3.5% •Alarm
O •AlarmPoint
PointEstablished
EstablishedatatFA
FAPanel
Panel
B
S 3.0% ALARM
C LEVEL
U 2.5% Actual
Actual
R Sensitivity Sensitivity
A 2.0% Actual 0.8 % 0.65 %
T Sensitivity
I 1.5% Selected 1.5 %
O Sensitivity
N 1.0% 2.5 %
DIRT DIRT DIRT
0.5% ZERO
REFERENCE
0.0%
 The Beginning...Conventional
Conventional Detectors:
●
Sensitivity Not Constant
●
Varies Up or Down
●
Conditions Affecting Sensitivity:
●
Dirt
●
Temperature
●
Humidity
●
Altitude (Ionization)
●
Air Velocity (Ionization)
●
Voltage Variation
●
Component Tolerances
●
Component Aging
 The Beginning...Conventional
Conventional Detectors:
Types of Devices
Photo-electric (Light Scattering Type)
Ionization
Heat
Monitor Module
Control Module
 Then Came......... Addressable Systems!

Detector
IDC NAC

FACP
 Addressable Systems!
 Each device connected to an addressable system
has unique address
 An addressable FACP has one or many Loop cards to
which Signalling Line Circuit (SLC) generally called a
loop are connected.
 Devices are connected on the SLC through which
they communicate with the panel.
 There are broadly 2 different ways of communication:
polling and broadcast.
 There are primarily 2 types of addressing methods –
Manual & Electronic (Soft Addressing)
 Addressable Systems!
SLC Device Addressing:
●
Built-in Electronics ( for Addressing )
– Each Addressable Detector has built-in electronics
which communicate to the panel with a unique
address.
– Binary Dip Switches
– Rotary Address Switches
– Soft addressing

These DIP switches are

in the detector base.
 Addressable Systems!
SLC Device Addressing:

Soft Addressing

Each intelligent detector

includes its own electronic
address. The address of each
detector is in bar code format.
 Addressable Systems!
SLC Addressable Devices
 Detectors
•Photo-electric (Light Scattering Type & Laser)
•Ionization
•Heat (Fixed & ROR – Rate-of-rise types)
•Combination (Photo + Heat Combined)

 Devices
•Monitor Module
•Mini-Monitor Module
•Control Module
•Control Relay Module
•Zone Module
•Universal Module
•Isolator Module

 Detector Base
•Standard Base (Flanged & Flang less)
•Isolator Base
•Relay Base
•Sounder Base
 Addressable Devices - Detection
SELF COMPENSATION Constant Sensitivity
4.0%
4.0%
3.5%
3.5%
4.0% 3.0%
U.L. Window ALARM
3.0% LEVEL
3.5% 2.5%
2.5%
4.0% 3.0% 2.0%
2.0% Selected
3.5% 2.5% 1.5%
O Sensitivity
B 1.5% Selected
3.0% 2.0% Sensitivity 1.0% 2.5 %
S
C 1.0% 2.5 % 0.5%
U 2.5% 1.5% Selected
R Sensitivity 0.5%
A 2.0% 1.0% 2.5 % 0.0% ZERO
T 0.0% REFERENCE
1.5% Selected 0.5%
I
Sensitivity
O
N 1.0% 2.5 % 0.0%

0.5% DIRT DIRT DIRT

0.0%
 Addressable Devices - Detection
SELF COMPENSATION Very Sensitive
4.0%
4.0%
3.5%
U.L. Window 3.5%
4.0% 3.0%
3.0%
3.5% 2.5%
4.0% 2.5%
3.0% 2.0%
3.5% 2.0%
O 2.5% 1.5%
B 1.5%
S 3.0%
2.0% 1.0% ALARM
C
U 2.5%
1.0% LEVEL
1.5% 0.5%
R
0.5%
0.5%
A 2.0% 0.0% ZERO
T
1.0% 0.5%
0.0% REFERENCE
I 1.5% 0.5%
O
N
0.5%
1.0% 0.0%

0.5% DIRT DIRT DIRT

0.5%
0.0%
 Addressable Systems Parts
 FACP – Fire Alarm Control Panel Parts
•Central Processing Unit (CPU)
•Main Power Supply
•Display Interface
•SLC interface Card
•Media Interface Board
•Additional Batteries (Lead Acid Maintenance Free)
•Voice & Audio Interface (Optional)
•Network Interface Card (Optional)

 FACP is responsible for

•Monitoring the status of devices connected to the Signalling Line Circuits associated
with the FACP
•Analyzing information from the devices to determine alarm or trouble events
•Responding to alarm events by activating controlled devices
•Maintaining a history of alarm and trouble events
•Providing requested information from any device connected to the Backbone
Communications Network
 Addressable Systems Parts
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The Central Processing Unit of the FACP is responsible for storing and
updating the device and zone database of the system.
 The Central Processing Unit is responsible for executing all of the standard
software features of the FACP, including executing control-by-event logic
and maintaining an event history file.
 The Central Processing Unit checks for any troubles with the power supply
or memory.
 The following is maintained in either EEPROM or non-volatile RAM so that
the information is not lost if all power sources are disconnected:
• Device data base
• Zone data base
• Control-by-event interlock logic
• Parameters required by standard features such as passwords
 Main Power Supply
 The power supply is from the same supplier as the FACP and has been certified to UL 1481. The power
supply in each FACP is used to provide power for operation of:
√ Electronics associated with FACP
√ Electronics associated with annunciators connected to the FACP
√ All detectors and modules including supervision currents, connected to the FACP
√ All indicating appliances controlled by the FACP
 The power supply in each FACP is equipped with a battery so that there is no degradation of system
performance in the event of failure of essential mains power. The batteries are of the sealed lead-acid type
requiring no maintenance.
 The batteries are sized to provide sufficient power for operation of all devices for 24 hours in a non-alarm
condition followed by five minutes in a full alarm condition. A de-rating factor of 20% is used in the
battery sizing calculations.
 A charging circuit is provided to ensure that the batteries are constantly charged.
 The charging circuit has two charging rates. The high (Boost) charging rate & a low (Float) charging rate.
 An optional voltmeter and ammeter are provided which measures the voltage across the batteries and the
charging current to the batteries.
 FACP Display Interface
●
The FACP Display Interface allows information to be displayed and allows local control. The
Display Interface has dedicated LEDs to provide an overview of the status of the FACP. LEDs are
be provided for:
– AC Mains Power
– Alarm Condition
– Trouble Condition
– Signal Silence Activated
●
The display portion of the Display Interface is a backlit LCD of predefined characters.
●
If an alarm or trouble condition occurs in a FACP, the INA shows:
– A message “ALARM” or “TROUBLE”
– The type of device initiating the alarm condition (i.e. “SMOKE(ION)”, etc.)
– A custom label for the device initiating the alarm / trouble condition
– Type of trouble (i.e. “MAINTENANCE REQUIRED”, “DEVICE DISABLED”, etc.)
– Device address including loop number and device number
– Current date and time
●
A buzzer sounds at the FACP if there is an unacknowledged alarm or trouble event.
 FACP Display Interface
 Interrogating, silencing and resetting a FACP in no way interferes with the normal operation of the
FACP or the ability of the FACP to receive and process messages from other FACPs.
 Dedicated keys are provided for commonly used functions including:
- Acknowledge alarm/trouble condition currently being displayed
- Activate signal silence
- Activate system reset
- Activate system test
- Activate lamp test
 The FACP maintains a history buffer. Four hundred events are stored in the history buffer of the FACP.
The following events are recorded in the history buffer:
- Alarm event reported – Alarm event acknowledged
- Alarm event cleared – Trouble event reported
- Trouble event block acknowledge – Trouble event cleared
- System reset Signal silence
 The user can scroll through the history buffer using “NEXT” and “PRIOR” keys.
 SLC Interface Card
●
The Signaling Line Circuit is used to connect the FACP to Addressable Detectors, Addressable Monitor
Modules and Addressable Control Modules.
●
The Signaling Line Circuit will be installed in conduit. The Signaling Line Circuit will not be installed
in the same conduit as the Power Distribution Circuit.
●
The Signaling Line Circuit will be one twisted shielded / unshielded pair; the size of each of the two
conductors will be 0.8 / 1.0 mm diameter.
●
The Signaling Line Circuit will be wired according to NFPA “Style 7”. The Signaling Line Circuit will
be wired in a loop starting and terminating at the FACP. The loop is connected such that any break along
the loop divides the Signaling Line Circuit into two branches, each of which is connected to and
monitored by the FACP.
●
A single break, a single ground or a break and a ground in the Signaling Line Circuit will not
compromise communications with any of the connected devices.
●
A single wire to wire short may cause loss of communication with a limited number of devices. The
maximum number of affected devices will be not more than half of the devices on the floor and not more
than 20 devices.
 SLC Interface Card
 The Signaling Line Circuit is current limited and supervised by the FACP such that any of the
following conditions is reported at the FACP:
√ Single open – Single ground
√ Wire to wire short – Wire to wire short and open
√ Wire to wire short and ground – Open and ground
√ Loss of signal carrier
 Communication on the Signaling Line Circuit is serial and supports up to certain number of devices
(99/125/159 Addressable Detectors and Addressable Devices)
 The Signaling Line Circuit routinely scans all detectors and modules at a speed to ensure system
response is within few seconds of an alarm initiation.
 The Signaling Line Circuit is capable of operating in a degraded mode should the Central Processing
Unit fail. In the degraded mode. Technology & Definition of degraded mode varies from manufacturer
to manufacturer.
 The Communications Interface for the Signaling Line Circuit routinely sends a detector auto-test to
verify the correct operation of the electronics.
 SLC Interface Card

Channel A Channel A

Detectors and Modules

FACP FACP on a NFPA Style 7
SLC Loop
Detectors and Modules
on a NFPA Style 4
SLC Loop Channel B

 Cannot tolerate A break does not

a break compromise system
 SLC Interface Card
CLASS B IDC
AC POWER
ALARM DISABLE
SUPEVISORY GND FAULT

Resistor (EOL)
TROUBLE CPU FAIL
MONITOR TEST

End of Line
ALARM
RESET
SILENCE

LOCAL
SILENCE DRILL

ALARM SUPVR TRBLE MONTR

1 2 3 STATUS PROGRAM

4 5 6 ENABLE DISABLE

7 8 9 ACTIVATE RESTORE

0 REPORTS TEST

1. In normal operation current flows out through the EOL on one leg and
returns to the control panel on the other leg. In this way the circuit is
being supervised for any opens or ground faults.

2. If one of the initiating devices goes into alarm the contacts close, shorting
the circuit.

3. The increased current flow will be seen as a alarm condition at the control
panel.
 SLC Interface Card
CLASS A IDC

AC POWER
ALARM DISABLE
SUPEVISORY GND FAULT

+
TROUBLE CPU FAIL
MONITOR TEST

ALARM
RESET
SILENCE

LOCAL

+
SILENCE DRILL

ALARM SUPVR TRBLE MONTR

_
1 2 3 STATUS PROGRAM

7
5 6 ENABLE DISABLE
_
8 9 ACTIVATE RESTORE

0 REPORTS TEST

1. No EOL Resistor.

2. Circuit is returned to the panel after last device.

3. Will continue to operate properly with a single open or ground.

4. Under Normal conditions 'supervisory' current flows through IDC circuit.

 SLC Interface Card
CLASS A IDC

AC POWER
ALARM DISABLE
SUPEVISORY GND FAULT

+
TROUBLE CPU FAIL
MONITOR TEST

ALARM
RESET
SILENCE

LOCAL

+
SILENCE DRILL

ALARM SUPVR TRBLE MONTR

_
1 2 3 STATUS PROGRAM

7
5 6 ENABLE DISABLE
_
8 9 ACTIVATE RESTORE

0 REPORTS TEST

1. Current will flow out the other wire, through the detector, and return to the
panel.

2. Panel detects the current and indicates an alarm.

3. Class A circuits provide a higher reliability than Class B.

 Zone

1. A designated area of a building which is covered by one circuit

of initiating devices. Conventional Fire Alarm

2. In an addressable device fire alarm system a zone may be

referring to a single addressed device or point.

3. It may also apply to both Initiating Devices and Notification

Appliances.
 SLC Communication Protocol
CLIP – Classic Loop Interface Protocol (Panel)
1. Supports upto 99 Detectors plus 99 devices on a single loop.
2. Panel polls each device in the loop in a sequential manner.
3. Control action performed by FACP
4. Longer Response time

Flashscan – Panel Broadcast Protocol

1. Supports upto 159 Detectors plus 159 devices on a single loop.
2. Panel polls each device in the loop in matrix form.
3. Control action performed by FACP
4. Faster Response time

Eclipse – Broadcast (Device) Protocol

1. Supports upto 125 Detectors plus 125 devices on a single loop.
2. Each device broadcasts their status message.
3. Devices initiate control action based on output table
4. Very fast
 Security Systems

Access Control System

Intrusion Detection/Protection System
CCTV System
 What is Access Control?
• Enforcing a specified policy
• Controlling access to resources
• Providing a structure for specifying the access
levels and a system for implementing them
 Why Access Control?

• Humans are sometimes (often?)

Inquisitive
Dishonest
Corruptible
Careless
• Systems / programs are sometimes
Buggy
Untrustworthy
• Information and resources need to be
protected
 Access Control System
What are some practical examples of access
control systems?
What is the resource being protected?
What is it being protected against?
What is the general access control philosophy
being used?
Are there any obvious vulnerabilities?
What sort of area/information is protected?
Who can access it?
What are the access ‘paths’?
What needs to be protected?
Whom does it need to be protected from?
When is it to be protected? From whom again?
 Categories of Access Control

Access control at two levels:

 Physical Access Control:
Controlling physical access to the resource, by means of locks,
fences, dogs, etc.

 Logical Access Control:

Controlling logical access to the resource, by means of
software, hardware, algorithms, processes, procedures, etc.

• There is also an argument that there is a third category,

psychological access control
Entities:

• The Resource:
Necessary to determine what resource(s) is/are to be
protected

• The ‘Accessors’:
Necessary to determine who/what is allowed to
access the resource, and in what manner
 Identity

•What do you think identity is?

•Think about various forms of identity.
•What do they Identify?
•How can you prove identity?
 Identity
• Something you know
➢
Password
➢
Personal Identification Number
• Something you have
➢
Plastic Card
➢
Token
• Something you are
➢
Biometrics
Fingerprints, Voiceprints, Retina Scan, Face
 Authentication

• Authentication proves a claimed identity

• Some way of verifying the authenticity of the
identity which an entity claims

How are different entities authenticated?

 Authentication

Types of Authentication
 Something you know
 Something you have
 Something you are

Use of hardware allows the use of “have” and

to some degree, “are”
 Difficult to implement “have” and “are” using
software only solutions
 Any suggestions on how?
 Authentication

Password Based Authentication:

• Possible attacks on system

– Password guessing
– Shoulder surfing
– Dictionary attacks
– Network sniffing
– Careless users
 Access Control Model

Access Approved
Request Access
Access

Initiator
Enforcement Target
Function

Decision
Request Decision

Access
Decision
Function
Access Control Devices

P o s it io n S e n s o r
C a rd R e a d e r

D o o r S t rik e

ACS
Access Control Devices

2 CORES FOR DOOR SENSOR

2 CORES FOR MAGNALOCK

5 CORES FOR CARD READER ACCESS

CONTROL PANEL

2 CORES FOR PUSHBUTTON

PUSHBUTTON inside the room

Access Control Devices

• Credential
• Reader
• Processor/CPU/Access Modular Controller (AMC)
• Door-lock/Strike
• Door Position Sensor
• Request to Exit Device
 Access Control Devices

Credential Types:
• Magnetic Stripe
• Wiegand
• Proximity
• Barcode
• Smart Cards
• Capacitance
 Access Control Devices
Access/Secure Mechanisms:
• Electrical Door Locks
• Magnetic Locks

• Is Access Control a Security System ?

• How do you ensure the area is really secure ?

– Turnstiles / Revolving Doors
• Half height, Full-height, single/multi lane
• Optical turnstiles
– Vehicle Barriers / Boom gates
 Access Control Devices
Card and Readers

• Discuss the Technologies involved.

• Discuss:
- Cost
- Encoding/Duplication
- Application Flexibility
- Durability & Reliability
- Custom Artwork /Re usability, etc
- COMPATIBILITY WITH AMC
• HID : Hughes Identification Devices , Global
 Access Control Devices
Wiegand Format:
• Wiegand is a standard protocol used in Reader and Card
technology and used in various applications such as Access
Control systems.

• Most Card readers provide output in the form of Wiegand

format.

• This output may be read and used by any 'host' to process the
information sent for some specific application.

• The host may be an Access control panel or an interface unit.

• Wiegand comes in a few different flavors... The most popular are

the "26-bit" and "31-bit" formats.
 Access Control Devices
Wiegand Format:
• 26-Bit Format:
Bit 1 ------ Even Parity for bits 2-13.
Bits 2-9 --- Site Code (also known as Facility Code).
Bits 10-25 - PIN Code (also known as Card Number).
Bit 26 ----- Odd Parity for bits 14-25.
• 31-Bit Format:
Bit 1 ------ Even Parity for bits 2-16.
Bits 2-14 -- Site Code (also known as Facility Code or Fixed Code).
Bits 15-30 - PIN Code (also known as Card Number or ID Number).
Bit 31 ----- Odd Parity for bits 16-30.
 Access Control Devices
Wiegand Format:
• Wiegand data is sent as a series of pulses over two data lines .
• Each pulse on one line represents a zero and each pulse on the other
represents a one.
• Pulse timing is typically 1-millisecond.
• Pulses every 10 milliseconds.
 Access Control Devices
Door Position Sensor:

The sensor consists of two main parts:

• a magnet and
• a switch with terminals to connect the signal wires.
 The magnet mounts to a door or access panel, while the
switch mounts to the frame.
 Biometrics for Access Control

• A measure of personal attributes or characteristics

• Must be against a known profile
• Used for a long time, well before the computer age

• Why biometrics?
• General principles of biometrics
• Types of biometric measures
• Issues with biometrics
 Types of Biometrics

• Visual
– Thumb/fingerprint scan Hand Geometry
– Retina scan
– Hand scan
Retinal Scan
– Face scan Fingerprint
• Aural
– Voice recognition Voice
– Speech processing Signature Analysis
– Face Recognition
• Others Face Recognition
– Signature?
– DNA
– Height/Weight/Body proportions
– Typing ,Mouse movement
Typical Biometric System
CCTV System
 CCTV System
Components Of CCTV System:

 Cameras
 Lenses
 Scanners/Pan & Tilts
 Video Switchers/Quad/Mux
 Monitors
 Recorder
 CCTV System
Components Of CCTV System:
 CCTV System
Basic architecture CCTV System:
Any CCTV system must consist of:
» Camera
» Channel to transfer the video signal
» Video recording system (Ex: VCR)
» Monitor to view the video captured
 CCTV System
Analog CCTV System:
An analog surveillance system in general will consist of the following components:

- Cameras
- Co-axial cable
- Video recording system (Ex: VCR)
- Monitor to display the video
 CCTV System
Analog CCTV System:
An analog surveillance system in general will consist of the following components:

- Cameras
- Co-axial cable
- Video recording system (Ex: VCR)
- Monitor to display the video
CCTV System
CCTV System
CCTV System
CCTV SYSTEM
CCTV System

Typical example of 16 cameras with Multiplexer unit and TLVCR

(Time Laps VDO cassette recorder)
CCTV System
CCD CAMERAS
CCTV System
CCD CAMERAS:
Technology : Charged Coupled Device

Classification: Camera

Monochrome Color

Classification of Cameras w.r.t Sensor size

1” 2/3” 1/2” 1/3” 1/4”

Widely used are 1/2” and 1/3” CCD Sensors

CCD CAMERAS
CCTV System
Camera Selection:
●
CCD sensor Size
●
Resolution
●
Sensitivity
●
Video S/N Ratio
●
Electronic Shutter Features

• Lens mount
• AGC(Automatic Gain Control: light intensity)
• Iris selection mode
• Scanning system
 CCTV System
Camera Types:

All existing cameras can be broadly classified into:

» Fixed dome camera
» Body camera
» PTZ dome camera
» IP camera
» Special purpose camera
 CCTV System
Camera Types:
Fixed dome Camera:
 Popularly known as mini-dome cameras
 Have built-in fixed lens (some do come with varifocal lenses)
 Small in size and aesthetic
 Easy installation and operation
 Preferred for indoor use
 E.g. HDC425PA series
 CCTV System
Camera Types:
Body camera:
 Also called tube camera or brick camera
 Usually lens can be separately attached
 Gives plenty of choice in lens selection
 From fixed focus to motorized zoom
 Come with C/CS lens mount options
 Some body cameras may have in-built zoom lens too
 Can be used for indoor and outdoor applications
 Need additional hardware for making them PTZ cameras
 CCTV System
Camera Types:
PTZ Dome camera:
 Also called speeddome or scandome cameras
 Have built-in mechanism for pan, tilt and zoom
operations
 Large in size and heavier than mini-dome
 Preferred for outdoor applications like perimeter
surveillance
 E.g. HSDN-251PS(without/with housing)
 CCTV System
Camera Types:
IP camera:

Also called network cameras

Lens can be fixed/varifocal, in-built or separately
attached

Has an inbuilt streamer, hence a more compact setup

Can be connected directly as a network device

Need to be given an IP address

Can be fixed or speeddome too
RECOMENDED
CamerasCONFIGUATION
for various Applications
Category Camera Lens Video Monitor Panning Housing Recorder
Process Device
Hotels 1/3 inch Manual Iris Multiplexer 21” Scanner If Required Time Lapse
Color Auto Iris Color Indoor Pan/Tilt VCR
Standard Motorised Outdoor 24 hours
Res. Zoom Lens Pan/Tilt
C mount

Departmental ½ Inch Manual Iris Quad or 15” / Not to be used Not Real Time VCR
Stores B/W Multiplexer 20” Required 30 hours
Standard B/W
Res.
C mount
General 1/3” Inch Already Video 9” / 12” Scanner Not Not Required
Show Rooms Color Built-in Switcher B/W Required
Module
Type
Miniature

Jewellery ½ Inch Auto Iris Quad or 14” / Not to be used Not Real Time VCR
Shops Color Multiplexer 20” Required
High Res. Color
C mount
Banks 1/3 Inch Already Switcher or 10” Not applicable Not Time Lapse
Color / Built-in Quad Color Required VCR
B/W 12”
Dome B/W
RECOMENDED
CamerasCONFIGURATION
for various Applications
Category Camera Lens Video Monitor Panning Housing Recorder
Process Device
Hospitals 1/3 inch Already Video 9” B/W Scanner Not Not Required
B/W Built-in Switcher Required
Standard Lens
Res.
Module
Type
Miniature

Factories ½ Inch Auto Iris Switcher 12” Indoor Pan/Tilt Required Not Necessary
B/W Motorized B/W OutdoorPan /
High Res. Zoom Lens Tilt
C mount
Ware Houses ½ Inch Auto Iris Switcher 12” Indoor Pan/Tilt Required Time Lapse
B/W Motorized B/W OutdoorPan / VCR
High Res. Zoom Lens Tilt 48 hours or 960
C mount hours
ATM’s 1/3 Inch Already Not Not Not applicable Not Real Time VCR
Color Built-in applicable Reqd. applicable 960 hours
Standard Lens
Res.
Dome
Offices 1/3 Inch Manual Iris Switcher or 12” Scanner Not Not Required
B/W Quad B/W Required
Standard
Res.
C mount
RECOMENDED
CamerasCONFIGURATION
for various Applications

Category Camera Lens Video Monitor Panning Housing Recorder

Process Device
Manufacturing 1/3 inch Auto Iris Video 12” Scanner or Pan Must Optional
Units B/W Switcher B/W / Tilt Units
Standard
Res.
C mount

Financial ½ Inch Manual Iris Switcher 12” Scanner Not Not Necessary
Institutions Color Color Required
High Res.
C mount
Govt. ½ Inch Auto Iris Multiplexer 21” Indoor Pan/Tilt Required Time Lapse
Buildings and Color Motorized Color OutdoorPan / VCR
Offices High Res. Zoom Lens Tilt or Scanner 48 hours or 960
C mount hours