Asian College of Aeronautics, Inc.

“Quality Maintenance Begins with a Well-trained Aviation Technician”

Illegal Quarrying

Chapter I

Introduction

A quarrying is a place where rocks, sand,

or minerals are extracted from the surface of
the Earth. A quarry is a type of mine called
an open-pit mine, because it is open to the
Earth's surface. Another type of mine, a sub-
surface mine, consists of underground tunnels or
shafts. The most common purpose of quarries is
to extract stone for building materials.
Quarries have been used for thousands of years.

AncientEgyptiansbuilt Great Pyramids with massi

ve limestone and granite blocks cut by hand from
nearby quarries. Each of these blocks weighs
many tons. In ancient Rome, slaves and criminals
were often forced to do the extremely difficult
work of cutting stones in marble, granite, and
limestone quarries.

Quarrying is the process of removing

rock, sand, gravel or other minerals from the
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ground in order to use them to produce materials

for construction or other uses. So, a quarry is
any such working on the surface of the earth
where minerals are extracted. Quarries are also
known by other names around the world: 'surface
mine', ‘pit’, 'open pit' or 'opencast mine'.
Within the UK, the largest quantity of mineral
extracted by quarrying is used for construction
and known as "aggregates".

Quarries are places where materials are

extracted from the surface of the earth. They
usually refer to operations where the material
is to be used in construction, whereas open-pit
mining often refers to metal mines and opencast
mining usually refers to coal. Sub-surface
mines consist of underground tunnels or shafts
and most of these relate to metals or coal,
although construction materials are occasionally
extracted from underground, and may sometimes be
referred to as underground quarries (just to
confuse the issue). Some quarries produce rock
which is extracted or cut into large blocks (e.g.
Portland limestone) or to be cut into slices to
form “cladding” on the front of buildings (e.g.
granite or marble). In these quarries there is
unlikely to be a blasting, and certainly no
crushing and screening, so these operations have
not been considered in the EE-Quarry project.
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“Quality Maintenance Begins with a Well-trained Aviation Technician”

Aside from steel bars, rocks and other cement

materials are used for building construction. These
stones are dig up from different sources such as
mountains, plain sand river beds. After that they
are transported to the processing or crushing
plants in order to be converted to cement such as
port land cement or crushed to an appropriate size
like sand-sized rocks. Different types of stones
can be excavated; in example are small rocks such
as pebbles, bigger rocks such as cobbles, and the
biggest of the three such as boulders. Though it is
similar to and classified under mining, this
industry is different, it is called quarrying.
Forces shape the earth’s surface, and there is a
great force of man’s invented industries that can
alter gradually the different landforms. Quarrying
is one of them, and it is also one industry that
thrives here in this country. It has different
impacts which can affect people and the
environment itself. Focusing on the environmental
impacts, it can provide direct damage to people by
inhaling dust, and listening loud sounds. Indirect
effects can cause different calamities such as
landslides and flashfloods. Thus, it is appropriate
that certain laws and standards must be implemented
to mitigate their impacts. Air pollution is one of
the major effects of quarrying. Dust is the most
common and the most extensive air pollutant from a
quarry. It has different origins in a quarry site
such as mechanical handling operations that include
crushing and grading process;
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haulage with which is related to the vehicle, and

the nature and condition of the way blasting
additional manufacturing operations and wind blow
from paved areas stockpiles etc. Dust concentration
levels are monitored in two ways, active monitoring
in which the system is suited to measuring over
minutes, hours and days; and passive monitoring
which are suited for measuring over days, weeks and
months. Some ways for mitigation of dust emission
are to consider the planning conditions relating to
the layout of the site, design of stockpiles, hard
surfacing of vehicle areas, containment
of conveyors and processing plant and dust
collection equipment, use of moistening equipments
on the dusty places, design of material-handling
systems, provision of monitoring facilities, and
measurement of limiting levels of dust . Quarrying
generates significant amount of noise in its
different activities. It starts from the starting
phase such as establishment of roads to the site,
construction of buildings and facilities. In some
instances the next process involves the exposing of
the valuable rock or mineral by using scraping
equipments to remove the top soil and other layers.
The excavation of the mineral contributes more
noise than by use of machinery to transport the
materials and sometimes having processing plants to
crush and grade the materials. Some quarries use
explosives to break away rocks in which is called
blasting. This activity creates great amounts of
noise in the environment, that’s why there are also
monitoring systems used in blasting. The companies
using the blasting process must comply with the
standards mandated by the law. Damage to
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biodiversity is also imminent by which the natural

habitat as well as the species it support is
destroyed. There’s no helping that the habitat can
be destroyed, but when the quarry closes it must be
ensured that the site will be fully planted with
tree’s

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to focused on the effect

of the illegal quarrying in our environment.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following

questions:

1. How is mining affecting the environment?

2. Why can mining become a major
environmental hazard?
3. What are the bad effects of mining?
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Hypotheses of the Study

1. Several serious environmental impacts

related to quarrying activities on and near the
river, such as vibrations, land degradation,
land subsidence and landslides, water
pollution, occupational noise pollution, and
air pollution, will lead to health-related
problems and loss of biodiversity.

2.The quarrying process also generates a lot of

dust and the fossil fuels used in the process
greatly pollute the air.
Therefore, quarrying as an industrial
process can become a major
environmental concern.

3.These have a negative impact on the Tourism

industry .Quarries are bad for the environment
in several ways. They abruptly interrupt the
continuity of open space, ruining habitats for
living animals, cause soil erosion, air and
dust pollution, damage to caves, loss of land,
and deterioration in water quality.
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“Quality Maintenance Begins with a Well-trained Aviation Technician”

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/quarry/

https://www.scribd.com/doc/37181927/Quarrying-and-Its-Environmental-Effects