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Arabic Grammar Rules For Madeenah Book One: Hdhamma
Arabic Grammar Rules For Madeenah Book One: Hdhamma
ِﺑ
Sukoon
-ْ ﻮ ﹲﻥ ﺳ ﹸﻜ
shaddah
-ّ ﺪﹲﺓ ﺷ
ﺪ ﹾﻥ ﺠ
ِﺴ
ﻣ -ٌ ﺴﺠِﺪ
ﻣ
1
The Arabic language is made up of ﺕ
ﺎﹶﻛِﻠﻤ (words) and these words are
of three types they are known as:
Letter/Particle -ﻑ
ﺮ ﺣ Verb/Action - ﻌ ﹲﻞ ِﻓ Noun - ﻢ ﺳ ِﺍ
to -ﺇِﱃ to go/,went -ﺐ
ﻫ ﹶﺫ house -ﺖ
ﻴﺑ
ﺮﹲﺓ ﻧ ِﻜ is when an ism is indefinite or not specific, it is general i.e., the ism
ﺏ ﺎ‘ ِﻛﺘa book’ this can be any book from the different types of books.
ٌ ﻌ ِﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻣ is when an ism is definite or specific, it is not general i.e., the ism
ﺏ
ﺎ‘ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻜﺘthe book’ or ﻤ ٍﺪ ﺤ
ﻣ ﺏ
ﺎ‘ ِﻛﺘMuhammad’s book’, here the book is
a particular book not just any book in general.
An ism in the Arabic language can be ﻰﻣﹶﺜﻨ (dual) meaning it shows upon
2
An ism can be ﻞ
ﺎِﻗ ﹲ ﻋpossess intellect such as humans, angels and jinns or
it can be ﻞ
ٍ ﺎِﻗﺮﻋ ﻴ ﹶﻏpossess no intellect such as animals, objects, trees e.t.c.
The ﻞ
ﺻﹲ
( ﹶﺃAsl) origin of an ism is that it carries ﺎ ِﻥﻤﺘ ﺿ
ٌ- ‘two dhammas’
(tanween) on the last letter of the word. The tanween generally is also a
sign showing that the ism is ﺮ ﹲﺓ ﻧ ِﻜ (indefinite), however there is an
exception to this because you will find that Arabic male names
such as ﺱ
ﺎﻋﺒ ،ﻤﺪ ﺤ
ﻣ accept tanween but they are ٌﻌ ِﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻣ (definite).
The tanween is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English
‘a’/ ‘an’.
3
(١)ﻭ ﹸﻝ ﺱ ﺍ َﻷ
ﺭ ﺪ ﺍﻟ
ﻴ ِﻪﻨِﺒﺘﻑ ﻟِﻠ
ﺮ ﺣ is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the
The ﺭ ِﺓ ﺎﻢ ﺍ ِﻹﺷ ﺳ ِﺍis used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects
things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that
have meaning such as ﻱ
ﺭﹾﺃ ‘opinion’ or ﻢ ‘ ِﻋ ﹾﻠknowledge’.
4
The table below shows the properties of the (ﺬﹾﺍ
ﻫ ﹶ ) ﺭ ِﺓ ﺎﻢ ﺍ ِﻹﺷ ﺳ ِﺍ
that does not possess intellect ﺎِﻗ ٍﻞﺮﻋ ﻴﹶﻏ and it always comes at the
beginning of a sentence. When a word comes at the beginning of a
sentence it is called in Arabic ﻤﹶﻠ ِﺔ
ﺠ ﺍﹾﻟﺪﺭ ﺻ
.
The ﺎ ِﻡﺳِﺘ ﹾﻔﻬ ﺰ ﹸﺓ ﺍ ِﻹ ﻤ ﻫ comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all the
nouns or particles of questioning. It can be used to ask a question about
those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess
intellect.
5
Is this a house? ؟ﻴﺖﺑ ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ﹶﺃ
Is this a boy? ؟ﻭﹶﻟﺪ ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ﹶﺃ
The particle of reply ﻢ ﻌ ﻧ is used to reply to a question with affirmation
whereas the particle ﻻis used to reply to a question with negation.
This interrogative noun is used to ask a question about those who possess
intellect ﺎِﻗ ﹲﻞﻋ
6
ﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﹶﺎﻧِﻲ
ﺭ ﺪ ( ﺍﻟ٢)
ﻚ
ﹶﺫِﻟis a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people
that are distant or far. ﻚ
ﹶﺫِﻟcan be broken down into three parts:
Some of the grammarians say that the ‘’ﻙ particle of address also
indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ِ’ﻝ shows upon even more or
increased furtherness/distance.
The letter/particle of address ‘’ﻙ is used if the person or object we are
addressing is masculine.
7
The table below shows the properties of ﻚ
ﹶﺫِﻟ:
Indicates,points to ﺭ ﹸﺓ ِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ﺎﺍ ِﻹﺷ
The far/distant
ﺪ ﻴﺒ ِﻌﺍﹾﻟ
The masculine
ﺮ ﻤ ﹶﺬ ﱠﻛ ﺍﹾﻟ
the singular
ﺩ ﺮ ﻤ ﹸﻔ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﻚ
ﹶﺫِﻟis pronounced ﻚ
ﺫﹶﺍِﻟbut is written without the alif.
8
ﺚ
ﺱ ﺍﻟﹶﺜﺎِﻟ ﹸ
ﺭ ﺪ ( ﺍﻟ٣)
The definite particle ﹶﺍ ﹾﻝis prefixed to an ism which is ﺮﹲﺓ ﻧ ِﻜ (indefinite)
and it causes it to become ٌ ﻌ ِﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻣ (definite), and it also causes the tanween
at the end to be dropped. The definite particle (al) corresponds to the
English ‘the’.
When ﻝ
ﺍ ﹾis prefixed to an ism beginning with a Solar Letter the laam of
‘al’ is not pronounced but is written, and the first letter of the ism takes a
shaddah –
ّ . For example, ﺲ
ﻤ ﺸ
( ﺍﹶﻟash-shamsu).
When ﻝ
ﹶﺍ ﹾis prefixed to an ism beginning with a Lunar Letter the laam of
‘al’ is pronounced and written. For example, ﺮ ﻤ
( ﹶﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘal-qamaru).
9
pronounced with the vowel marking َ- (fathah). If it is preceded by a
word it is dropped in pronunciation, though remains in writing.
ﺮ ﺒﺨ
ﺍﹾﻟ ُ ﺃﺘﺪﺒﻤ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺃﺘﺪﺒﻤ ﹶﺍﹾﻟ
(1) ﺃﺘﺪﺒﻤ ﹶﺍﹾﻟis from the Arabic word ﺍ ُﺀﺑِﺘﺪﹶﺍ ِﻹ meaning the beginning or
starting, and from its origin is that it comes at the beginning of the
sentence.
(2) ﺪﺃ
ﺘﺒﻤ ﹶﺍﹾﻟis an ism that is the subject of talk or discussion.
(3) ﺪﺃ
ﺘﺒﻤ ﹶﺍﹾﻟis ﻉ
ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ (marfoo’) meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan
on the last letter of the ism.
(4) ﺪﺃ
ﺘﺒﻤ ﹶﺍﹾﻟin its ﺻ ﹲﻞ
( ﺃorigin) precedes ﺮ ﺒﺨ
( ﹶﺍﹾﻟthe khabar).
10
ﺮ ﺒﺨ
ﹶﺍﹾﻟ
ﺮ ﺒﺨ
ﹶﺍﹾﻟ ﺃﺘﺪﺒﻤ ﹶﺍﹾﻟ
11
ﻊ ﺍِﺑﺱ ﺍﻟﺮ
ﺭ ﺪ ( ﺍﹶﻟ٤)
From-ﻦ
ِﻣ On/Above-ﻋﻠﹶﻰ
In -ﻲ ِﻓ
ﺮ ﺠ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺮ ﺣ
ﺮ ﺠ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺮ ﺣ ﻉ
ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ
ﺖ
ِ ﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻓ ﺖ
ﻴﺒﹶﺍﹾﻟ
12
Muhammad is in the house ﺖ
ِ ﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﹾﻟ ﺪ ِﻓ ﻤ ﺤ
ﻣ
or PlaceNoun of Questioning f ﻤﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﻡ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ ﺎﺳِﺘ ﹾﻔﻬ ﻢ ِﺍ ﺳ ﻦ – ِﺍ ﻳﺃ
ﻤﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﻡ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ ﺎﺳِﺘ ﹾﻔﻬ ﻢ ِﺍ ﺳ ِﺍ is an ism which is used to ask a question about the
whereabouts of someone/something.
ﺼ ﹸﻞ
ِ ﻨ ﹶﻔﻤ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺮﻀ ِﻤ
ﺍﹶﻟ
ﺼ ﹸﻞ
ِ ﻨ ﹶﻔﻤ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺮﻀ ِﻤ
ﺍﹶﻟ-Detached Pronoun
(1)ﺼ ﹸﻞ
ِ ﻨ ﹶﻔﻤ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺮﻀ ِﻤ
ﺍﹶﻟis a type of ism that is used to indicate upon the ﺏ
ﻏﹶﺎ ِﺀ
(Absent), or the ﺐ ﺎ ﹶﻃﻣﺨ (Addressed), or the ﻢ ﺘ ﹶﻜﱠﻠﻣ (Speaker).
(2) ﻞ
ﺼﹸ
ِ ﻨ ﹶﻔﻤ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺮﻀ ِﻤ
ﺍﹶﻟyou can begin a sentence with it.
13
(3) ﻞ
ﺼﹸ
ِ ﻨ ﹶﻔﻤ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺮﻀ ِﻤ
ﺍﹶﻟis a type of a ﺃﺘﺪﺒﻣ
(4) ﻞ
ﺼﹸ
ِ ﻨ ﹶﻔﻤ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺮﻀ ِﻤ
ﺍﹶﻟis ٌﻌ ِﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻣ (definite).
5) The dhameer ﻮ ﻫ and ﻲ ِﻫcan be used for those who possess intellect
and things that do not possess intellect. If they are used for the latter they
will have the meaning ‘it’.
14
The table below shows the properties of ُ ﺼﻠﹶﺔ
ِ ﻨ ﹶﻔﻤ ﺍﹾﻟ ﺭ ﺎ ِﺀﻀﻤ
( ﺍﻟthe Detached
Pronouns):
15
ﻑ
ِ ﺮ ﺼ
ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﻉ ِﻣ
ﻮ ﻨﻤ ﻣ
ﻑ
ِ ﺮ ﺼ
ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﻉ ِﻣ
ﻮ ﻨﻤ ﻣ (Prevented from Tanween) is a Term that is used for a
particular group of nouns which do not accept tanween and when they are
in a state of ﺭ ﻭ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻣ (kasra) they take Fathah.
This particular group of nouns further divides up into many categories
and from them is the category known in the Arabic language as:
16
Femininity-
ُ ْ ِ ا
(In)Wording-
ِ ْ َ (In)Meaning- ي
!ِ "َ #ْ $َ -
ِ ْ َ ي َو
!ِ "َ #ْ $َ
(In)Meaning and Wording
The ﻮﻃﹶﺔ ﺑﺮ ﻣ ﺓ (Round Taa) is a letter that is added at the end of an ism
and it signifies femininity of a word.
The origin of nouns ending with the ﻮﻃﹶﺔ ﺑﺮ ﻣ (ﺓRound Taa) is only to
distinguish the feminine from the masculine. And you will mostly find
that with the ﺕ
ﺻﻔﹶﺎ
ِ (Adjectives) i.e. ٌﺔﻳﻤ ﹶﻛ ِﺮ/ﻢ ﻳ( ﹶﻛ ِﺮGenerous, Noble).
17
The Verb/Action-ﻞ
ﻌ ﹸ ﹶﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ
(you)Write!-ﺐ
ﺘﹸﺍ ﹾﻛ He Writes-ﺐ
ﺘﻳ ﹾﻜ He Wrote-ﺐ
ﺘﹶﻛ
The Definition:ﻒ
ﻳﻌ ِﺮ ﺘﺍﻟ
For every action we have a doer or the one who performs the action. In
Arabic the doer of the action is called ﻞ
ﻋ ﹸ ( ﹶﺍﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎal-faa’il).
The Definition:ﻒ
ﻳﻌ ِﺮ ﺘﺍﻟ
18
ﻉ
ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ
19
The four signs of an ism
-ٍ ِ- ﺮ ﺠ
ﺍﹾﻟ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﻭ ﺮ ﺣ ﺍ ﹾﻝ -ً –ٍ –ٌ ﻦ ﻳﻨ ِﻮﺗ
There are 4 signs by which an ism is known, and you will not find these
signs entering upon the verbs or particles/letters, so they are specific to
the nouns. These 4 signs can be used to distinguish between the ﺎ ٌﺀﺳﻤ ﺃ
(nouns) and the ﻝ
ﺎ ﹲ( ﺃ ﹾﻓﻌverbs) and ﻑ
ﻭ ﺮ ﺣ (particles).
(kasrah)ﺮ ﺠ
ﹶﺍﹾﻟ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺮ ﺣ
20
ﺲ
ﺎ ِﻣﺱ ﺍﹾﻟﺨ
ﺭ ﺪ ( ﺍﻟ٥)
ُ ﺎﻓﹶﺔﹶﺍ ِﻹﺿ
ﻑ ﺇﻟﻴ ِﻪ
ﺎﻣﻀ ﻑ
ﺎﻣﻀ
ﻤ ٍﺪ ﺤ
ﻣ ﺏ
ﺎِﻛﺘ
ﻰﺴﻤ
ﻳ ﻭ ﹸﻝ ﻢ ﺍ َﻷ ﺳ ﺍ ِﻹ،ﺠﺮ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ِ ﺮ ﺣ ﻳ ِﺮﻘ ِﺪﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺗ ﻴ ِﻦﻤ ﺴ ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﻴﺑ ٌ ﺔﺴﺒ
ﻲ ِﻧ ِﻫ:ُ ﺎﻓﹶﺔﺍ ِﻹﺿ
.ﻴ ِﻪﻑ ِﺇﹶﻟ
ﺎﻣﻀ ﻰﺴﻤ ﻳ ﻲ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﱠﺎِﻧ ﺳ ﺍ ِﻹﻑ ﻭ
ﺎﻣﻀ
.ﻪ ﺼ
ﻴﺼ
ِﺨ ﺗ ﻭ ﻑ ﹶﺃ
ِ ﻀﺎ
ﻤ ﻒ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﻳﻌ ِﺮ ﺗ ﺪ ﻴﺗ ِﻔ ُ ﺎﻓﹶﺔﻫﺬﹶﺍﺍ ِﻹﺿ
21
ﻴ ِﻪﻑ ِﺇﹶﻟ
ﺎﻣﻀ ﻑ
ﺎﻣﻀ
(ﺮ ) ِﻝ ﺠ ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ ﺮ ﺣ which has the meaning of, for/belonging to/possession.
So when we say ﺪ ٍ ﻤ ﺤ
ﻣ ﺏ
ﺎ ِﻛﺘit literally means, ‘the book belongs to
Muhammad or Muhammad’s book (ﺪ ٍ ﻤ ﺤ
ﻤ ﺏ ِﻟ
ﺎ) ِﻛﺘ.
ﻤ ٍﺪ ﺤ
ﻣ ﺏ
ﺎِﻛﺘ
ﻑ ِﺇﹶﻟِﻴ ِﻪ
ﺎﻤﻀ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻑ
ﺎﻤﻀ ﹶﺍﹾﻟ
Always – ﺭ ﻭ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻣ ﺎﺍﺀﺋﻤﺩ Does not accept tanween – ﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻨﻳ ﻻ
Majroor
Does not accept alif laam – ﺒ ﹸﻞ ﺍ ﹾﻝﻘﻻ ﻳ
22
ﻴ ِﺪﺒ ِﻌﻤﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﺍﹾﻟ ﺭ ِﺓ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ ﺎﻢ ﺍ ِﻹﺷ ﺳ ِﺍ-(over there) -ﻙ ﺎﻫﻨ
ﻤﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﺳ ِﺍis a noun of place and the ism that follows it is majroor.
ﺱ
ﺎﻋﺒ ﺎﻳ
ﻯﺎﺩﻤﻨ ﺍﹾﻟ-ﺱ
ﺎﻋﺒ ﺍ ِﺀﻨﺪﻑ ﺍﻟ
ﺮ ﺣ -ﺎﻳ
The particle ﺎﻳ (O!) is used when we want to call somebody and the
person we are calling is the ism which comes after this particle and it is
known as ﻯﺎﺩﻤﻨ
( ﺍﹾﻟthe one being called). There are 5 types of ﻯﺎﺩﻤﻨ ﺍﹾﻟ, we
will study 3 for now.
23
ﻯﺎﺩﻤﻨ ﺍﹾﻟ
The second type is when we ،ﺟﻞﹸ ﺭ ،ﺎ ﹸﺫﺳﺘ ﺎ ﺃ ﻳ:ﺩ ﹸﺓ ﻮ ﺼ
ﻘﺮ ﹸﺓ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﻨ ِﻜ( ﺍﻟ٢)
call somebody and we intend a particular or specific person i.e. O
Teacher!, Man!, and so on.
It is important to note that the first and the second types of ﻯﺎﺩﻣﻨ end in
one dhamma, not tanween. As for the third type then the Mudhaaf will be
ﺏ
ﻮ ﺼ
ﻨﻣ (take Fathah on the last letter).
The words ﻢ ﺳ ِﺍand ﻦ ﺑ ِﺍbegin with hamzatu l-wasl. When preceded by a
word the kasrah (ِ-) is dropped in pronunciation, i.e.
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ﺱ
ﺎ ِﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﺴ
ﺭ ﺪ ( ﺍﻟ٦)
ﻴ ِﻪﻨِﺒﺘﻑ ﻟِﻠ
ﺮ ﺣ is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the
The ﺭ ِﺓ ﺎﻢ ﺍ ِﻹﺷ ﺳ ِﺍis used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects
things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that
have meaning such as ﺪ ﹲﺓ
‘ ﻗﹶﺎ ِﻋprinciple’ orٌﺔﻴﺤﺼ
ِ ﻧ ‘advice’.
This advice is beneficial. -ٌﺔﺎِﻓﻌﺔٌ ﻧﻴﺤﺼ
ِ ﻧ ﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ
25
The ﺭ ِﺓ ﺎﻹﺷ
ِﺍ ﻢ ﺳ ِﺍis ٌﻌ ِﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻣ (definite).
It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect ﺎِﻗ ﹲﻞﻋ or
Whose is this? This belongs to Yaasir. ﺎ ِﺳ ٍﺮﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ ِﻟﻴ ﻫ ِﺬﻩِ؟ ﻦ ﻤ ِﻟ
26
All Praise belongs to Allaah ﺪ ِﻟﹼﻠ ِﻪ ﻤ ﺤ
ﹶﺍﹾﻟ
Note that the word ﻪ ﺍﹶﻟﹼﻠbecomes ِﻟﹼﻠ ِﻪby just dropping the alif and no laam
will need to be added to the word.
27
ﻊ ﺎِﺑﺱ ﺍﻟﺴ
ﺭ ﺪ (ﺍﻟ٧)
ﻚ
ِﺗ ﹾﻠis a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people
that are distant/far and feminine. ﻚ ِﺗ ﹾﻠcan be broken down into three parts:
The laam is for the far/distant ﻌ ِﺪ ﺒﻡ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ ِﻝ – ﺍﹶﻟﻼ
Some of the grammarians say that the ‘’ﻙ particle of address also
indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ِ’ﻝ shows upon even more or
increased furtherness/distance.
The letter/particle of address ‘’ﻙ is used if the person or object we are
addressing is masculine.
28
The table below shows the properties of ﻚ
ِﺗ ﹾﻠ:
Indicates,points to ﺭ ﹸﺓ ِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ﺎﺍ ِﻹﺷ
The far/distant
ﺪ ﻴﺒ ِﻌﺍﹾﻟ
The feminine
ﺚ
ﻧ ﹸﺆ ﻤ ﹶﺍﹾﻟ
The singular
ﺩ ﺮ ﻤ ﹸﻔ ﺍﹾﻟ
The letterﻱ
in ﻲ ِﺗis dropped when joined to the laam and kaaf and the
laam takes a sukoon ِﺗﻠﹾﻚ.
29
Al-I’raab-ﺍﺏﻋﺮ ﺍﹶﻹ
:ﻒ
ﻳﻌ ِﺮ ﺘﺍﻟ
The Definition:
The I’raab is: Changing of the endings of the words because of the
changing of the active elements entering upon them (the change is)
apparent or not-apparent.
ﺳ ِﻢ ﺕ ﺍ ِﻹ
ﺎﻻﺣ ُ ﺔﺻِﻠﻴ
ﺏ ﺍﻷ
ِ ﺍﻋﺮ ﺕ ﺍ ِﻹ
ﺎﻼﻣﺏ ﻋ
ِ ﺍﻋﺮ ﻉ ﺍ ِﻹ
ﺍﻧﻮﹶﺃ
The cases of the ism The origin signs of ‘Iraab Types of ‘Iraab
ﻉ
ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ ٌ- /-ُ ﻊ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ﺍﹶﻟ
ﺏ
ﻮ ﺼ
ﻨﻣ -ً / َ- ﺐ
ﺼ
ﻨﺍﹶﻟ
ﺭ ﻭ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻣ ٍ- / ِ- ﺮ ﺠ
ﹶﺍﹾﻟ
The above definition for I’raab mentions the ending of words changing
what is meant by this is the changing of vowel markings that are on the
end or last letter of a word. It also mentions that it is the active elements
that enter upon a word that cause the change at the ending of a word, an
example of active elements are the ﻑ
ﻭ ﺮ ﺣ (letters/particles). The active
element is called ﻞ
ﺎ ِﻣ ﹸ( ﹶﺍﹾﻟﻌal-‘aamil) in Arabic and the plural is ﺍ ِﻣ ﹸﻞﻌﻮ ﹶﺍﹾﻟ.
The definition also mentions that the change of a word can be apparent or
not apparent. What is meant by ﹶﻟﻔﹾﻈﹶﺎapparent change is when the vowel
markings at the end of a word can be pronounced and when the vowel
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markings at the end of a word cannot be pronounced then the change
isﺍﻳﺮ ﺪ
ِ ﻘ ﺗnot apparent. This part will be explained in more depth later.
The table above illustrates types of I’raab and its origin signs.
ﻊ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ( ﺍﻟar-raf’u) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a dhammah or
dhammataan ﺖ
ﻴﺒ ﺍﹾﻟ/ ﺖ
ﻴﺑ
ﺐ
ﺼ ﻨ( ﺍﻟan-nasbu) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a fatha or
fathataan ﺖ
ﻴﺒ ﺍﹾﻟ/ ﺘﹰﺎﺑﻴ
ﺮ ﺠ
( ﺍﹾﻟal-jarru) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a khasrah or
khasrataan ﺖ
ِ ﻴﺒ ﺍﹾﻟ/ ﺖ
ٍ ﻴﺑ
Also when an ism is in the state of ﻊ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ( ﺍﻟar-raf’u) it is called ﻉ
ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ
(marfoo’).
When an ism is in the state of ﺐ
ﺼ
ﻨﺍﻟ (an-nasbu) it is called ﺏ
ﻮ ﺼ
ﻨﻣ
mansoob).
When an ism is in the state of ﺮ ﺠ
( ﺍﹾﻟal-jarru) it is called ﺭ ﻭ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻣ (majroor).
( ﺎ ِﻣ ﹸﻞ) ﺍﹾﻟﻌ
ﻮ ﹲﻝ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﻌ ﻣ ﹾﻔ
ﺭ ﻭ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻣ ﻢ ﺳ ﺏ ﺍ ِﻹ ﻮ ﺼ ﻨﻣ ﺽ
ٍ ﺎﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻣ ِﻓ
ﻉ
ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ ﺍﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎ ِﻋ ﹸﻞ
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The example above shows the three types of I’raab , ﺪ ﻳﺯ is ﻉ
ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ the
ﺎ ِﻣ ﹲﻞ( ﻋactive element) which is causing it to be ﻉ ﻮ ﺮﹸﻓ ﻣ is the ﺽ ٍ ﺎﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻣ ِﻓ
(past tense verb) ﺢ ﺑ ﹶﺫ, َ ﺔﺎﺟﺪﺟ ﺍﻟis ﺏ ﻮ ﺼ
ﻨﻣ the ﺎ ِﻣ ﹲﻞ( ﻋactive element)
which is causing it to be ﺏ ﻮ ﺼ
ﻨﻣ is the ﺽٍ ﺎﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻣ ( ِﻓpast tense verb) ﺢ ﺑ ﹶﺫ,
ِ ﻦﺴ ﱢﻜﻴ
( ﺍﻟknife) is ﺭ ﻭ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻣ the ﺎ ِﻣ ﹲﻞ( ﻋactive element) which is causing it to
be ﺭ ﻭ ﺮ ﺠ
ﻣ is the (ﺏ
ِ ) ﺮ ﺠ ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺮ ﺣ .
The words which fall into the definition of I’raab as mentioned above are
known in Arabic as ﺏ
ﺮ ﻌ ﻣ (mu’rab).
ﺎ ُﺀ( ﺍﹾﻟِﺒﻨal-binaa)
ﺎ ُﺀ( ﺍﻟِﺒﻨal-binaa) are words which do not show change in their endings and
they are considered by the grammarians to be the opposite of words
which take ﺏ
ﺍﻋﺮ ( ﺍ ِﻹal-I’raab), as mentioned above. The words which
Definition of ﻲ ﺒِﻨﻣ (mabniyy): That which it’s ending doesn’t change
because of the active elements entering upon it.
The definition explains that words which are ﻲ ﺒِﻨﻣ their endings do not
change because of the ﺍ ِﻣ ﹲﻞﻋﻮ (active elements) entering upon them, but
rather they are built upon one ending which doesn’t change at all.
However, these words can grammatically have a place in I’raab but they
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will be in the position or state of ﺮ ﺠ
ﺍﹾﻟ،ﺼﺐ
ﻨﺍﻟ،ﺮ ﹾﻓﻊ ﺍﻟdue to their place in
the sentence. This point will be elaborated upon later.
The table above shows that words which areﻲ ﺒِﻨﻣ can fall into four types
of endings which do not change due to the ﻞ ﺍ ِﻣ ﹲﻋﻮ entering upon them,
rather they are fixed or built upon that particular ending. There are four
possible endings, *َة+
ْ َآ ،.َ/ْ 0َ ،.12
َ ،ٌ!ْن4ُ 5
ُ .
ﻴ ِﻪﻑ ِﺇﹶﻟ
ﺎﻣﻀ ﻑ
ﺎﻣﻀ
The above example shows that the word ﻦ ﻣ is ﻴ ِﻪﻑ ﺇﹶﻟ
ﺎﻣﻀ and we know
that the mudhaaf ilaih is always majroor (takes kasrah), however the word
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ﻦ ﻣ (who) is ﻮ ٍﻥ ﺳ ﹸﻜ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻲ ﺒِﻨﻣ (built upon a sukoon) so the ending will
always show a sukoon even though it is in the position or state of ﺮ ﺠ
( ﺍﹾﻟal-
jarr) due to its place in the sentence. So the ﺎ ِﻣ ﹲﻞ( ﻋactive element) does
not affect the ending of a word that is ﻲ
ﺒِﻨﻣ (mabni).
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ﻦ ﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ ِﻣ
ﺭ ﺪ ( ﺍﻟ٨)
(al-Badal)-ﺪﻝﹸ
ﺒﺍﹾﻟ
ﺮ ﺒﺨ
ﺍﹾﻟ ﺃﺘﺪﺒﻤ ﺍﹾﻟ
(al-badal) ﻝ
ﺪ ﹸ ﺒﺍﹾﻟ
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here that if I were to say in Arabic, ‘ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ﺍﹾﻟﻜِﺘﺎﺏ ’ this would not be
considered to be a complete or beneficial sentence. To make it a
beneficial sentence we must add a ﺮ ﺒﺧ
(khabar), as shown in the example
above. The subject of ﻝ
ﺪ ﹸ ﺒ ﺍﹾﻟand the types of al-badal will be covered later
on inshaallaah.
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ending with the binding alif at the end) are preceded by ﺮ ﺠ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﻭ ﺮ ﺣ but
the change caused by the ﺮ ﺠ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﻭ ﺮ ﺣ is not apparent, the case of ﺮ ﺠ ( ﹶﺍﹾﻟal-
jarr) cannot be seen. The Ismul-maqsoor falls into one of the categories
or types of words where the I’raab is ﺍﻳﺮﻘ ِﺪﺗ (please refer back to the
definition of I’raab).
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