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Fluid Mechanics - Chapter 1
Fluid Mechanics - Chapter 1
Fluid Mechanics
Class Notes
Fall 2006
Prepared by:
Professor Fred Stern
τ G = shear modulus
t=0 t=∆t
Liquids:
Closely spaced molecules with large intermolecular forces
Retain volume and take shape of container
container
liquid
Gases:
Widely spaced molecules with small intermolecular forces
Take volume and shape of container
gas
57:020 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006 3
Continuum Hypothesis
For example:
Consider definition of density ρ of a fluid
δV* ≈ 10-9 mm3 for all liquids and for gases at atmospheric
pressure
Properties of Fluids
Fluids are characterized by their properties such as
viscosity µ and density ρ, which we have already discussed
with reference to definition of shear stress τ = µθ and the
continuum hypothesis.
Basic Units
Primary Units SI BG
Mass M kg Slug=32.2lbm
Length L m ft
Time t s s
Temperature T °C (°K) °F (°R)
Temperature Conversion:
°K = °C + 273
°R = °F + 460
Secondary
(derived) units Dimension SI BG
velocity V L/t m/s ft/s
acceleration a L/t2 m/s2 ft/s2
force F ML/t2 N (kg⋅m/s2) lbf
pressure p F/L2 Pa (N/m2) lbf/ft2
density ρ M/L3 kg/m3 slug/ft3
internal energy u FL/M J/kg (N⋅m/kg) BTU/lbm
W = Mg g = 9.81 m/s2
= 32.2 ft/s2
M ( lbm )
BG: W (lbf) = ⋅32.2 ft/s2 =M(slug) ⋅ 32.2ft/ s2
gc
lbm ⋅ ft lbm
g c = 32.2 = 32.2 , i.e., 1 slug = 32.2 lbm
s 2 ⋅ lbf slug
1N = 1kg ⋅ 1m/s2
1lbf = 1 slug ⋅ 1ft/s2
Therefore, by definition
d(M)
=0
dt
Variation in Density
R = R (gas)
57:020 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006 9
Air
liquids: ρ ∼ constant
ρ = ρ (liquid, T, p)
TÇ ρÈ
pÇ ρÇ
p − pv
Cavitation number =
1 2
ρV∞
2
d∀ d∀
dp = − E∀ dp > 0 ⇒ <0
∀ ∀
∴ minus sign used
dp
E∀ = −
dp
=
dp N
= 2 E∀ = ρ
d∀ ∀ d ρ ρ m dρ
Alternate form: M = ρ∀
d M = ρ d ∀ + ∀d ρ = 0 (by definition)
d∀ d ρ
− =
∀ ρ
57:020 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006 12
E∀ = ρ RT = p
Viscosity
δuδt=distance fluid
particle travels in time δt
y
δf at δt u=U
h u(y)=velocity profile δy
δf at t
U δθ
= y δf=fluid
h element
u=0
57:020 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006 13
δθ
Newtonian fluid: τ = µθ = µ
δt
δuδt δuδt
tan δθ = or δθ = for small δθ
δy δy
δu du
therefore δθ = i.e., θ = = velocity gradient
δy dy
du
and τ =µ
dy
U
u ( y) = y Note: u(0) = 0 and u(h) = U
h
i.e., satisfies no-slip
U boundary condition
τ =µ = constant
h
where
µ m2
ν= = = kinematic viscosity
ρ s
µ = µ(fluid;T,p) = µ(gas;T)
Dilatant: τÇ dV/dyÇ
Newtonian: τ ∝ dV/dy
Pseudo plastic: τÈ dV/dyÇ
τ ∝ ( dV dy )
n
τ ∝ dV dy
µ = slope n>1 slope increases
with increasing τ
(shear thickening)
Fσ Fσ
Interface
Example
water
reservoir θ
d θ= contact angle
∆h = ?
ΣFz = 0
Fσ,z - W = 0
σπd cos θ - ρgV = 0 θ ∼ 0° ⇒ cos θ = 1
ρg = γ
57:020 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006 18
πd 2 πd 2
σπd − γ∆h =0 ∀=∆h =Volume of
4
4 fluid above
reservoir
4σ
∆h = = 18.6 mm
γd