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Engineering Graphics- Basics

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 Overview of an
Engineering Drawing

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 GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE

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Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the

size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
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 DRAWINGS
( A Graphical Representation)

The Fact about:

If compared with Verbal or Written Description,

Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

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Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or

computer methods.

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Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

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Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

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Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example

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Engineering
Drawing

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 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.

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 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering

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Drawing Standard

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Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

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 Standard Code

Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

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 Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(JIS) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0

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Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales

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Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

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 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view

Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in

the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing

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Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing

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 Traditional
Drawing Tools
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DRAWING TOOLS

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 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
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 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

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 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
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 DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield

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 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

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 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

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Lettering

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 Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
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Example Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes

Notes Title Block

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 Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course
Use a Gothic text style, Use only a vertical Gothic
either inclined or vertical. text style.
Use all capital letters. Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most Same. For letters in title
text height. block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines N/A.
of text is at least 1/3 Follows ANSI rule.
of text height. Engineering108.com
 Stroke Sequence
I L T F

E H

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 Stroke Sequence

V X W

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 Stroke Sequence
N M K Z

Y A 4

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 Stroke Sequence
O Q C G

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 Stroke Sequence
D U P B

R J 1 2

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 Stroke Sequence

5 7

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 Stroke Sequence
S 0 3 6

8 9

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Stroke Sequence

l i

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 Stroke Sequence
v w x k

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 Stroke Sequence
j y f t

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 Stroke Sequence
c o a b

d p q e

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 Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s

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Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

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 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.

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 Large Circle
1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a
pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from
the center.
2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.

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♣ The following figures illustrates the Aligned system of dimensioning:

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Engineering108.com
QUADRANT THEORY

FOUR QUADRANTS
. TOP
.P
P/V DIRECTION
FR

I
Y
II

III X
H .P.
IV P/
HR
F
DIR RON
EC T
TIO
N

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 2 n d
Q u a
d r a
n t
VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.
1 s t
Q u a
d r a
n t
Y
Observer

X Y HP
3 r d X
Q u a
d r a
n t

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

4 t h
Q u a
d r a
n t

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
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♣ How to fold the A2 size drawing sheets for assignment work?
♥ Mark 190 mm from the right edge of the drawing sheet. Mark 186 mm from the previous mark. Mark 20
mm from the left edge of the drawing sheet.
♥ Mark 297 mm from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet on the reverse side.
♥ Coincide the first fold with third fold to get second fold. Coincide the third fold with the border line which
is 20 mm to the right of left edge of drawing sheet to get fourth fold. Fifth and sixth folds are back folds.
♥ All larger size drawing sheets i.e. A0, A1, A2 and A3 are folded to A4 size sheet.

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