MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

The phenomena of magnetism and electromagnetism are dependent upon a

certain property of medium called its permeability (µ)

µ = µo µr = B/H

Where:

µo - absolute permeability (4pi x 10-7 H/m)

µr – relative permeability (1 in air or vacuum)

FIELD INTENSITY/ FIELD STRENGTH/ MAGNETISING FORCE/ MAGNETIC FIELD

STRENGTH/ MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY (H)

Magnetic field strength at any point within a magnetic pole is numerically equal to
the force experience by a N- pole of one Weber (Wb) placed at that point, hence unit of
H.

MAGNETIC FIELD/ MAGNETIC/ RETENTIVITY/ FLUX DENSITY (B)

- Exist in a region space if a moving charge experience a force due

to its motion.
- It is given by the flux passing per unit area through a plane at right
angles to the flux.

Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656
INTENSITY OF MAGNETISATION (I)

It may be defined as the induced pole strength developed per unit area of the
bar. It is also the magnetic moment developed per unit volume of the bar.

SUSCEPTIBILITY (k)

Defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation to the magnetising force

CURRIE POINT

The temperature at which the vibrations of the molecular magnets become so

random and out of alignment so as to reduce the magnetic strength to zero. More
accurately it is the critical temperature above which ferromagnetic material becomes
paramagnetic.

Force on a current carrying conductor lying in a magnetic field, it experiences a

force which acts in a direction perpendicular to both direction of the current and to the
field.

Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656
Examples:

1. Calculate the flux density at a distance of 6cm from a long straight conductor
carrying a current of 300A and placed in air.
2. A wire has 5m long is bent into a.) square and b.) circle. If the current flowing
through the wire is 200A, find the magnetising force at the center of the square
and center of the circle.
3. A current of 25A is passing along a straight wire. Calculate the force on a unit
magnetic pole placed 0.15m from the wire. If the wire is bent to form a loop,
calculate the diameter of the loop so as to produce the same force at the center
of the coil upon a unit magnetic pole when carrying a current of 20A.
4. Two long straight parallel conductors carry current in the opposite direction of
10A. Find the magnitude of the force between the conductors per meter length if
the distance between them is 20cm. Calculate also the magnetising force half
way between them.
5. Two long straight parallel wires standing in air 4mm apart, carry current I 1 and I2
in the same direction.The magnetic intensity at point midway them is 8.95AT/m. If
the force per unit length is 2.4 x 10-4 N/m. Find I1 and I2.

Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656
 Magnetic Circuits
It may be defined as the route or path which is followed by a magnetic flux
Magnetomotivce Force
It tends to drive the magnetic flux through a magnetic circuits and
corresponds to emf in electric circuit
It is produced by passing electric current through a number of turns of a
wire and measure in AT.
Ampere Turn (AT)
It is the unit of mmf and is given by the product of number of turns of
magnetic circuits and current in Ampere in those turns.
Reluctance
It is name given to the property of material which opposes the creation of
flux on it. It measures the opposition offered to the passage of magnetic flux
through the material.
Analogous to resistance in electrical circuits
Permeance
It is the reciprocal of reluctance and implies the cause of readiness in
which magnetic flux is developed.
Reluctivity
It is the specific reluctance and corresponds to resistivity which is specific
Resistance
 Consider a solenoid or toroidal iron ring having a magnetic path
of l (m), area or cross- sectional area A (m2) and a coil of N
turns carrying current I (A) wound wound anywhere.

NOTES:

1. Strictly speaking, flux does not actually flow in the sense in which an electric current flows.
2. If temperature is constant, then the resistance of an electric circuit is constant and independent of
the current strength while the reluctance of a magnetic circuit does not depend on flux or flux
density established in it. Because when permeability is not constant for a given material as it
depends on the flux density.

Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656
3. Flow of current in an electric circuit involves continues expenditures of energy but in magnetic
circuit, energy is needed only for creating flux initially but for maintaining it .

Comparison between Electric Circuit and Magnetic Circuit

Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit

Emf Mmf
Resistance Reluctance
Resistivity Reluctivity
Conductance Permeance
i Ø

Example

1. A ring has a mean diameter of 21 cm and cross sectional area of 10 cm 2.

The ring is made up of cast iron and cast steel, with each joint having an
air gap of 0.2 mm. Find the number of turns required to produce a flux of 8
x 10-4 Wb, The relative permeability of iron and steel are 166 and 800
respectively while the current induced is 5A.
2. A mild steel ring of 30cm mean diameter has a cross sectional area of
6cm2 and has a winding of 500 turns on it. The ring is cut so as to provide
an air gap of 1mm in the magnetic circuit. It is found that a current of 4A
flows in the windings produces a flux density of 2 Tesla in an air gap. Find
the relative permeability of the steel.
3. A circular coil iron ring has a cross sectional area of 10cm2 and a length of
15 cm and an air gap of 24 mm. The relative permeability of iron is 1000.
The ring is wound with 2000 turns and carries 5mA current. Determine the
flux and field intensity of the air gap.

Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

1. FIRST LAW – states that whenever conductor cuts magnetic flux, an emf is
induced in the conductor.
2. SECOND LAW- states that the magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate
of flux linkages.

Suppose a coil of N turns and flux through it changes from an initial value of Ø in
Weber to the initial value of Ø2 in time (t) sec. However, remembering that by flux
linkages is meant that the product of number of turns by the flux linked with the
coil.

Example

1. A coil of resistance of 100ohms is placed in a magnetic field of 1 mWb, the

coil has 100 turns with a galvanometer of 400 ohms resistance with it.
Find the average emf and the current of the coil is moved 1/10 second
from the given field of 0.2 mWb.

DIRECT INDUCED EMF AND CURRENT

The direction of the induced current maybe found easily by applying either
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule or Lenz’s Law.

Fleming’s rule is used where induced emf is due to flux cutting (dynamically
induced emf) while Lenz’s is used when it is due to change by flux linkages (statically
induced emf)
Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656
Statically induced emf

1. Mutually induced emf

- emf induced in the coil by the inductance of the other coil is called
(STATICALLY) but mutually induced emf.

2. Self- induced emf

- If the current through the coil is charged, then the flux linked with
its own turns

Self Inductance (L)

- property of material due to which it opposes any increase or

decrease of current or flux through it.
- A coil is said to have self inductance of 1 Henry (H) if a current of
1A flowing through it produces flux linkages of 1Wb-turns on it.
- A coil has a self inductance of 1H if 1V is induced in it when current
through it changes at the rate of 1A/sec.

Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656
Mutual Inductance (M)

- Coefficient of mutual inductance between two coils is defined as

the Wb-Turns in one coil due to 1A current in the other.

Instructor:
Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca
REE 64122 RME 51718 ECT 20656