ABSTRACT

Lithium air battery is a fascinating energy storage system. The effective exploitation of air as a battery
electrode has been the long-time dream of the battery community. In the particular case of lithium air
system, energy levels approaching that of gasoline have been suggested or accepted. It is then not
surprising that, in the course of the last decade, great attention has devoted to this battery by various top
academic and industrial laboratories worldwide. The intense investigation, however, has soon highlighted
a series of issues that prevent a rapid development of the lithium air (li/air) electrochemical system.
Although several breakthroughs have been achieved recently, the question on whether this battery will
have effective economic and societal impact is not yet certain.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Lithium-air batteries are an exciting research frontier because they could store far more energy than
current lithium ion batteries. The concept of lithium-air was borrowed from zinc-air and the fuel cell in
that they breathe air. The battery uses catalytic air cathode that supplies oxygen, an electrolyte and a
lithium anode. Scientists anticipate an energy storage potential that is 5-10 times larger than that of
lithium ion but they guess that it will take one to two decades before the technology can be
commercialized. Depending on materials used, lithium -air will produce voltages in between 1.7 and
3.2v/cell. IBM, the University of California and others are developing the technology. The theoretical
specific energy of lithium-air is 13kwh/kg; aluminum-air has similar qualities, with an 8kwh/kg
theoretical specific energy.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

a. The main problem of lithium-air battery is that it experiences the sudden death syndrome. The battery
requires lithium and oxygen to operate but these components form lithium peroxide films that produce a
barrier and prevent electron movement. This results in a sudden reduction in the battery’s storage
capacity.
b. Air purity is also said to be one of the challenges as the air we breathe in our cities is not clean enough
for lithium-air (Battery, 2015)and also the choice of a stable electrolyte is one of the challenges in
lithium–air research and development. Require significant improvement in electrode and electrolyte
materials, cell design and fundamental understanding to solve the poor reversibility and reliability, low
power and high cost problems.
c. In 2013, the battery had a series of challenges ranging from the anode, cathode, to the stability.
In the case of the anode, the challenge was preventing it from reacting with the electrolyte.
Cathode : this happens to be the source of the potential advantage the battery has but it had the problem of
incomplete discharge due to blockage of the porous carbon cathode with discharge products e.g. lithium
peroxide.

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1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objective of this research is focused on knowing what this lithium air battery is, how it works, what
stage it presently is regarding its development, what has limited it to the laboratory.
The aim of this research is to write a research paper that will educate the masses on the of the work in
progress as regards the development of lithium air battery which will be a replacement for lithium-ion
battery when fully developed.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

A breakthrough in Li-air battery technology would significantly increase the possibility of extending the
electric range of these vehicles,

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research work is confined within the topic of lithium-air battery using the non-aqueous lithium-air
battery as a case study which identifies how it works, history associated with the research work, area of
application, limitations etc.

1.6 LIMITATION

This study is limited to the following constraints like

1. Financial Constraint, due to limited finance, the problem becomes more complex to obtain.
Research Constraint, there were limited resources to the topic

1.7 GLOSSARY

1. Battery: A battery is a device consisting of one or more cells that can produce a direct current by
converting chemical energy to electrical energy.
2. Lithium-air battery: Is a metal air battery chemistry that uses oxidation of lithium at the anode and
reduction of oxygen at the cathode to induce a current flow.
3. Anode: One of the electrodes (objects that electricity moves through) in a piece of electrical equipment;
the negative electrode in a battery and the positive electrode in an electrolytic cell

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4. Cathode: One of the electrodes (object that electricity moves through) in a piece of electrical
equipment; the positive electrode in a battery and the negative electrode in an electrolytic cell
5. Lithium peroxide: It is the inorganic compound with the formula Li2O2. It is a white, nonhygroscopic
solid.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE CHAPTERS

This research work has been divided into 4 chapters

Chapter 1: An introductory page which consists of the historical background, the problem statement, the
aims and objectives of the research being carried out, the significance of the research, the scope of study,
alongside the limitations, and glossary.
Chapter 2: Literature review is a quick summary on the works of other researchers and a little comment
on work undone.
Chapter 3 is all about the things I found out and understood from the research carried out.
Chapter 4 is the conclusion which comprises of the summary and recommendation.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Lithium-air battery or li-air is a metal air battery chemistry that uses oxidation of
lithium at the anode and reduction of oxygen at the cathode to induce a current flow.
Lithium batteries have received attention since 1970s. the first commercial lithium cells
emerged in the mid 1990s,when kuzhikalial .M. Abraham and his co-workers demostrated
the first non-aqueous lithium-air battery with the use of lithium negative electrode (anode),
porous carbon positive electrodes (cathode), and a gel polymer electrolyte membrane that
served as both the seperator and ion-transporting medium. It is an all-solid-state battery; it
recaptured scientific interest in the late 2000s due to advances in materials technology and
an increasing demand for renewable energy sources

2.2 RELATED LITERATURE

An investigation carried out on the distribution of insoluble lithium precipitates in the

separator region of non-aqueous Li-air batteries, using micro focused synchrotron X-ray
diffraction (μ-XRD).They reported that, unexpectedly, a significantly higher concentration
of precipitates was found in the separator region than in the cathode. The μ-XRD results
showed that these precipitates are mainly crystallized Li2CO3, which grew on the
separator fiber surface. Under severe electrolyte decomposition, such precipitate formation
could lead to the blockage of the pores in the middle layer of the separator, thereby
constricting the electrolyte-mediated ion transport. Moreover, these precipitates in the
separator are electrochemically non-decomposable, since the separator is insulated from
the electrochemical reactions, resulting in higher observed accumulation at the separator.

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According to researchers from (Kaist, 2013) the lithium air batteries are
hindered by some problems surrounding the high-energy free radicals generated at their
cathodes and they are also working to extend the life time of the lithium-air battery.
According to (R.E Williford, 2013)

2.2.1 BATTERY 500 PROJECTS

According to researchers at IBM, the electric cars of today can typically travel for only
100 miles on current battery technology (lithium-ion battery). Lithium-ion battery stands
little or no chance of being light enough to travel 500 miles on a single charge and cheap
enough to be practical for a typical family car which is creating a significant barrier to the
adoption of electric vehicle. IBM having this in view started the battery 500 project in
2009 to develop a new type of lithium-air battery technology that is expected to improve
energy density tenfold, thereby increasing the amount of energy these batteries can
generate and store which presently IBM researchers have successfully demonstrated the
fundamental chemistry of the charge-and-discharge process of lithium-air battery (IBM)
According to some researchers at Yale and MIT, the way to alleviate two of the batteries’
biggest problems have been found, that is their efficiency and inability to be recharged
many times. They developed a nanostructure membrane that reduces the needed energy to
recharge the battery. They also said the battery uses pure oxygen as such would require the
development of a system that works in air to be able to realize its theoretical potential
(Bulls, 2015).(Kaushal, 2011)He saw the future of lithium-air batteries in continued
development of the components such as the air cathode, anode, electrolyte and the
separator, and also trying to increase the number of charge and discharge cycles of the
battery.

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CHAPTER 3
ENERGY CONVERSION METHODS

Energy conversion methods are essential for developing a sustainable materials and key in
renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources describes about the advanced conversions.

3.1 HIGH SURFACE AREA AND CONFINED LIGHT REACTANT

INTERACTION
In a solar-powered fuel generation reactor, the confined light interaction space with carbon
feedstock greatly increases the energy production efficiency .These solar fuels are made from solar
energy; sun is an abundant source produces no emission. Among the photocatalytic conversion, carbon di
oxide conversion to hydrocarbons appears to have a promising potential for solar fuels. It reduces
atmospheric carbon di oxide, at same time provide on a renewable basis fuel that can directly be supplied
to our present energy source. TiO2 has been used for photocatalysis because of its excellent
photostability. In recent years, NWs and nanotubes (NTs) have been developed because of their high
surface area andtunability as cocatalysts. Titanium oxide NTs were typically grown on Ti film using
potentiostatic anodization. These Titanium oxide NTs have an average length of 15 lm, an average outer
diameter of 100 nm (inner diameter can be varied from 30 to 80 nm with growth conditions), and even a
higher surface area than NWs, possessing superior electrocatalytic properties and optical stability.

There are several ways to tune the electrochemical self-assembly through lattice match between
the electrode surface and NWs, or use nanostructured templates such as anodized alumina or track-etched
polycarbonate followed by removing the template. Figure 1,shows an example of Titanium oxide NTthin
film for photocatalysis conversion of carbon di oxide to hydrocarbon. The porous Titanium oxide NT
membrane promotes carbon di oxide interaction with Titanium oxide sensitized by Copper cocatalyst and
activated by light, providing the optofluidic synergy between the trapped light and flow reactants.
Titanium nanostructures increase the photocatalytic efficiency by at least ten times when compared with
the commercially available TiO2 product.

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Figure 3.1 Tio2 NT thin filim

3.2 HIGH SURFACE DISPERSION AND CHARGE TRANSFER

The key to improve electrocatalysis is to promote highly dispersed catalysts on the electrodes.To
disperse more reproducible and uniform Cu nanoparticles (NPs) on the gas diffusion layer in
electrocatalytic conversions for CO2, graphene is used to increase the electrical conductivity path and
surface area dispersions. As shown in Figure 2, graphene has high tensile strength and also high electrical
conductivity. Once coated over traditional (fibrous)carbonpaper ,the graphene thin coating forms
continuous surface dispersion for Cu NP NP electroplating. In addition, the interaction of graphene and
the semiconductor metal oxides improves the conducting path in the electrode.

Figure 3.2 .Graphene has high tensile strength and high electrical conductivity

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3.3NANOMATERIAL MULTILAYER LAYER DEVICE ASSEMBLY

In addition to the high surface area and nanoscale proximity of interactions, nanomaterial
multilayer assembly helps in the key optoelectronic fabrication of optical fiber devices in solar lighting
andphoto voltaic conversion. Themultimode optical waveguides are guiding media through total internal
reflection and coupling of light into the photovoltaic active region by scattering. These fiber solar cells
provide an opportunity to surpass both the efficiency and functionality of traditional flat-panel solar cells.
Such fiber-solar cells behave like waveguides to transmit visible light through total internal reflection
fromone end to the other and absorb the evanescent light fabricated around fibers along the side wall of
the fibers.Figure3 depicts the transmission, evanescent light, and total internal reflection from optical
fiber and actual fiber devices made in our laboratory. The three dimensional structure results in the
absorption layer havinga greater surface area than the traditional two-dimensional absorption layer, which
can be maximized by the length of the fiber, resulting in an increased number of internal reflections and
an increased absorption surface area without making the end of the fiber cell any larger. The example of
solution-based multiple layer processing includes an insitu growth of lead sulphate (PbS) quantum dots
(QDs) and enables the key device fabrication process. The fabrication around optical fibers can be
optimized layer by layer through nanomaterial-coating techniques such as Langmuir Blodgett and dip-
coating processing. Figure 4 shows the nanostructure film consisting of sensitizer PbS QDs in situ grown
in TiO2 NWs and the high electrical conductivity and high density coating of optical fibers consisting of
TiO2 NWs combined with NPs. These fiber cells can be created without using silicon and using the total
internal reflection to concentrate and transmit light. To maximize efficiency, the absorption layer must
strongly absorb in both the visible and infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 3.3 .Optical transmission waveguide

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CHAPTER 4
ENERGY STORAGE METHODS

Here the nanomaterials are also used for storage of energy. We can expected that the
nanomaterials using advanced energy storage and recovery solutions will become much more widely used
in the coming years as the efficiency and energy density of semiconductor increases and manufacturing
cost decreases. In the next few decades, our fossil-fuelled cars and home-heating will need to switch over
to electric power as well if we're to have a hope of averting catastrophic climate change. Electricity is a
hugely versatile form of energy, but it suffers one big drawback: it's relatively difficult to store in a hurry.
Batteries can hold large amounts of power, but they take hours to charge up. Capacitors, on the other
hand, charge almost instantly but store only tiny amounts of power. In our electric-powered future, when
we need to store and release large amounts of electricity very quickly, it's quite likely we'll turn
to supercapacitors (also known as ultracapacitors) that combine the best of both worlds.

We can store electric charges by different sources such as batteries and capacitors do a similar
job—storing electricity—but in completely different ways:

4.1 BATTERIES
Batteries havetwo electrical terminals (electrodes) separated by a chemical substance called an
electrolyte. When you switch on the power, chemical reactions happen involving both the electrodes and
the electrolyte. These reactions convert the chemicals inside the battery into other substances, releasing
electrical energy as they go. Once the chemicals have all been depleted, the reactions stop and the battery
are flat. In a rechargeable battery, such as a lithium-ion power pack used in a laptop computer or MP3
player, the reactions can happily run in either direction—so you can usually charge and discharge
hundreds of times before the battery needs replacing.

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4.2 CONVENTIONAL CAPACITOR

Capacitoruse static electricity (electrostatics) rather than chemistry to store energy.. Inside a
capacitor, there are two conducting metalplates with an insulating material called a dielectric in between
them—it's a dielectric sandwich, if you prefer! Charging a capacitor is a bit like rubbing a balloon on your
jumper to make it stick. Positive and negative electrical charges build up on the plates and the separation
between them, which prevents them coming into contact, is what stores the energy. The dielectric allows
a capacitor of a certain size to store more charge at the same voltage, so you could say it makes the
capacitor more efficient as a charge-storing device.

Capacitors have many advantages over batteries: they weigh less, generally don't contain harmful
chemicals or toxicmetals, and they can be charged and discharged millions of times without ever wearing
out. But they have a big drawback too: kilo for kilo, their basic design prevents them from storing
anything like the same amount of electrical energy as batteries. Broadly speaking, you can increase the
energy a capacitor will store either by using a better material for the dielectric or by using bigger metal
plates. To store a significant amount of energy, you'd need to use absolutely whopping plates.
Thunderclouds, for example, are effectively super-gigantic capacitors that store massive amounts of
power—and we all know how big those are!

4.3 SUPERCAPACITOR

A supercapacitor (often called an ultracapacitor) differs from an ordinary capacitor in two

important ways: its plates effectively have a much bigger area and the distance between them is much
smaller, because the separator between them works in a different way to a conventional dielectric. Like an
ordinary capacitor, a supercapacitor has two plates that are separated. The plates are made from metal
coated with a porous substance such as powdery, activated charcoal, which effectively gives them a
bigger area for storing much more charge. Imagine electricity is water for a moment: where an ordinary
capacitor is like a cloth that can mop up only a tiny little spill, a supercapacitor's porous plates make it
more like a chunky sponge that can soak up many times more. Porous supercapacitor plates are electricity
sponges!

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CHAPTER 5
FINDING OF LITHIUM AIR BATTERY

In the course of this research, I was able to find out some things about lithium-air battery

5.1 INNOVATION BY RECONSIDERATION

A team of engineers at the UK’s university of Cambridge have thought and found a new way of
resolving one of the technology’s problems. They adjusted the general design of the lithium-air battery by
using a highly porous, spongy carbon electrode made from grapheme. The new design includes the use of
lithium iodide as a stabilizing additive. (Green, 2015). Which they say helps to reduce unwanted chemical
reactions that cause cells in the battery to die and improve battery longevity.

5.1 Diagram of Graphene electrode

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5.2 ARCHITECTURE

5.2 Architecture of li-air Battery

5.3 HOW LITHIUM-AIR BATTERY WORKS

A lithium-air cell creates voltage from the oxygen molecules available (O2) at the positive
electrode. Oxygen reacts with the positively charged lithium-ions to form lithium peroxide (Li2O2) and
generate electric energy (cordis, 2015).

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5.3 Hoster Of LI-Air Battery

5.4 APPLICATION AREAS

The lithium-air battery can be applied in our portable storage devices but its main application driving
interest is transportation, where specific energy and energy density are most important, although
applications in portable electronics and grid energy storage are also of interest. Of particular interest in
the context of transportation is the fact that, with the specific energy and energy density of today’s
automotive Li-ion cells, one’s driving range is limited to about 70 miles for a 200 kg pack, (kojic, 2011)

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5.5 ISSUES THAT ARE BROADLY APPLICABLE TO LI/AIR SYSTEMS, OR

ONLY
NONAQUEOUS SYSTEMS:

 Establishing truly reversible electrochemical reactions.

 Ø Obtaining high capacity in the positive electrode.
 Accommodating significant volume changes.
 Stabilizing the Lithium metal negative electrode.
 Achieving adequate power capability and efficiency.
 Supplying contaminant-free Oxygen to the system.

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CHAPTER 6

PORTABLE POWER DEVICES USING BATTERY APPLICATIONS

Three-series and four-series cell Li-Air battery packs are commonly used in portable applications
with high energy-storage needs, because it is more efficient to store high energy using multiple batteries
connected in series. Series-connected cells also present efficiency advantages over single-cell packs,
because they reduce current for equivalent-power applications. The series-cell voltage can deliver energy
to the system more efficiently than a single high-current cell with similar resistance, which in tum lowers
the cost and bulk of high-current distribution. Typical applications that store energy in series include
laptop computers, portable printing equipment, handheld printers, portable test equipment, portable
mobile-phones, portable video-games, portable DVD players and portable medical instruments.

6.1 Portable Power Devices

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CHAPTER 7

BATTERY PACKAGES AND COMPARISON

7.1 Comparison

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CHAPTER 8

LITHIUM-AIR BATTERIES

Lithium-AIR batteries are comprised of cells that employ lithium intercalation compounds as
the positive and negative materials. The positive electrode material is typically a metal oxide with either a
layered structure (such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2)) or a tunneled structure (such as lithium
manganese oxide (LiMn2O4)) on a current-collector of aluminum foil. The negative electrode material is
typically a graphite carbon on a copper current-collector. The first Lithium-Ion batteries to be marketed
(and themajority of those currently available) utilize lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode. This
materialoffers good electrical performance, is easily prepared, has good safety properties and is relatively
insensitive to process variation and moisture. More recently, lower-cost (lithium manganese oxide) or
higher performance materials, such as lithium nickel cobalt oxide (LiNiXCo1-XO2), have been
introduced, permitting development of batteries with improved performance. The first Lithium-Ion
batteries employed cells with coke negative electrode materials. As better quality graphite became
available, the industry shifted to graphite carbons as negative electrode materials because oftheir higher
specific capacity, with improved life and rate capability. Until 1990, NiCd batteries dominatedthe
portable, rechargeable market. Environmental concerns led to the development of NiMH and Lithium-
Air batteries. Lithium is the lightest metal in the periodic system and features the greatest electrochemical
potential.

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CHAPTER 9

APPLICATIONS

 Vehicles

Li–air cells are of interest for electric vehicles, because of their high theoretical specific and volumetric
energy density, comparable to petrol. Electric motors provide high efficiency (95% compared to 35% for
an internal combustion engine). Li–air cells could offer range equivalent to today's vehicles with a battery
pack one-third the size of standard fuel tanks assuming the balance of plant required to maintain the
battery was of negligible mass or volume.

 Grid backup

In 2014, researchers announced a hybrid solar cell-battery. Up to 20% of the energy produced by
conventional solar cells is lost as it travels to and charges a battery. The hybrid stores nearly 100% of the
energy produced. One version of the hybrid used a potassium-ion battery using potassium–air. It offered
higher energy density than conventional Li-ion batteries, cost less and avoided toxic byproducts. The
latest device essentially substituted lithium for potassium.

The solar cell used a mesh made from microscopic rods of titanium dioxide to allow the needed oxygen to
pass through. Captured sunlight produced electrons that decompose lithium peroxide into lithium ions,
thereby charging the battery. During discharge, oxygen from air replenished the lithium peroxide.

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CHAPTER 10

ADVANTAGE OF LI-AIR BATTERY

1. Wide variety of shapes and sizes efficiently fitting the devices they power.
2. Much lighter than other energy-equivalent secondary batteries.
3. High open circuit voltage in comparison to aqueous batteries (such as lead acid, nickel-metal
hydride and nickel-cadmium).This is beneficial because it increases the amount of power that can
be transferred at a lower current.
4. No memory effect.
5. Self-discharge rate of approximately 5-10% per month, compared to over 30% per month in
common nickel metal hydride batteries, approximately 1.25% per month for Low Self-Discharge
NiMH batteries and 10% per month in nickel-cadmium batteries. According to one manufacturer,
lithium-ion cells (and, accordingly, "dumb" lithium-ion batteries) do not have any self-discharge
in the usual meaning of this word. What looks like a self-discharge in these batteries is a
permanent loss of capacity . On the other hand, "smart" lithium-ion batteries do self-discharge,
due to the drain of the built-in voltage monitoring circuit.
6. Components are environmentally safe as there is no free lithium metal.

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CHAPTER 10

DISADVANTAGE OF LI-AIR BATTERY

1. Charging forms deposits inside the electrolyte that inhibit ion transport. Over time, the cell's
capacity diminishes. The increase in internal resistance reduces the cell's ability to deliver current.
This problem is more pronounced in high-current applications. The decrease means that older
batteries do not charge as much as new ones (charging time required decreases proportionally).
2. High charge levels and elevated temperatures (whether from charging or ambient air) hasten
capacity loss. Charging heat is caused by the carbon anode (typically replaced with lithium
titanate which drastically reduces damage from charging, including expansion and other factors).

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CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

The non-aqueous lithium-air batteries represent a class of potentially ultrahigh energy density power
sources useful for military and civilian applications. When fully developed could exhibit practical specific
energies of 1000-3000 Wh/kg. It is rechargeable as such efforts should be made to fully develop them. It
has been predicted that Li/air batteries will primarily remain a research topic for the next several years.
However, if the fundamental challenges can be met, the lithium air (Li/air) battery has the potential to
significantly surpass the energy storage capability of today’s Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries.

A lot of researches have been going on for decades now by researchers both from the battery
companies and researchers from higher institution as regards developing the battery of the future (lithium-
air) which has been said to be environment friendly and more efficient than the lithium-ion. I recommend
relentless effort both from the researchers and the scientists in overcoming the challenges of the lithium-
air battery which includes the cathode can be improved as an asymmetric structure in which the porosity
is not uniform distribution.

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REFERENCES

 “Handbook of Batteries, Third Edition”, DavidLinden, Thomas B. Reddy, (New York: McGraw-
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 “Batteries in a Portable World Second Edition”, IsidorBuchmann; Cadex Electronics Inc., 2000.
 “Lithium Batteries”, Gholam-Abbas Nazri and Gianfranco Pistoia Eds.; Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 2004.
 ShaliniChaturuedi, Pragnesh N Dave,”Applications of nanocatalyst in new era , journal of Saudi
Chemical Society, 2012 16, 307-325
 Shun Mao, Ganhua Lu and Junhong Chen “Three-dimensional graphene-based composites for
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 Chang-jun-Liu,Uwe Burghaus, “Preparation and characterization of Nanomaterials for sustainable
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 Tao Chen and Liming Diea, ”Carbon nanomaterials for high performance
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