Literature Review And Hypothesis Development

Disusun Oleh:
Muhammad Andithya Mirza Yaldi
155030207121012

Universitas Brawijaya
Malang
2019
Definition of Literature Review in Research

In research, a literature review is used to study and also as a basis for

strengthening the research to be conducted. Whether or not research is valuable
can usually be seen from how far and how coherent the study of literature
prepared by researchers.

In this case, Nazir (2005: 93) states that the study of literature or study of
literature, besides looking for secondary data sources that will support research,
it is also necessary to know the extent to which science related to research has
been developed, the extent to which conclusions and generalizations have been
made so that the necessary situation is obtained.

Meanwhile, according to Nyoman Kutha Ratna in Prastowo (2012: 80), the

study of literature has three different meanings.

1. Literature review is all reading material that may have been read and
analyzed, whether it has been published or as a private collection.

2. Literature review is often associated with a theoretical framework or

theoretical basis, namely theories used to analyze research objects. Therefore,
some researchers combine the study of literature with a theoretical framework.
 3. Literature review is special reading material related to the research object
being studied.

How to Organize Literary Review

This is a fundamental requirement for every researcher to know how to

compile good literature studies. There are no truly standard rules in compiling a
literature review of a study. But there are some expert opinions on how to
structure a literature study.

According to Ratna in Prastowo (2012: 83) the study of literature can be divided
into two types, namely (a) presentation in accordance with the year of research;
and (b) presentation is adapted to relevance, closeness to objects.

In accordance with the Year of Research

The manner in which the study of literature is presented in this type is presented
chronologically with the consideration that historical aspects have certain
meanings in determining the objectivity of research as conducted in various
analyzes of public perception.

Still according to Ratna in Prastowo (2012: 84), library research can be divided
into two based on how the presentation and presentation of literature in the
research report, which includes the following matters:

Presentation of descriptive literature studies

The descriptive literature presentation only illustrates without mentioning

similarities and differences with the consideration that the analysis will be
explained in the next chapter.

Descriptive Study of Literature Presentation with Analysis

Presentation of descriptive literature review with analysis other than description

is also accompanied by an explanation of differences and similarities. Thus, the
literature review shows where the author's position in relation to research that
has been done, whether rejecting, criticizing, accepting, and / or others.
In Accordance with Relevance and Proximity to Objects

The second way is done by considering the relevance of the closeness of research
with research that has been done. As scientific research, this second method is
considered better by considering that the research conducted is indeed different
from other studies. In addition, research has the strongest relevance that directs
researchers to conduct further research while avoiding duplication.

The preparation of the literature review includes the following steps:

• Read scientific papers related to the results of previous studies

• Paying attention to the interpretation of reading material

• Compile a literature review based on the results of an analysis of relevant

previous scientific work.

Literature Review Resources

The following describes several types of reading resources that can be used to
obtain relevant theories.
1. Text Book

Textbooks are neatly bound scientific works published at unspecified intervals and
are usually used as mandatory books in certain subjects (Nazir, 2005: 106).

2. Journal

Journal is a scientific magazine that contains scientific papers or seminar results

published by scientific profession associations (Nazir, 2005: 106). Journals that
contain article summaries from authors are called review journals or abstract
journals. An abstract journal is a scientific magazine that contains abbreviations or
summaries (titles, methods, and conclusions) of articles in the latest journals.

3. Periodically

According to Nazir (2005: 107) periodically is a scientific magazine that is

published periodically which contains the results of research conducted.

4. Yearbook

An annual book is a book about the facts and statistics of the year published every
year by the government or private institutions. Published annual books can also
discuss problems in science (Nazir, 2005: 107).
5. Bulletin

Nazir (2005: 107) states that bulletins are short scientific papers that are
published periodically and contain scientific notes or scientific instructions about
operational activities. If the bulletin contains articles about research results, it is
often called a contribution.

6. Circular

Circular is a short and practical scientific paper published at unlimited intervals

(Nazir, 2005: 108).

7. Flyers

Leaflets containing small essays that are scientifically practical.

8. Annual Review

The annual review contains literature reviews that have been published for one
year or several years ago.
9. Off Print

Off print is the delivery of articles from authors who are independent of
magazines or from textbooks.

10. Reprint

Reprints are articles that have been published in scientific magazines and then
reprinted by publishers separately and given a cover.

11. Latest Progress

Nazir (2005: 109) states that the latest advances are scientific magazines that
contain articles not obtained in journal reviews.

12. References

According to Nazir (2005: 109) the bibliography is a book that contains the title of
the article that addresses a particular field of science.
13. Handbook

A handbook is a small book that usually contains instructions about a particular

problem, or general phenomenon. This handbook may have an author, or no
author, but collected by certain agencies (Nazir, 2005: 110).

14. Manual
A manual is a detailed user manual about doing or doing something. Usually
involves practical problems, both in measuring, doing activities or using
something properly (Nazir, 2005: 110).

Hypothesis

The hypothesis is included in one of the steps of the study, because in the
research objective is to know something at a certain level believed to be true.
Hypotheses in research provide many benefits, both in terms of the process and
research steps and in providing an explanation of the symptoms being studied.
Basically, a hypothesis is a temporary or conjecture answer, and it is certain that
the answer is not necessarily correct, and therefore needs to be proven or
verified.
According to Ary Donald, that there are four hypothetical functions, including:

1. Give an explanation of the symptoms and facilitate the expansion of knowledge

in a field.

2. Expressing statements about the relationship between two concepts that can
be directly tested in research.

3. Direction of members on research.

4. Members' framework for preparing research conclusions.

There are several factors that must be considered in developing a hypothesis, and
the above functions can work effectively, if these factors are considered and done
correctly. These factors consist of:

1. Hypotheses are arranged in declarative sentences. This means the sentence is

positive and not normative. Requirements as they should or should not be
contained in a hypothesis sentence.

2. Variables (variables) stated in the hypothesis are operational variables, in the

sense that they can be observed and measured.

3. Hypotheses show certain relationships between variables.

Hypotheses are divided into three types, namely:

1. Descriptive Hypothesis

is a hypothesis that does not compare and correlate with other variables or
hypotheses that are formulated to determine the opportunity point, hypotheses
that are formulated to answer the estimated problem (estimative). For example:
"The principal's actions in enforcing discipline in SMP Negeri 16 Kota Sukabumi
are at most 40% of the ideal value.

2. Comparative hypothesis

formulated to provide answers to different problems. For example: "There is a

difference between students who have ideals (programs) and students who only
go to school in the context of Disciplining themselves in Public Middle Schools in
Sukabumi City, that students who have ideals (programs) are better than students
who only go to school.

3. Associative Hypothesis

which is formulated to provide answers to problems that have a relationship. For

example: "There is a significant relationship between the ability to read
comprehension and logical thinking with the ability to write exposition in the City
of Sukabumi.

From the nature of this relationship the research hypothesis is divided into three
types, namely:

1. Symmetrical relationship hypothesis, is a hypothesis that states the relationship

between two or more variables, but does not indicate cause and effect.

2. The causal relationship hypothesis (causal) is a hypothesis which states that the
relationship affects between two or more variables.
3. Interactive relationship hypothesis is the hypothesis of the relationship
between two or more variables that influence each other.

Hypotheses as temporary answers or alleged answers to research questions, are

not original in guessing. Provisional answers must approach the truth, meaning
that they must use the logic of rational thought or deductive thinking, it can also
be the result of empirical thinking or inductive thinking. Research on hypotheses
raised from empirical observations often shows truth so that solutions to
problems approach truth. But the hypothesis raised from this observation results
in a lack of explanatory power and is limited so generalizations are less reliable,
even though their usefulness has practical value.