EEE4004 – Distributed Generation

and Microgrids

Project Report

SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE

GRID CONNECTED INVERTER
Prepared By
16BEE1062 Rangit Ray
16BEE1090 Moumita Dhang
 CONTENTS

Section No. Title Page No.

List of Figures i
List of Tables ii
I Learning Objectives 1
II Expected Learning Outcomes 1
III Power Circuit Diagram 1
IV Equations 2
V Tables 2
VI Experimental Results 3
VII Conclusion 4
VIII References 5
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.

1 Power Circuit Diagram of a 1 Phase Voltage Source 1
Inverter.
2 Photograph of the SIMULINK Schematic. 3
3 Wave forms of grid voltage and current and inverter 3
voltage and current.
4 Waveforms of grid current and voltage 4

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Caption Page No.
1 Specifications of single phase full bridge VSI. 2

2 Switching states and output voltage of single phase 2

full bridge inverter

ii
 EEE4004 – Distributed Generation and Microgrids.
Project Report
SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE GRID CONNECTED INVERTER.

I. Learning Objectives:
 To understand the working of a single phase grid connected
inverter.
 To design a single phase grid connected inverter in MATLAB/
SIMULINK.

II. Expected Learning Outcomes:

 Design procedure of a single phase grid connected inverter.
 To understand the working of a Phase Locked Loop.
 Implementation of a proper inverter current control
technique.

III. Power Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1 shows the power circuit of a single-phase full bridge voltage

source inverter.

400V
DC To Grid

400V AC
DC

Figure. 1. Power Circuit Diagram of a 1 Phase Inverter.

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 Figure 2: Block diagram of the model

IV. Equations:
The load voltage VAB is given by:
𝑉 𝑉
VAB = VAO - VBO = 𝐷𝐶 + 𝐷𝐶 = VDC (1)
2 2
Reference voltage a= ((𝑚𝑎 × (sin((𝑥) + 𝑘))) (2)
𝑝𝑖
Where k= 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 × 180 (3)
X: Angular velocity (rad/sec)
ma : Modulation index which takes care of voltage equality
shift = phase angle (degree)

V. Tables:

Table 1. Specifications of single phase VSI.

Sl. Specification Value

No.
1. Inverter Input Voltage Vin 400 V
2. Inverter Output Voltage 220 V
Vinv (rms value)

3. Grid Voltage Vgrid (rms 220 V

value)

4. Total Harmonic Distortion 0.2507

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 Table 2. Switching states and output voltage of single-phase full bridge inverter.

State Switching state Output Voltage

VAO VBO VAB
1. G1 and G2 are ON 𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝐷𝐶
VDC
2 2

2. G3 and G4 are ON −𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝐷𝐶

VDC
2 2

3. G1 and G3 are ON 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝐷𝐶

0
2 2

4. G2 and G4 are ON −𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝐷𝐶

0
2 2

VI. Experimental Results

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Figure. 3. Photograph of SIMULINK Schematic.

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 Figure. 4. Grid voltage and current and Inverter voltage and current waveforms.

When modulation index=0.778 and phase shift angle=2, the grid voltage and
inverter voltage properly synchronizes and current flows from grid to inverter.
Maximum inverter current= 8A
Maximum grid current=2A
Load Current =10 A

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 Figure .5. Grid voltage and current waveforms.

Figure 6. Grid voltage and current and Inverter voltage and current waveforms

When phase shift angle is changed to 3 ,

Maximum inverter current= -5 A
Maximum grid current=15 A
Load Current =10 A

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 Figure 7: Grid voltage and current waveforms for phase shift angle 3

VII. Conclusion:

In a single-phase full bridge voltage source inverter, switches G1

and G4 or G2 and G3 in a single leg cannot be on simultaneously because a
short circuit across the dc link voltage source VDC would occur.
In the first state, the power switches G1 and G2 are in conduction mode and
remaining switches are OFF condition. By using Thevenin’s analysis, pole
voltages at ‘A’ and ‘B’ are (VAO and VBO ) measured and the output voltage is
obtained as VAB VAO VBO VDC.
In the second state, the power switches G2 and G3 are in conduction mode and
remaining switches are in OFF condition. Pole voltages at ‘A’ and ‘B’ are
measured from the load and the output voltage is determined by VAB VAO VBO
 VDC.
The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique which is characterized by
the generation of constant amplitude pulse by modulating the pulse duration
by modulating the duty cycle. Major advantages of PWM techniques are
reduces switching losses, the DC power supply is utilized that it’s to delivers a
higher output voltage with the same DC supply and linearly controls in voltage
and current. PWM technique is used in inverter to get a steady output voltage
irrespective of the load. The Inverters based on the PWM technology are more

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superior to the conventional inverters. Here sinusoidal PWM has been used to
eliminate the lower order harmonic components.
A Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit with a voltage or current
driven oscillator that is constantly adjusted to match in phase with the
frequency of an input signal and thus lock on the same frequency. The basic
idea of phase locking is to evaluate the difference between phase angle of the
input signal and generated output signal. The phase difference is usually
estimated by a phase detector (which is usually a multiplier or comparator),
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) and loop controller or a Loop Pass Filter
(LPF). The phase angle difference between of the input signal and output signal
is measured by the Phase Detector, which also provides a proper error signal.
To generate the output signal, the LPF output signal drives the Voltage-
Controlled Oscillator (VCO). The VCO provides a measure of variations of the
phase and generates a signal whose frequency is equal to its input signal. The
deviation of the error signal from zero is because of any change in the phase
angle (or frequency) of the input signal. The PLL mainly serves two purposes
which are
 It ensures that ẟi (inverter voltage phase angle) is slightly greater
than ẟg (grid voltage phase angle).
 It synchronizes the inverter frequency fi and the grid frequency fg.

LCL filter is a third order filter with attenuation 60dB/decade. An LCL filter has
been used at the output side of the inverter to interconnect it to the utility grid
in order to filter the harmonics produced by the inverter. Generally a filter is
used between the VSI and the grid to impose a current like control for feedback
control and reducing harmonics of the output current. Instead of conventional
L filters higher order LCL filters are used for smoothing the output current. It is
able to achieve higher attenuation along with cost savings, given the overall
weight and size reduction of the components. In this projects the values of the
inductors and capacitors of the filter used are respectively L1= 1.77 mH, L2=
0.57 mH and C= 10 uF.
Two parallel switches have been used between the inverter and the grid so that
current can flow from both directions ie from inverter to grid and from grid to
inverter.
The proposed design of single phase grid connected inverter system has
been analyzed and simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

VIII. References:

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[1]. Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics – Circuits, Devices and Applications”, 3rd ed.,
Pearson Education, 2004.
[2]. Websites: https://www.ijert.org/research/phase-locked-loop-for-synchronization-of-
inverter-with-electrical-grid-a-survey-IJERTV4IS020420.pdf

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