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Thermal Properties of Wood Gypsum and Insulation
Thermal Properties of Wood Gypsum and Insulation
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TEMPERATURES
Prepared by
October 2001
by
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
by
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................... IV
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................1
1.2 ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF WOOD-FRAMED ASSEMBLIES ......................1
1.3 FIRE RESISTANCE MODELS ....................................................................................2
1.4 NRC/WOOD INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP – FIRE RESISTANCE MODEL DEVELOPMENT ..2
1.5 NEED FOR MATERIAL PROPERTIES .........................................................................3
1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT ...................................................................................3
1.7 DOCUMENT OUTLINE ..............................................................................................3
2 TEST DATA ON THERMAL PROPERTIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES ......4
2.1 GENERAL AND PRESENTATION OF DATA..................................................................4
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS TESTED .....................................................................4
2.3 TEST SPECIMENS, TEST METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS............................................6
2.3.1 Thermal conductivity......................................................................................6
2.3.2 Apparent specific heat ...................................................................................6
2.3.3 Mass loss.......................................................................................................6
2.3.4 Thermal expansion/contraction......................................................................7
3 DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS............................................................................7
3.1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY........................................................................................7
3.1.1 Thermal conductivity of wood ........................................................................7
3.1.2 Thermal conductivity of gypsum wallboard ....................................................8
3.1.3 Thermal conductivity of insulation..................................................................9
3.2 APPARENT SPECIFIC HEAT ...................................................................................10
3.2.1 Specific heat of gypsum wallboard ..............................................................10
3.2.2 Specific heat of insulation ............................................................................11
3.3 MASS LOSS .........................................................................................................13
3.3.1 Mass loss of gypsum wallboard...................................................................13
3.3.2 Mass loss of insulation.................................................................................14
3.4 THERMAL EXPANSION/CONTRACTION ...................................................................15
3.4.1 Thermal contraction of gypsum wallboard ...................................................15
4 SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................16
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................18
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................A-1
A.1. Thermal Conductivity of Wood ...................................................................... A-1
A.2. Thermal Conductivity of Gypsum .................................................................. A-1
A.3. Thermal Conductivity of Insulation ................................................................ A-2
A.4. Specific Heat of Gypsum............................................................................... A-2
A.5. Specific Heat of Insulation............................................................................. A-6
A.6. Mass Loss of Gypsum................................................................................... A-9
A.7. Mass Loss of Insulation................................................................................. A-9
A.8. Thermal Expansion/Contraction of Gypsum ............................................... A-10
by
1 INTRODUCTION
During the past decade, many countries in the world, including Canada, have been
planning or have moved towards performance/objective-based codes. In a
performance-based environment, the designer identifies a set of performance fire safety
objectives and then satisfies these against established design criteria. This
performance-based approach allows for flexibility in design that may lead to lower
construction costs without lowering the level of safety.
This move will also benefit the fire specialists since they will have at their disposal fire
resistance methods that can be used without resorting to fire resistance testing.
The fire resistance can be determined using test methods. In fire resistance testing, the
current practice in North America is to subject a fire barrier to a fire test conducted in
accordance with procedures outlined in standards, namely CAN/ULC-S101-M891
(Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada) and ASTM E1192 (American Society for Testing
and Materials). These tests are used to obtain the time to failure based on fire
resistance criteria. These criteria can be manifested in three ways:
The fire resistance for specific load-bearing and non-load-bearing wall and floor
assemblies can also be determined using reference to ready-to-use tables or design
procedures such as the component additive method found in Appendices A and D,
respectively, of the National Building Code of Canada3 (NBCC). Finally, the fire
resistance can be evaluated using validated numerical models, which have become
available with the advent of performance-based codes. Fire resistance modelling will be
discussed in the following section.
Fire resistance test methods have been used for many years and will continue to be
used for years to come. However, these methods have drawbacks, including high cost
and time requirements, limitations of the specimen geometry and loading, effect of
restraint and reproducibility. As an alternative, calculation methods can be very useful in
predicting the fire resistance behaviour. In addition, calculation techniques are
becoming more popular and may well serve the needs of performance-based codes,
especially where exposures differing from that in the standard test must be considered.
For many years, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) has been developing
fire resistance models. Currently, research studies are in progress at NRC, in
partnership with the Canadian wood industry, Forintek Canada Corp., to study the
behaviour of lightweight wood-framed assemblies at elevated temperatures. The aim is
to develop a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of lightweight wood-
framed assemblies exposed to standard and real fires. This model will be used to
develop fire resistance design equations for wood-framed assemblies and guidelines for
the use of lightweight wood-framed assemblies for possible incorporation in codes and
standards as well as for incorporation in NRC’s risk assessment tools.
To aid the development of fire resistance models, NRC has carried out a number of tests
on thermal properties at elevated temperatures of construction materials commonly used
to build lightweight wood-framed assemblies. This report presents the data from these
tests that were conducted at the National Research Council of Canada in the past
decade. The outcome of this study will serve to combine the existing information into a
single source directly accessible to researchers and will increase the database of
material properties found in the literature. The test results, in table forms and graphs,
are given as a function of temperature for thermal conductivity, specific heat, mass loss
and thermal expansion/contraction for wood, gypsum and insulation. In addition, the
effects of temperature on the thermal conductivity, specific heat, mass loss and thermal
expansion/contraction of these materials are discussed. The report also identifies the
additional thermal property tests required to complete the matrix of information.
This document comprises a set of sections that give insight into the determination of fire
resistance and thermal properties at elevated temperatures of components of wood-
framed assemblies. Included are the following sections:
The Fire Risk Management Program (FRMP) at the Institute for Research in
Construction (IRC), NRC, has been engaged in applied materials research for many
years. Some of the information has been published in the past.5 However, the
accumulated information on thermal properties of components of wood-framed
assemblies at elevated temperatures conducted in the 90s has not been published and
there is a need to release it for the benefit of the researchers, industry, and the general
public. The thermal properties measured included the thermal conductivity, specific
heat, thermal expansion/contraction, and the mass loss of wood, gypsum, and insulation
at elevated temperatures. The measurements were carried out using commercially
available instruments. For the materials tested, the following information will be
presented in detail:
The last three graphs represent information obtained by heating techniques. The four
graphs can be used to calculate the temperature dependence with thermal conductivity,
specific heat, the mass loss, and thermal expansion/contraction. The experiments and
test specimens are explained in detail in the following subsection.
In this report, the thermal properties, at elevated temperatures, of wood, gypsum and
insulation were measured. A brief description of these materials is listed in the table
below. The available information on material identification (common name, density,
composition, manufacturer, and any other pertinent miscellaneous information) is
provided, along with a list of which properties were tested. The materials are listed in
the order in which they appear in the section showing the figures.
The test specimens for the determination of the thermal conductivity and the thermal
expansion were prepared by cutting the material to appropriate sizes. Specimens for the
determination of the specific heat were obtained by grinding a portion of the materials.
The determination of the mass loss was obtained by cutting the material to specific sizes
in some cases and by grinding the materials in other cases. To gather the data
presented in this report, the following methods and instruments were used.
The presence of moisture may have a significant and unpredictable effect on the thermal
conductivity of the material at any temperature below 100°C, and may in addition
complicate the interpretation of the calorimetric, thermogravimetric, and dilatometric
curves. It is imperative to conduct all thermal property tests on specimens brought into a
moistureless “reference condition” prior to the tests. Therefore, all materials were dried
in an oven at 40°C for 24 hours before testing. The thermal conductivity of the materials
was measured using a TC-31 Thermal Conductivity Meter made by Kyoto Electronics.
This meter employs steady-state methods to determine thermal conductivity. The
measurements were made in the temperature range between 20°C and 1100°C.
The apparent specific heat was obtained employing differential scanning calorimetry.
Test specimens weighing in most cases between 10 and 30 mg were conditioned at
40°C for 24 hours to drive off free moisture. The specimens were placed in a nitrogen
atmosphere, and in static air in one case, and tested using a DuPont Differential
Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) for temperatures up to 700°C. The DSC measurements
were carried out with mainly a heating rate of 5°C/min. Heating rates of 2, 10, and
20°C/min were also used to compare the change of rate on the specific heat. The
specific heat was measured up to 700°C.
For materials that do undergo reactions, the specific heat was measured carrying out
two runs, one with powdered sapphire (Al2O3) as the calibration material and one with
the sample. A stepwise heating program (namely, a period of constant material
temperature followed by a period of temperature rise, which is followed again by a period
of constant material temperature, etc.) through the temperature range from 400°C to
700°C, was used during the measurements.
All materials were dried and conditioned under vacuum at 40°C for 24 hours before
testing to drive off free moisture. The change in mass with temperature was determined
using thermogravimetric analysis. When grinding, the test specimens weighed in most
cases between 10 to 40 mg were placed in a nitrogen atmosphere and tested by means
of a DuPont 951 Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) at a heating rate of 5 or 20°C/min.
The test specimens cut in sections weighed between 20 to 50 g and were heated in an
In the following paragraphs, a brief discussion of trends in the data obtained in the
thermal property tests is presented. The thermal properties are also discussed and
compared to each other to show the influence of the type of material. For more specific
information, the appropriate figures should be consulted. In addition, the raw data is
included in tabular form in Appendix A.
During testing, a weight is placed on the test specimen to hold it in place. At high
temperatures, the weight may crush the specimen, thus preventing the development of
fissures and the resultant heat transfer through them by both convection and radiation.
Consequently, the thermal conductivity determined for high temperatures may be low.
Results of the thermal conductivity measurements are presented in Figures 1 to 3.
Figure 1 shows the thermal conductivity of wood for a number of test specimens. For
plywood 5/8, the thermal conductivity is almost constant between 40°C and 150°C, then
sharply increases linearly from 150°C to about 300°C, after which there is a linear
decrease until 525°C. For spruce 1 to 4, the thermal conductivity is linear between 40°C
and 125°C, but does not show a consistent trend. For temperatures ranging from 125°C
0.25
Thermal Conductivity (W/m°C)
0.20
0.15
0.10
Plyw ood 5/8
Spruce 2x4 (1)
Spruce 2x4 (2)
0.05
Spruce 2x4 (3)
Spruce 2x4 (4)
0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (°C)
1.2
Wetroc Gypsum Type Regular Heavy
1.1
Thermal Conductivity (W/m°C)
Figure 3 shows the thermal conductivity of Roxul, millboard and glass fibre insulation as
a function of temperature. The Figure indicates that for Roxul and millboard insulation,
there is a gradual increase in the thermal conductivity as the temperature rises. A
straight line or a gradual exponential curve can be fitted to the thermal conductivity data
for the temperature range considered (up to 1100°C). On the other hand, the thermal
conductivity of glass fibre insulation increases similarly to Roxul and millboard insulation
from 0.022 W/m-K at 24°C to 0.204 W/m-K at 515°C. However, beyond 515°C, the
glass fibre thermal conductivity increases very rapidly to 1.587W/mK at 632°C. This
increase is due to the insulation being consumed (melting), thus, allowing the heat to go
through it very easily. The thermal conductivity of glass fibre insulation can be
approximated by an exponential function. The variation of the thermal conductivity in
Roxul and millboard insulation is due to change in the chemical composition of fibre from
one product to another.
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Temperature (°C)
Materials that undergo exothermic reaction may yield negative values for the specific
heat in certain temperature intervals. A negative value for specific heat indicates that at
the applied rate of heating, the rate of evolution of reaction exceeds the rate of
absorption of sensible heat by the material. If the heat is not very high, an adequate
raise in the heating rate can prevent obtaining negative values for the specific heat.
The results of the specific heat of different (test specimens) gypsum wallboards are
shown in Figure 4, as a function of temperature. The curves were determined using the
initial mass of the samples. For all the gypsum wallboards, the specific heat shows a
peak (except Gypsum Type X 15.9 mm (1), which was tested in static air and which
reveals two consecutive peaks) at different temperatures, depending on the rate of
heating. The peak in the apparent specific heat is an indication of the large quantity of
heat absorbed in the calcination of gypsum and subsequent evaporation of water
(dehydration of gypsum wallboard). The area under the peak gives the energy required
to drive out the water from gypsum wallboards. Heating rates of 2, 5, 10 and 20°C/min
were used in the DSC measurements. Heating rates of 2°C/min and 20°C/min were
used to compare the effect of the rate of heating on the specific heat. It should be noted
that in general, an increase in the rate of heating results in a shift of the peaks (nominal
reaction temperature) towards higher temperatures and in a sharpening of the peaks.
Therefore, for the wallboards tested at a heating rate of 2°C/min, the peak is at a
temperature of approximately 100°C. While, for those tested at a heating rate of
35
Westrock Gypsum Type Regular Heavy
30
Gypsum Type X 15.9mm (1)
10 Regular Gypsum
FR Gypsum
5
-5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (°C)
Figures 5 and 6 show the specific heat of insulation versus temperature for a number of
insulation materials. The measurements of the specific heat were conducted at a
heating rate of 5°C/min. Figure 5 illustrates the curves for new insulation and Figure 6
depicts the specific heat for reheated insulation. The reason for the pre-heat of the
insulation is to eliminate any heat contribution that is produced by the new insulation
during the heating process. In all the new insulation tested, there is a gradual increase
in the specific heat up to a temperature ranging between 300 and 350°C. This is
followed by a rapid decrease from roughly 330°C to 470°C, then by a rapid increase to
600°C, and finally a slight variation after 600°C. In the temperature range of 330°C to
600°C, there is formation of peaks, which is an indication of the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of materials. For the pre-heated insulation, there is a
slow rise in specific heat between 40°C and 350°C. From 350°C to 650°C, there is a
2.0
Rock Fibre Insulation
Mineral Wool (1)
1.5 Mineral Wool (2)
Glass Fibre Insulation
Specific Heat (J/g°C)
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (°C)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (°C)
As in the case of specific heat, an increase in the rate of heating usually shifts the
reaction temperature to a higher level and narrows the temperature interval of the
reaction in the thermogravimetric curves. Figures 7 and 8 show the results of the mass
loss measurements.
The test results from the TGA analysis are summarized in Figure 7 for all the gypsum
wallboards tested. The mass loss remains almost unchanged up to 100°C. Between
100 and 160°C, the mass loss of the different boards decreases between 15% and 17%
as moisture is driven off. These results are reasonable as gypsum with no additives
contains about 21% by mass of water. Between about 160°C and 650°C, the mass loss
remains fairly constant, then it decreases, and again changes very little between 740°C
and 1000°C. This trend can be approximated by a linear fit. In addition, as stated
earlier, with a lower heating rate employed, this mass loss would have occurred at lower
temperatures.
70
60
50
40
Westrock Gypsum Type Regular Heavy
30
CGC Gypsum 12.5mm
20 Regular Gypsum
10 FR Gypsum
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Temperature (°C)
Figure 8 shows the test results of the mass ratio for insulation versus temperature. The
mass loss of rock fibre insulation increases gradually from 0% (100% mass remaining)
at 25°C to 6% (94% mass remaining) at 1000°C. The mass loss of the glass fibre
insulation increases almost linearly with temperature from 0% (100% mass remaining) at
36°C to 6% (94% mass remaining) at 310°C. After this point, it remains constant until it
melts. As indicated on the figure, the insulation density ratio is different for different test
specimens due to their chemical composition and their melting point. The fast mass loss
and substantial decrease in density for glass fibre insulation is caused by the
dissociation and decomposition of components in the insulation in the early
temperatures. Based on the very limited data, the mass loss versus temperature graphs
can be approximated by linear fit curves.
0.98
Mass Loss
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Temperature (°C)
The variation of thermal expansion and contraction with temperature for the gypsum
wallboards tested is depicted in Figure 9. Both regular gypsum and FR gypsum exhibit
almost the same behaviour with FR gypsum showing less contraction. They shrink very
slowly up to 350°C, then between 350°C and 450°C, the contraction is more rapid, and it
slows down again up to 900°C. From 900°C to 1000°C, the contraction is very rapid.
On the other hand, the Westrock Heavy gypsum board experiences more contraction
than regular and FR gypsum wallboards throughout the temperature range between 30
and 1000°C. Although, for all types of gypsum wallboards tested, the impact of
contraction on the density of the gypsum is not great (see Figure 7), the contraction at
high temperatures has a profound influence on the heat transfer in wood-framed wall
and floor assemblies. The contraction is responsible for the development of cracks and
fissures in the board, as well as for the opening up of the joints between boards in full-
scale test specimens, the occurrence of which may lead to the premature failure of
wood-framed wall and floor assemblies. The differences in the values of the thermal
contraction of the gypsum wallboards can be attributed to the change in chemical
composition from one test specimen to another, which affects the temperature at which
the dissociation of components in each material. The differences may also be due to the
time and duration of dehydration for each specimen. In addition, the temperature
dependence of the thermal expansion and contraction of gypsum wallboards can be
approximated by linear fits.
0
Thermal Contraction (%)
-5
-10
-15
Regular Gypsum
-20 FR Gypsum
Westroc Gypsum Type Regular Heavy
-25
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Temperature (°C)
4 SUMMARY
Based on the experimental data presented, the following points can be summarized:
• The thermal conductivity of wood, gypsum wallboard and insulation shows a general
trend as a function of temperature.
• The thermal conductivity of glass fibre is generally higher than that of rock fibre and
millboard fibre especially after 500°C.
• The specific heat of gypsum wallboard exhibits a peak value, as an indication of the
considerable amount of heat needed to dehydrate the water in the gypsum. Hence,
the gypsum wallboard plays a major part of fire resistant wood-frame assemblies, as
it retards the failure of the assembly until, at least, the drying process of the gypsum
is complete. The temperature at which the peak occurs depends on the rate of
heating.
• The specific heat of insulation also exhibits a peak value, which is less pronounced
when the insulation is pre-heated.
• The mass loss of gypsum wallboard occurs most in the temperature range between
100 and 160°C. The maximum mass loss observed was 24.5% at 1000°C.
• The mass loss of glass fibre is significant before reaching a temperature of 300°C.
On the other hand, the mass loss in rock fibre and millboard fibre is spread over the
temperature range of interest (1000°C).
• The thermal contraction of gypsum wallboard is gradual up to about 800°C, after
which the contraction becomes more significant.
• In all the tests conducted, the chemical composition of the specimen had an effect on
the thermal property tested.
Finally, it should be noted that some of the materials were not tested for some thermal
properties. In the next phase of testing, the matrix of thermal properties of different
components of wood-framed assemblies will be completed.
At present, studies are in progress, within the collaborative effort between NRC and the
Canadian wood industry, to complete the matrix of data for thermal properties at
elevated temperatures and to develop mechanical properties for wood and gypsum at
elevated temperatures. The data on thermal and mechanical properties will be used to
develop thermal and mechanical relationships, as a function of temperature, for wood,
lining material and insulation material. These relationships can be used as an input to
numerical computer models, which can be used to predict the behaviour of structural
lightweight wood-framed assemblies at high temperatures. The development of
computer models is in progress at NRC, for the calculation of fire resistance of
lightweight wood-framed wall and floor assemblies. Along with this, full-scale tests on
wood-framed walls and floors are being carried out to verify the computer models.
These computer models will be used to conduct detailed parametric studies to determine
the influence of various parameters, such as wood strength, load intensity and stud/joist
spacing on the fire resistance of lightweight wood-framed assemblies. Results from the
Acknowledgements
The research presented in this report is part of a partnership between the National
Research Council of Canada and the Canadian wood industry (Forintek Canada Corp.).
The authors would like to acknowledge the efforts of the technical staff at the Institute for
Research in Construction for conducting the tests on the thermal properties.
NOMENCLATURE
ρ = density
cp = specific heat
k = thermal conductivity
l = length of sample at temperature T
lo = original length of sample
M = mass of sample at temperature T
Mo = original mass of sample
T = temperature
REFERENCES
5/8 plywood 2x4 Spruce (1) 2x4 Spruce (2) 2x4 Spruce (3) 2 x 4 Spruce (4)
°C W/m°C °C W/m°C °C W/m°C °C W/m°C °C W/m°C
24 0.106 24 0.130 21 0.078 21 0.100 29 0.086
60 0.116 52 0.134 75 0.081 78 0.115 93 0.074
103 0.116 100 0.140 100 0.085 127 0.101 150 0.109
146 0.115 147 0.150 120 0.094 153 0.102 216 0.113
205 0.135 200 0.155 147 0.099 175 0.103 260 0.048
309 0.202 250 0.081 174 0.101 200 0.100 300 burned
522 0.173 200 0.101 232 0.089
231 0.091 340 0.112
263 0.058 364 0.121
323 0.122 450 0.192
462 0.188
Roxul insulation CGC Roxul insulation Glass fiber insulation Millboard - Southport
Board Products
°C W/m°C °C W/m°C °C W/m°C °C W/m°C
28 0.028 25 0.026 24 0.022 26 0.046
28 0.028 101 0.036 100 0.029 26 0.045
84 0.034 194 0.054 198 0.051 78 0.049
80 0.034 297 0.076 299 0.082 78 0.050
105 0.036 396 0.119 407 0.131 152 0.055
105 0.036 501 0.166 515 0.204 153 0.058
201 0.051 602 0.242 632 1.587 203 0.067
consumed
201 0.051 724 0.207 203 0.066
299 0.065 856 0.229 299 0.078
298 0.065 959 0.278 299 0.075
396 0.080 1066 0.352 397 0.081
396 0.080 1066 0.352 397 0.082
501 0.100 498 0.094
500 0.102 499 0.094
608 0.135 600 0.111
609 0.134 600 0.114
742 0.207 701 0.132
741 0.209 701 0.132
843 0.240 802 0.165
843 0.239 802 0.165
948 0.282 902 0.199
948 0.279 902 0.199
1050 0.339 1011 0.199
1050 0.383 1011 0.199
Type X 12.5 (1) Type X 12.5 (2) Type X 15.9 (1) Type X 15.9 (2) Type X 15.9 (3)
°C J/g°C °C J/g°C °C J/g°C °C J/g°C °C J/g°C
42 0.8942 42 1.3309 42 0.8480 42 0.948 42 1.2017
44 0.9048 44 1.1918 44 0.8609 44 0.9601 44 1.0969
46 0.9268 46 1.1246 46 0.8601 46 0.9861 46 1.0508
48 0.9481 48 1.086 48 0.8747 48 1.0092 48 1.0264
50 0.9788 50 1.0583 50 0.9280 50 1.0405 50 1.0095
52 0.9942 52 1.0144 52 0.9437 52 1.0736 52 0.9731
54 0.2788 54 0.9995 54 0.9190 54 1.0618 54 0.9622
56 1.0501 56 1.0068 56 0.9501 56 1.1445 56 0.9727
58 1.3040 58 1.0238 58 0.9663 58 1.3997 58 0.9924
60 1.5484 60 1.0476 60 0.9782 60 1.6151 60 1.0176
62 1.7049 62 1.0752 62 0.9807 62 1.6770 62 1.0453
64 1.6418 64 1.1087 64 0.9924 64 1.3970 64 1.0783
66 1.3821 66 1.1518 66 0.9972 66 1.2898 66 1.1199
68 1.4865 68 1.2032 68 1.0055 68 1.3752 68 1.1682
70 1.7367 70 1.2578 70 1.0231 70 1.5825 70 1.2182
72 2.1346 72 1.3129 72 1.0295 72 1.9011 72 1.2668
74 2.7560 74 1.3651 74 1.0447 74 2.4108 74 1.3120
76 3.5232 76 1.4022 76 1.0759 76 3.0659 76 1.3381
78 4.4841 78 1.4264 78 1.0892 78 3.8935 78 1.3456
80 5.6056 80 1.4430 80 1.1078 80 4.8659 80 1.3347
82 6.8596 82 1.4460 82 1.1297 82 5.9617 82 1.3061
84 8.3185 84 1.4384 84 1.1608 84 7.2383 84 1.2849
86 9.7813 86 1.4487 86 1.1843 86 8.5337 86 1.2890
88 11.390 88 1.5005 88 1.2179 88 10.008 88 1.3287
90 13.046 90 1.6013 90 1.2780 90 11.679 90 1.4058
92 14.652 92 1.7505 92 1.3453 92 13.542 92 1.5220
94 16.688 94 1.9441 94 1.4846 94 16.138 94 1.6737
96 19.275 96 2.1799 96 1.7755 96 19.446 96 1.8602
98 22.253 98 2.4611 98 2.3411 98 23.229 98 2.0846
100 24.323 100 2.7965 100 3.2449 100 25.752 100 2.3602
102 25.049 102 3.1746 102 4.5958 102 28.747 102 2.6731
104 23.274 104 3.5974 104 6.3307 104 29.264 104 3.0264
106 18.398 106 4.0514 106 8.4800 106 26.669 106 3.4212
108 8.9021 108 4.5302 108 11.102 108 18.996 108 3.8529
110 2.7905 110 5.0197 110 14.586 110 7.2780 110 4.3194
112 1.4954 112 5.5291 112 19.135 112 2.2613 112 4.8146