psychology no 1

NAME: MUHAMMAD ZAID

ROLL: 12371
1. Problem 6:
A driver’s license bureau maintains a database of licensed drivers. State
whether each of the following represents data or metadata. If it represents
data, state whether it is structured or unstructured data. If it represents
metadata, state whether it is a fact describing a property of data or a fact
describing the context of data.
a. Driver’s name, address, and birth date (DATA)
b. The fact that the driver’s name is a 30-character field (META DATA)
c. A photo image of the driver (UNSTRUCTURE DATA)
d. An image of the driver’s fingerprint (UNSTRUCTURE DATA)
e. The make and serial number of the scanning device that was used to
scan the fingerprint (CONTEXT OF DATA)
f. The resolution (in megapixels) of the camera that was used to
photograph the driver (PROPERTY OF DATA)
g. The fact that the driver’s birth date must precede today’s date by at
least 16 years (CONTEXT OF DATA)

2. Problem 22:
In this chapter, we described four important data models and their properties: enterprise, conceptual,
logical, and physical. In the given table, summarize the important properties of these data models
by entering a Y (for Yes) or an N (for No) in each cell of the table.ANS
ANS:
 All Entities? All Technology DBMS Record
Attributes? Independent? Layouts?
Independent?

Enterprise Y N Y Y N

Conceptual Y Y Y Y N

Logical Y Y N Y Y

Physical Y Y N N Y

3. Exercise 4:
Consider a major database in this organization, such as one supporting customer interactions,
accounting, or manufacturing. What is the architecture for this database? Is the organization using
some form of client/server architecture? Interview information systems managers in this organization
to find out why they chose the architecture for this database.

ANS:
Again, as in the previous field exercise, this exercise will help students to integrate their new
textbook knowledge with the realities that organizations must face. Some students will find
organizations that are struggling to achieve client/server architecture and also deal with their
legacy systems, for example.

4. The database has either two tier or three tier architecture in client/server environment.
For your university database which architecture is implementable and suitable? Justify your answer
properly.
ANS:

Sir we should use three tier architecture because if some teacher want to access database from
home so they need help of application which is made for that database so they can easy access the
database
 5. Differentiate the following in your own simple words.
a. Security and Integrity

Security Integrity

Data security defines the prevention of data Data integrity defines the quality of
corruption through the use of controlled data, which guarantees the data is
access mechanisms. complete and has a whole structure.

Data security deals with the protection of Data integrity deals with the validity of
data data

Data security is making sure only the people Data integrity is making sure the data
who should have access to the data are the is correct and not corrupt.
only ones who can access the data.

Data security refers to making sure that data Data integrity refers to the structure of
is accessed by its intended users, thus the data and how it matches the
ensuring the privacy and protection of data. schema of the
database.

Authentication/authorization, encryptions and Backing up, designing a suitable user

masking are some of the popular means of interface
data security. and error detection/correction in data
are some of the means to preserve
integrity.

b. Concurrency and Redundancy

Data redundancy occurs when the same data are stored in more than one file. Thus,
there is redundant, or repeated data. Concurrency means that all of the multiple
instances of the same data are exactly the same. It is harder to achieveconcurrency when
there is much data redundancy.
Data concurrency means that many users can access data at the same time. Data consistency means
that each user sees a consistent view of the data, including visible changes made by the user's own
transactions and transactions of other users.
 c. Logical schema and Physical schema

Logical schema is like the "definition" of a data structure or the definition of the ADT (Abstract
Data Type). Eg., a stack is defined by its pop and push operations.
In RDBMS, a relation or a table is logical.

Physical scheme is like the implementation of a data structure. Ex.- A stack can be implemented
using a array, a linked list or even as a table in a database.
In RDBMS, different RDBMS packages will implement a table differently ranging from a flat file,
to a balanced tree and all the way to a distributed architecture.

d. Traditional File System and Database Approach

Traditional File System

Before the use of a computer, a manual file system was used to maintain the
records and files. Data were stored and processed using a traditional file system
and it makes it easy to find any information. In this traditional file system, each
file is independent of other file and data in the different file can be integrated
only by writing an individual program for each application. The data and
application program that uses the data are arranged that any change to data
requires modification of all the programs that use the data. Sometimes, it is not
possible to identify all the programs using data and identified on trial and error
basis. All functional areas in the organization create, processes its own files.

The files such as inventory and payroll generate separate files and do not
communicate with each other. The organization was simple to generate and had
better local control but the data of an organization is dispersed throughout the
functional subsystem.
 e. Three tier and Two tier Database Application
Two-Tier Architecture: The two-tier is based on Client Server architecture. The two-tier architecture
is like client server application. The direct communication takes place between client and server. There
is no intermediate between client and server. Because of tight coupling a 2 tiered application will run
faster.

Three-Tier Architecture : Three-tier architecture typically comprise a presentation tier, a business or

data access tier, and a data tier. Three layers in the three tier architecture are as follows:

1. Client layer
2. Business layer
3. Data layer

1. Client layer: Represents Web browser, a Java or other application, Applet, WAP phone etc.
The client tier makes requests to the Web server who will be serving the request by either
returning static content if it is present in the Web server or forwards the request to either Servlet
or JSP in the application server for either static or dynamic content.

2. Business layer: This layer provides the business services. This tier contains the business
logic and the business data. All the business logic like validation of data, calculations, data
insertion etc. Are centralized into this tier as opposed to 2-tier systems where the business
logic is scattered between the front end and the backend. The benefit of having a centralized
business tier is that same business logic can support different types of clients like browser,
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) client, other standalone applications written in Java, C++,
C# etc. This acts as an interface between Client layer and Data Access Layer. This layer is
also called the intermediary layer helps to make communication faster between client and data
layer.
 3. Data layer: This layer is the external resource such as a database, ERP system, Mainframe
system etc. responsible for storing the data. This tier is also known as Data Tier. Data Access
Layer contains methods to connect with database or other data source and to perform insert,
update, delete, get data from data source based on our input data. Following diagram
representing the 3-tier architecture.

f. Database Administrator and Data Administrator

Data Administrator (DA) :

 "Person in the organization who controls the data of the database refers data administrator."
 DA determines what data to be stored in database based on requirement of the organization.
 DA works on such as requirements gathering, analysis, and design phases.
 DA does not to be a technical person, any kind of knowledge about database technology can be
more beneficiary
 DA is some senior level person in the organization. in short, DA is a business focused person but
should understand about the database technology.

Database Administrator (DBA) :

 "Person in the organization who controls the design and the use of the database refers database
administrator."
 DBA provides necessary technical support for implementing a database.
 DBA works on such as design, development , testing, and operational phases.
 DBA is a technical person having knowledge of database technology.
 DBA does not need to be a business person. in short, DBA is a technically focused person but should
understand about the business to administrator the database effectively.

g. Data and Meta Data

Difference Between Data and Metadata

November 16, 2016 2 Comments
 Many people are confused between the concept of
Data and Metadata. Though both are the form of data, they have their
different use and different specifications. Where a Data can simply be a
piece of information, a list of measurements, or observations, a story or a
description of a certain thing. Metadata specifies the relevant information
about the data which helps in identifying the nature and feature of the data.

Though there are not many differences between data and metadata, but in
this article I have discussed the basic ones in the comparison chart shown
below.

Content: Data Vs Metadata

1. Comparison Chart
2. Definition
3. Key Differences
4. Conclusion

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
DATA METADATA
COMPARISON

Basic Data is a set of facts and statistics can that Metadata describes relevant

be operated, referred or analyzed. information about the data.

 BASIS FOR
DATA METADATA
COMPARISON

Information Data can or can not be informative. Metadata is always informative.

Processing Data may or may not have been processed. Metadata is always a processed

data.

h. Database and Repository

In the simplest terms, a repository is nothing more than a collection of

knowledge. A repository is a place where the data is stored. The repository is
often stored in relational databases, but can be stored anywhere that can hold
the data: Excel spreadsheets, hierarchical databases, or even text files.

A relational database is a distinct type of database where data is stored in

related tables. This relational database...

i. Program Data Dependence and Independence

j. Logical and conceptual data modeling

Conceptual Model
The main aim of this model is to establish the entities, their attributes, and
their relationships. In this Data modeling level, there is hardly any detail
available of the actual Database structure.

The 3 basic tenants of Data Model are

Entity: A real-world thing

Attribute: Characteristics or properties of an entity

Relationship: Dependency or association between two entities

For example:

 Customer and Product are two entities. Customer number and name
are attributes of the Customer entity
 Product name and price are attributes of product entity
 Sale is the relationship between the customer and product

Characteristics of a conceptual data model

 Offers Organisation-wide coverage of the business concepts.

 This type of Data Models are designed and developed for a business
audience.
 The conceptual model is developed independently of hardware
specifications like data storage capacity, location or software
specifications like DBMS vendor and technology. The focus is to
represent data as a user will see it in the "real world."

Conceptual data models known as Domain models create a common

vocabulary for all stakeholders by establishing basic concepts and scope.
Logical Data Model
Logical data models add further information to the conceptual model
elements. It defines the structure of the data elements and set the
relationships between them.

The advantage of the Logical data model is to provide a foundation to form the
base for the Physical model. However, the modeling structure remains
generic.

At this Data Modeling level, no primary or secondary key is defined. At this

Data modeling level, you need to verify and adjust the connector details that
were set earlier for relationships.

Characteristics of a Logical data model

 Describes data needs for a single project but could integrate with other
logical data models based on the scope of the project.
 Designed and developed independently from the DBMS.
 Data attributes will have datatypes with exact precisions and length.
 Normalization processes to the model is applied typically till 3NF.