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CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations: Weight-Volume Relationships (Das, Ch. 3)
CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations: Weight-Volume Relationships (Das, Ch. 3)
CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations: Weight-Volume Relationships (Das, Ch. 3)
Weight-Volume Relationships
(Das, Ch. 3)
Outline of this Lecture
1.Density, Unit weight, and
Specific gravity (Gs)
2.Phases in soil (a porous
medium)
3.Three phase diagram
4.Weight-volume relationships
For a general discussion we have
Weight W
W = Mg
density ρ
M
ρ=
V
Unit weight γ
W
γ=
V
So that
W Mg
γ= = = ρg
V V
Unit weight: γ = ρg
Unit weight is the product of density and
gravity acceleration. It is the gravitational
force caused by the mass of material
within a unit volume (density) in the unit of
Newtons per cubic meter in SI system.
Specific Gravity (Gs)
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of
unit weight (or density) of a given material
to the unit weight (or density) of water since
γ ρg ρ
Gs = = =
γ w ρw g ρw
Specific Gravity
• Expected Value for Gs
Type of Soil Gs
Solid Particles
Volume
Air
Water
Solid
Water
Solid
Air
Solid
Wa~0 Air Va
Vv
Vw
Ww Water
WT
VT
Ws Solid Vs
Weight Volume
Phase relationship: the phase diagram
Wa~0 Air Va
Vv
Vw
Ww Water
WT
VT
Ws Solid Vs
Vw
Ww Water
WT
VT
Ws Solid Vs
Vt = Vs + Vv = Vs + Vw + Va;
It is convenient to assume the volume of the
solid phase is unity (1) without lose generality.
Mt = Ms + Mw; and
Wt = Ws + Ww, since W=Mg
Void ratio: e = Vv/Vs; Porosity n = Vv/Vt
Vv Vv Vv / Vt n
e= = = =
Vs Vt − Vv 1 − Vv / Vt 1 − n
Vv Vv Vv / Vs e
n= = = =
Vt Vs + Vv 1 + Vv / Vs 1 + e
Vw
Ww Water
WT
VT
Ws Solid Vs
Vw
Ww Water
WT
VT
Ws Solid Vs
Wt Ws + Ww
γ= =
Vt Vt
Solid unit weight γs
Ws
γs =
Vs
dry unit weight γd
Ws
γ d = , ∵Vt > Vs ∴γ d < γ s
Vt
Since
Ws Wt − Ww Wt Ww WwWs
γd = = = − =γ − = γ − wγ d
Vt Vt Vt Vt WsVt
γ
so that γ d + wγ d = γ and γd =
1+ w
From the original form of the dry unit weight
γ
γd =
1+ w
By taking the Taylor expansion and truncated at the
first order term:
γ
γd = = γ (1 − w + w2 − w3 + w4 − w5 + ...) ≈ γ (1 − w)
1+ w
Because the moisture content w is a number always
smaller than one, i.e., w<1.
γ d = (1 − w)γ
Relationships among S, e, w, and Gs
Vw
S = , then Vw = SVv = Se, given Vs = 1
Vv
A simple way to get Das, Equation 3.18
Ww γ wVw γ weS eS
w= = = = , ∵Vs = 1, ∴Vv = 1
Ws γ sVs Gsγ w Gs
thus Se = wGs
When the soil is 100% saturated (S=1)
we have, Equation 3.20
e = wGs
Relationships among γ, n, w, and Gs
Ws = γ sVs = Gsγ w (1 − n), given Vs = 1 − n
Ww = wWs = wGsγ w (1 − n)
So that the dry unit weight γd is
Ws Gsγ w (1 − n)
γd = = = Gsγ w (1 − n)
Vt 1− n + n
And the moist unit weight γ is
Wt Ws + Ww Gsγ w (1 − n) + wGsγ w (1 − n)
γ= = =
Vt Vt 1
= (1 + w)Gsγ w (1 − n) = Gsγ w (1 − n)(1 + w)
Relationships among γ, n, w, and Gs (cont.)
Ws + Ww Gsγ w (1 − n) + nγ w
γ sat = = = [Gs (1 − n) + n]γ w
Vt 1
Ww nγ w n e
w= = = =
Ws Gsγ w (1 − n) Gs (1 − n) Gs
recall Se = wGs , thus e = wGs ∵S =1
Weight-Volume Relationships (Table 3.1)
134.9cm3 Wa~0
Air
γW =1.00
243.9cm3
Water 109.0g
109.0cm3
585.0cm3 1013.0g
γs =2.65
341.1cm3 Solid 904.0g
Volumes Weights
Results
• From the three phase diagram we can find:
Ww 109 ( g )
– Moisture content, w w= = × 100 = 12.1%
Ws 904 ( g )
Vv 243.9cm3
– Void ratio, e e= = 3
= 0.715
Vs 341.1cm
Vv 243.9 (cm3 )
n= = × 100 = 41.7%
– Porosity, n VT 585.0 (cm 3 )
Vw 109
– Degree of saturation, S S = = × 100 = 44 . 7 %
Vv 243 . 9
W s 904 g
γd = = = 1 .55
– Dry unit weight, γd VT 585 cm 3
Measurement of the submerged density (or unit weight)
Now consider the submerged case, i.e., the two-
phase system has been put into the water:
M w − buoyancy = eρ w − eρ w = 0 and
M s − buoyancy = Gs ρ w − 1ρ w = (Gs − 1) ρ w
M t′ M w + M s 0 + (Gs − 1) ρ w (Gs − 1) ρ w
ρ submerg = ρ′ = = = =
Vt Vt 1+ e 1+ e
In a two-phase system, i.e., if S=100%, and we let
Vs=1, we then have:
Vt = 1 + e , since Vw = Vv = e
M w = ρ wVw = eρ w and
M s = ρ sVs = Gs ρ wVs = Gs ρ w
Thus, the saturated density is
M w + M s eρ w + Gs ρ w ρ w (e + Gs )
ρ sat = = =
Vt 1+ e 1+ e
and the dry density is
M s Gs ρ w
ρd = =
Vt 1+ e
Recall that the saturated density is
M w + M s ρ w ( e + Gs )
ρ sat = =
Vt 1+ e
If we do the following
( e + Gs ) ρ w (e + Gs ) ρ w − (1 + e) ρ w
ρ sat − ρ w = − ρw =
1+ e 1+ e
(e + Gs − 1 − e) ρ w (Gs − 1) ρ w
= = = ρ′
1+ e 1+ e
i.e., ρ ′ = ρ sat − ρ w
If you have got the submerged density ρ’ and
sure you know water density ρw
M w + M s ρ w ( e + Gs )
ρ sat = =
Vt 1+ e
You can calculate the saturated density ρsat.If you
know ρw then you can calculate the void ratio e. if
you think you can know e from the dry density ρd
Gs ρ w
ρd =
1+ e
You can also calculate the submerged density ρ’
when the sample is not 100% saturated.
(Gs − 1) ρ w + e( S − 1)
ρ′ =
1+ e
Reading Assignment:
Das, Ch. 3
Homework:
3.4, 3.5