18th – 19th CENTURY REVIVAL Due to inventions in metallurgy and

construction, new materials became available

for building:
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES
• structural iron and cast-iron
• Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life
• iron and glass
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain
• zinc
• Spread to continental Europe and to North America
• steel
• Created a new type of worker
• reinforced concrete
• Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
EARLY, HIGH AND LATE VICTORIAN PERIOD
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• In the forty-five years from 1850 to 1895,
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
architecture in Georgia advanced from
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed
simple Greek revival forms to the massive
suit
steel-frame skyscraper.
Social and Political changes:
• From the 1850s to the 1870s, Italianate
• Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic and Second Empire buildings were erected
institutions around the state, but most church
buildings were in the less popular Gothic
• Urbanization and rise in population revival.
• Growth of the bourgeoisie / middle class • From the late 1870s to 1895, Romanesque
Revival and Queen Anne styles
• Professionals and businessmen
predominated. Both were soon replaced,
Technological innovations: however, by Neoclassical design work as
the new century approached.
• Railways to easily transport people and goods
• KIMBALL HOUSE HOTEL designed by
• Improved drainage and sanitation Frederick G. Clausen
• Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity • CENTRALPRESBYTERIAN CHURCH
• Lift or elevator designed by Frank E. Edbrooke

• Growth of communications • OLD GOVERNOR’S MANSION

designed by Charles Clusky
• Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• WINDSOR HOTEL designed by
• International exhibitions of science and industry Charles Webb

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER HIGH VICTORIAN PERIOD

• The need to create an imposing effect
• Conservation of historic relics
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque,
the Gothic, the Renaissance, the Baroque
• It was an eclectic architectural style and movement
during the mid-late 19th century. It is seen by
architectural historians as either a sub-style of the
broader Gothic Revival style, or a separate style in
its own right.

• “age of revivals” • It is characterized by the use of polychrome (multi-

color) decoration, "use of varying texture", and
• “age of innovation” Gothic details.
• Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan) • ALL SAINTS MARGARET STREET designed
by William Butterfield
 • MANCHESTER TOWN HALL designed by
Alfred Waterhouse
• ROYAL COURTS OF JUSTICE designed by
George Edmund Street
• ALBERT MEMORIAL designed by George
Gilbert Scott
LATE VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN
• The Late Victorian Period covers the later half of
the 19th century, for a portion of the true reign of
Britain's Queen Victoria (1837-1901) for which this
era is named.
• This was the time period in American architecture
known for intricate and highly decorative styles. All
of these style are often described as "Victorian"
and indeed may buildings of this era borrowed
stylistic elements from several styles, and were not
pure examples of any.
ART NOUVEAU IN DIFFERENT REGIONS
(Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian,
Modernisme in Spain, Modern Style in England)
• WHAT IS ART NOUVEAU?
It is an international style of art,
architecture and applied art, especially the
decorative arts, known in different languages by
different names: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty
in Italian, Modernisme in Catalan, etc. In English it
is also known as the Modern Style (not to be
confused with Modernism and Modern
architecture). The style was most popular between
1890 and 1910.
ORIGINS OF ART NOUVEAU – BRUSSELS
(1893-1898)
 Hankar House by Paul Hankar (1893)
 Stairway of Hôtel Tassel by Victor
Horta (1892-1893)
 Bloemenwerf house in Brussels by
Henry Van de Velde (1895)
 Bloemenwerf chair made by Henry
Van de Velde (1895)
 Poster for the International
Exposition by Henri Privat-Livemont
(1897)
One major objective of Art Nouveau was
to break down the traditional distinction between
fine arts.
Sense of dynamism and movement, often
given by asymmetry and by curving lines, and the
use of modern materials, such as iron pillars and
railings, sculpted and curved in naturalistic designs.
• The style was inspired by natural forms and
structures, particularly the curved lines of
plants and flowers, and whiplash forms.
• It was most widely used in interior design,
graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles,
ceramics, jewelry and metal work.
• FEATURES:
- Asymmetrical shapes
- Extensive use of arches and
curved forms
- Curved glass
- Curving, plant-like embellishments
- Mosaics
- Stained glass
- Japanese motifs/floral motifs
 Abbesses (Paris Metro), by Hector
Guimard (1900)
 Interior of Hôtel Tassel by Victor
Horta (1892)
 Lamp by Louis Comfort Tiffany
 Wall cabinet by Louis Majorelle
 Lithograph by Alphonse Mucha (1897)
ART NOUVEAU IN INTERIOR DESIGN
Between 1890 and the mid-1910s, art
nouveau interior decorating emerged in London
and Paris and aimed to incorporate art and design
into everyday living. Even functional objects were
beautified and turned into works of art.
Charles Rennie Mackintosh was especially
well known for his art nouveau designs in this
period.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
• Flowing lines
• Inspiration from nature
• Uses wrought iron
POPULAR PATTERNS AND ORNAMENTS
• Flowers -lily, irises, orchids
• Beautiful woman in long curly hair
• Birds
• Whiplash curve
JUGENDSTIL IN GERMAN
• German Art Nouveau is commonly known by its
German name, Jugendstil, or "Youth Style".
• The name is taken from the artistic journal, Die
Jugend, or Youth, which was published in Munich. The
magazine was founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth.
• During the early 20th century, Jugendstil was applied
only to the graphic arts. It referred especially to the
forms of typography and graphic design found in
German magazines such as Jugend, Pan, and
Simplicissimus. (Important proponents of Jugendstil).
• Jugendstil art combined sinuous curves and more
geometric lines, and was used for covers of novels,
advertisements, and exhibition posters.
• Jugendstil evolved in two phases: a pre-1900 phase
dominated by floral motifs and Japanese art, notably
ukiyo-e prints; and a post-1900 phase, marked by a
tendency towards abstract art.
• Ernst Ludwig House by Joseph Maria
Olbrich (1900)
• Wedding tower in Darmstadt Artists’
Colony (1908)
• Spa complex Sprudelhof in Bad Nauheim
(1905-1911)
• Mexikoplatz station in Berlin by
Gustav Hart and Alfred Lesser (1902-
1904)
• Hackesche Höfe in Berlin (1906)
• Bülowstraße (Berlin U-Bahn)
by Bruno Möhring (1900-1902)
• Botanischer Garten station
(1908-1909)
• Berlin-Frohnau station
by Gustav Hart and Alfred Lesser
(1908-1910)
• Berlin-Pankow station
by Karl Cornelius and Ernst Schwartz
(1912-1914)
STILE LIBERTY IN ITALY
Italy's Stile Liberty took its name from the
London department store Liberty, the
colourful textiles of which were
particularly popular in Italy.
• Liberty (department store) by Edwin
Thomas Hall (1875)
• Notable Italian designers included Galileo
Chini, whose ceramics were inspired both
by majolica patterns and by Art Nouveau.
• Floral vase by Galileo Chini (1896-
1898
• Teatro Massimo in Palermo by
Ernesto Basile (1897)
• Palazzo Castiglioni by Giuseppe
Sommaruga (1901-1903)
• Casa Fenoglio-Lafleur in Turin by
Pietro Fenoglio (1902)
• The portal of Casa Campanini in Milan
by Alfredo Campanini (1903-1906)
MODERNISME IN SPAIN (CATALONIA)
• In 1888, for the occasion of the Universal Exhibition,
architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner unveiled his building
Castell dels Tres Dragons (Castle of the Three Dragons), a
design widely held to mark the beginning of Modernisme
as an architectural current. As the expansion of the city
rolled ahead, the became the testing ground for this new
architectural current.
• Castell dels Tres Dragons in Barcelonaby Lluís
Domènech i Montaner (1887-1888)
- a Café-Restaurant for the 1888 Universal
Exposition of Barcelona
- adopted from the 1865 play by Serafí
Pitarra
• Eixample Called as Quadrat d’Or (golden block)
- district of Barcelona
- constructed in the 19th and early 20th
centuries
Barcelona is famous for its modernist architecture,
this is undoubtedly in part thanks to the work of one man
in particular, architect Antoni Gaudí. His designs, more
than anyone else’s, have become some of the biggest
tourist attractions in the city and have even been awarded
UNESCO World Heritage status.
Antoni Gaudí i Cornet was born in 1852 in Reus, Spain. He
studied architecture at the Llotja School and the
Barcelona Higher School of Architecture, where he began
to develop his highly distinctive signature style.
After receiving his diploma, Gaudí took on a number of
design projects around Barcelona, ranging from ornate
lampposts to statement-making newsstands. Though
relatively small in scale, these works resulted in
recognition for Gaudí, culminating in the chance to exhibit
his work at the Paris World’s Fair of 1878. Here, he
showcased his designs for a factory, which were well-
received by the public and praised for their modernista
aesthetic.
Following his success at the World’s Fair, Gaudí became
deeply entwined with the new Modernisme movement in
Barcelona. Called the “Catalan Art Nouveau,”
Modernisme is characterized by several aesthetic
elements inspired by the popular genre: a preference for
curves over straight lines, attention to rich details and
decoration, an inclination toward asymmetrical
compositions, and designs modeled after organic motifs,
including foliage, flowers, animals, and insect wings.
Nicknamed “God’s architect,” Gaudí stated that he
designed and built all his work for the glory of God. He
didn’t marry or have children, instead focusing steadfastly
on his work and his Catholicism
Some of his prominent works:
• Sagrada Família basilica in Barcelona by Antoni
Gaudí (1883–)
- declared a World Heritage Site in 2005
- most famous work of Antoni Gaudi
- Sagrada Familia (Holy Family)
- Tallest bldg. in Catalan capital (when
finished)
• Guell Palace by Antoni Gaudí (1888)
- industrial tycoon Eusebi Güell and built
between 1886 and 1888.
- featured a parabolic arch and intricate
patterns of forged ironwork resembling
seaweed and in some parts a horsewhip.
- In 2004, visits by the public were
completely suspended due to renovations.
• Casa Milà by Antoni Gaudí (1906–1912)
- Also known as La Pedrera
- A part of the original UNESCO World
Heritage Site of “Works of AntoniGaudi”
since 1984
• Casa Batlló by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria
Jujol (1904–06)
- Referred to as the “House of Bones”
- hired by Joseph Batllo in 1904 to redesign
the bldg.
- Became part of the extended UNESCO
World Heritage Site of “Works of Antoni
Gaudi”
• Park Guell by Antoni Gaudí (1926)
- one of the most famous and beautiful public
parks in
the world even though it was never completed
- In 1984, it was recognized as a World
Heritage Site.
*works was inspired by his passions in life:
architecture, nature and religion.
* Gaudí designed all the architectural space filled
elements in his buildings, from works from forged
iron, furniture and ceramics to sculptures, mosaics
and stained glass windows.
Antoni Gaudí – A Man of Innovation
* constructional and functional innovations
*biomimicry
*use of hyperbolic paraboloid vaults
*use of inverted scale models of the proposed
structures
* integration of iron and reinforcement of concrete
into construction
*designing ceramic mosaics from waste pieces, a
new technique for stained glass, etc.
Other architects, such as Lluís Domènech i
Montaner, and Josep Puig i Cadafalch, were also pioneers
of Catalan modernism and left their mark on the city. The
Palau de la Música Catalana is a stunning example of
Modernisme, with its stained-glass windows, natural
motifs and colourful mosaic work.
• Palau de la Música Catalana ien Barcelona by
Lluís Domènech iMontaner(1905-1908)
• Hospital de Sant Pau by Lluis Domenech i
Montaner (1901–1930)
Together, these buildings form the legacy of a
cultural movement which is deeply rooted in Catalan
history and continues to shape the character and eternal
appeal of Barcelona as a cultural and artistic capital.
OTHER ARTISTIC INFLUENCES
Modernisme also incorporates details found in other
popular contemporaneous movements:
- the handmade approach prevalent in English
Arts and Crafts
- the ornamental, religious style of Gothic
Revival; and the tile decoration, columns,
and Moorish arches of Orientalism

MODERN STYLE IN ENGLAND
Art Nouveau had its roots in Britain, in the arts and
crafts movement of the 1880s, which called for a closer
union between the fine arts and decorative arts, and a
break away from historical styles to designs inspired by
function and nature. One notable early example is Arthur
Mackmurdo's design for the cover of his essay on the city
churches of Sir Christopher Wren, published in 1883.
The Liberty department store in London
played an important role, through its colourful
stylized floral designs for textiles, and the silver,
pewter, and jewellery designs of Manxman (of
Scottish descent) Archibald Knox. His jewellery
designs in materials and forms broke away entirely
from the historical traditions of jewellery design.
• Cover design by Arthur Mackmurdo for a
book on Christopher Wren (1883)
• Belt buckle by Archibald Knox for Liberty
Department Store
For Art Nouveau architecture and
furniture design, the most important centre in
Britain was Glasgow, with the creations of Charles
Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow School.
His architectural creations included the
Glasgow Herald Building (1894) and the library of
the Glasgow School of Art (1897). He also
established a major reputation as a furniture
designer and decorator, working closely with his
wife, Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh, a
prominent painter and designer.
Together they created striking designs
that combined geometric straight lines with gently
curving floral decoration, particularly a famous
symbol of the style, the Glasgow Rose.
• Willow Tearooms in Kelvingrove, Glasgow
by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, (1903)
• Embroidered panels
by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh
(1902)
• Glasgow Herald building
by Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1895)
• Glasgow School of Art
by Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1896)
The 3 Periods in America
POST COLONIAL (1778)
>> French Colonial
POTEAUX –EN-TERRE
• heavy upright cedar logs set vertically into
the ground; double pitched hipped roofs
surrounded by porches (galleries) to
handle hot summer climate.
BRIQUETTE-ENTRE-POTEAUX
• small brick between post, double louvered
doors, flared hip roofs, dormers, shutters.
>> Spanish Colonial
Board House
• a small one room cottage with the use of pit – son
soft wood, thatched roof. Uses limestone, shells,
ash, water and sand for floorings. (from quarries
Dutch Colonial
• built from small, one room cottage with stone walls
and steep roofs to allow second floor loft (New York
City and New Jersey) to two-story gable end homes
two linear plan with straight ended gables moved
to the end walls.
>> German Colonial
• Half- timber style of construction, frame of
braced timbers filled in masonry. The
“Bank House”, constructed into the hill
side to form a protection against hot and
cold climate of the region.
>> Mid-Atlantic Colonial
• Standard vernacular house with chimneys
of either wood or stone. I-plan format
(Vernacular House) features a gable, two
rooms in length, one room deep, two full
stories in height. The façade is
symmetrical (Plantation
Plain).
>> Georgian Colonial
• Defined by a living, dining, and a family
room: bedroom on second floor: two
chimneys.
1. FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820-1860 AD)
>> Greek Revival Style
• Revived the Greek style following the
Greek Temple. The last phase of
Neoclassical Architecture, mainly drawn
from Roman Architecture
>> Gothic Revival Style
• The western world (1740) England,
focuses on decorative patterns, finials,
and lancet windows.
>> Egyptian Revival Style • The residence was designed by Irish-born architect
James Hoban in the neoclassical and English
• Focuses on Ancient Egyptians’ sun dried
palladian style
bricks theme and obelisk.
Monticello

• Monticello was the primary plantation of Thomas

2. SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE
Jefferson, the third President of the United States.
>> 1st
• Located at Albemarl County, near Charlottesville,
• Romanesque and Gothic Inspiration Virginia, Us.

• Arts and Crafts movement in England
• Symbolizes a move away from
machine made goods and return to
traditional craftsmanship from the
style of Richardsonian Romanesque
founded by Henry Hobson
Richardson, the architect of the
Trinity Church in Boston that has
picturesque massing, rustic style, and
cylindrical towers.
• It was designed by American- born architect Pres.
Thomas Jefferson in the neoclassical and palladian
style.
The Robie House
• The Frederick C. Robie House is a U.S. National
Historic Landmark now on the campus of the
University of Chicago
• Located at 5757 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois.

>> 2nd • Built between 1909 and 1910, by architect Frank

• Italian and French Renaissance,
Ancient Greek and Roman, late Gothic
inspiration.
• Ecole des Beaux Artes (Ecole
Nationale Superieure des Beaux Arts,
Paris) School of Fine Arts that focuses
on classical antiquities, a form of
preserving arts from Cardinal
Taliesin East
Mazarine’s teachings.
>> 3rd
• Experiment and achievement, metal
frame construction, non-load bearing
curtain wall, elevators, and
skyscrapers.
Examples
(Domestic Buildings, Educational and Civic
Buildings, Commercial and Industrial)
The White House, Washington DC
Lloyd Wright
• Renowned as the greatest example of Prairie
School- the first architectural style considered
uniquely American.
• It was designated a National Historic Landmark on
November 27, 1963, and was on the first National
Register of Historic Places list of October 15, 1966.
• Taliesin sometimes known as Taliesin East, Taliesin
Spring Green, or Taliesin North after 1937, was the
estate of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
• Located at South of Spring Green, in Iowa County,
Wisconsin, United States.
• The design of the original building was consistent
with the design principles of the Prairie School,
emulating the flatness of the plains and the natural
limestone outcroppings of Wisconsin's Driftless
Area.
• The structure was completed in 1911.

• The White House is the official

residence and workplace of the
president of the United States.

• It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania

Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. and
has been the residence of every U.S.
president since John Adams in 1800.
 Virginia State Capitol • the building is located at the northwest corner of
South Michigan Avenue and Congress Street (now
• The Virginia State Capitol is the seat of
Ida B. Wells Drive).
state government of the Commonwealth
of Virginia • Architectural style: Late 19th and Early 20th
Century American Movements
• located in Richmond, the third capital city
of the U.S. state of Virginia. • As a young apprentice, Frank Lloyd Wright
worked on some of the interior design.
• The Capitol was designed by American-
born architect Thomas Jefferson and The Winslow House
French- born architect Charles-Louis
• The Winslow house was designed by architect
Clérisseau in France, based on the Maison
Frank Lloyd wright
Carrée in Nimes
• Located at 515 Auvergne Place in River Forest,
• Architectural style:Early Republic,
Illinois.
Palladian style
• The Winslow House, built in 1893–94, was his first
• Lincoln Memorial
major commission as an independent architect.
• The Lincoln Memorial is an American
• Wright always considered the Winslow House
national memorial built to honor the
extremely important to his career. Looking back
16th President of the United States,
on it in 1936, he described it as "the first 'prairie
Abraham Lincoln.
house'.“
• located on the western end of the
• The original owner, William Winslow
National Mall in Washington, D.C., across
from the Washington Monument. The United States Capitol
• The architect was Henry Bacon an • The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol
American Beau-art architect; the Building, is the home of the United States
designer of the primary statue – Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of
Abraham Lincoln, 1920 – was Daniel the U.S. federal government.
Chester French one of the most prolific
and acclaimed American sculptor. • It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of
the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
• Architectural style:Greek Revival

Merchants' Exchange Building

• The original building was completed in 1800 and
• The Merchants' Exchange Building is a was subsequently expanded, particularly with the
historic building located on the triangular addition of the massive dome, and expanded
site bounded by Dock Street, Third Street, chambers for the bicameral legislature
and Walnut Street in the Old City
neighborhood of Philadelphia, • the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical
Pennsylvania style and has a white exterior

• It was designed by architect William

Strickland, in the Greek Revival style, the
first national American architectural style
and built between 1832 and 1834.

• The building was declared a National Historic

Landmark in 2001.It is the oldest existing stock
exchange building in the United States, but is now
used as the headquarters of the Independence
National Historical Park.

Auditorium Building

• The Auditorium Building in Chicago is one of the

best-known designs of Louis Sullivan and Dankmar
Adler.