CHAPTER 2

Conceptual Framework and Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the related literature and studies to conceptual framework and

theoretical framework.

Figure 1

Show the concepts involved in the study. It illustrate the time management of working students

to manage their academic task and job related task. The data in this research will help in making

the intervention for the working students.

Time management Intervention

Of working students For the

•Academic Task Working students

•Job Related Task

Figure1. Conceptual Framewor

Goal Setting Theory

Goals assist us to properly focus and work towards achieving the things that are

important to us. The Goal-setting theory advanced by Locke can be used to effectively manage a

person's time. Personal goal setting enables a person to plan and therefore live life in their own

way. Personal goal setting enables a person to plan and therefore live life in their own way. By

setting goals that are both challenging and achievable, a person will have a clear idea of what

needs to be done and will be motivated to work towards the set goals. A person will therefore
avoid wasting time on activities that do not assist in the fulfillment of the desirable goals (Pynes,

2014).

Time Management Theory

This theory involves placing the activities that need our attention on a grid. The grid then

reveals how each activity is being categorized based on how soon it needs to be done. The grid

consists of 4 quadrants and each quadrant has a different priority level. The first grid which is

quadrant one has tasks that have the highest importance and bear urgency and therefore should

be done immediately. The second grid has important activities that are not as urgency refers to

the activities in this quadrant as “quality time” which means that while the activities are of

importance to the success of a company, they do not require to be done immediately. The third

grid consists of activities that bear urgency but are of no importance. This grid is therefore also

known as the distraction grid since the activities contained therein do not bear much importance

to helping one achieve goals. The forth grid contains activities that are neither urgent nor

important (Harris, 2014).

Bucket of Rocks Theory

Bucket of rocks is which offers insight into the order in which a person should work on

his activities. To properly manage time, one needs to know the level of importance that each

activity holds. The Bucket of Rocks theory (also referred to as the Pickle Jar Theory) offers

insight into the order in which a person should work on his activities (Mancini 2013).

Related Studies

Time management has been described using many different terms including spontaneity,

balance, flexibility, and having control over time. Time management has also been characterized

as a habit developed only through determination and practice and as setting priorities and
scheduling tasks. Time management can also be considered as the process by which an

individual more effectively accomplish tasks and goals (Lakein, 2013)

Time management involves determining that one should do by setting goals, deciding

which events are the most important and realizing that other activities will have to be scheduled

around them (prioritizing), making decisions about how much time to allow to certain task (time

estimation), adjusting to the unexpected (problem solving), reconsidering goals and priorities on

a regular basis (evaluation), and observing patterns and trends in behavior. The term “time

management” is misleading since time cannot be managed and controlled. Time is constant. So

“Time management” really mean “Self-Management”. The essence of time management is

managing yourself in such a way that you achieve better results in the time available. The

purpose of this problem will not lie with the actual number of hours available. Rather the

problem lies how well available time is utilized.

According to https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org management plays a vital role in improving

students working performance and achievements. Each and every students should have time to

management the ability which include setting goals and priorities using time management

mechanism and being organized in using time here time management is possible through self-

improvement, performance, ability and motivation.

In https://www.researchgate.net Each and every student should have time management

ability which includes setting goals & priorities, using time management mechanism and being

organized in using time. Senior high students are less prepared for senior high level work than

their predecessors. Once they get to college, they tend to spend fewer hours studying while

spending more hours working, some even full time.

 This study is also to identify the senior high student`s predominant study skill strengths

and weaknesses. Students' study skills were examined as a function of age, gender, year in

college, academic achievement, study time, and employment status. Students responded

positively to only 53.0% of the statements measuring study skills, with study skill weaknesses

being identified in the areas of note-taking, reading skills, and time management. Additionally,

study skills were related positively to age, GPA, and the number of hours spent studying each

week and related negatively to the number of hours spent working each week. A series of

discriminant analyses led to the identification of specific study behaviors that discriminated

various subgroups. Implications for intervention programs are discussed. This study will help to

analyze the positive or negative impact of time management on academic performance of

students.

Positive Impact and Negative Impact

Positive Impact is to increased independence, ability to budget, managing a schedule, and

gaining soft skills, such as communication and problem-solving skills. Some of the negative

effects are higher risk of dropping out, delayed graduation rates, and negative effects on

academic performance.

Profile of the Working Students and How They Manage Their Time

Working students face many challenges: they must balance work, school, extracurricular

activities and personal life. In addition to offering financial independence and satisfaction, a job

provides both training and experience and helps students develop time- management and

confidence skills. Working students are those students who work outside the school and having a

school responsibility too. Students have so many reasons to work outside at home. Others want
to work because they feel bored at home and by means of working they will able to amuse

themselves.

Theoretical Framework

Goal Setting Theory

Goals assist us to properly focus and work towards achieving the things that are

important to us. The Goal-setting theory advanced by Locke can be used to effectively manage a

person's time. Personal goal setting enables a person to plan and therefore live life in their own

way.

Bucket of Rocks Theory

Bucket of rocks is which offers insight into the order in which a person should work on

his activities. To properly manage time, one needs to know the level of importance that each

activity holds. The Bucket of Rocks theory (also referred to as the Pickle Jar Theory) offers

insight into the order in which a person should work on his activities.

Time Management Theory

This theory involves placing the activities that need our attention on a grid. The grid then

reveals how each activity is being categorized based on how soon it needs to be done. The grid

consists of 4 quadrants and each quadrant has a different priority level. The first grid which is

quadrant one has tasks that have the highest importance and bear urgency and therefore should

be done immediately. The second grid has important activities that are not as urgency refers to

the activities in this quadrant as “quality time” which means that while the activities are of
importance to the success of a company, they do not require to be done immediately. The third

grid consists of activities that bear urgency but are of no importance. This grid is therefore also

known as the distraction grid since the activities contained therein do not bear much importance

to helping one achieve goals. The forth grid contains activities that are neither urgent nor

important.

Why Time Management is Important?

Why time is the most important resource. In fact, the reason money is some important is

because it allows you more conveniences, which, you guessed it, free up more time. It's so

important that you have the time to do all the things you want to do, and spend time doing things

that aren't work-related. Time Management is the thinking skill that helps students to prioritize

tasks and accurately judge the amount of time needed to complete them. It helps them complete

activities in a timely fashion, and learn to manage and stick to a schedule.