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Objectives of Chapter 5:, X, and
Objectives of Chapter 5:, X, and
Objectives of Chapter 5:, X, and
Objectives of Chapter 5
Starting with the combined 1st and 2nd Laws and Euler’s theorem we can generate
the Fundamental Equation:
• Reversible, quasi-static
• Only PdV work
• Simple, open system (no KE, PE effects)
• For an n component system
n
dU = Td S − PdV + ∑ (H − TS )i dN i
i =1
n
d U = Td S − PdV + ∑ µ i dN i
i =1
f(a,b,…, x,y, … )
where a,b, … intensive variables are homogenous to zero order in mass and x,y,
extensive variables are homogeneous to the 1st degree in mass or moles (N).
if Y = ky and X = kx then
Modified: 11/19/03 1
f(a,b, …, X,Y, …) = k f(a,b, …, x,y, …)
and
⎛ ∂f ⎞ ⎛ ∂f ⎞
x⎜ ⎟ + y⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ... = (1) f (a, b,...x, y,...)
⎝ ∂x ⎠ a,b,..., y ,.. ⎝ ∂y ⎠ a,b,.., x,..
Fundamental Equation:
• Can be obtained via Euler integration of combined 1st and 2nd Laws
n
U = f u [S , V , N1 , N 2 ,..., N n ] = T S − PV + ∑ µ i N i
i =1
or
n
µ
S = f s [U , V , N1 , N 2 ,..., N n ] =
U P
+ V − ∑ i Ni
T T i =1 T
F ( x, y,z3 ,...,zn + 2 )
where x ≡ z1, y ≡ z2. Then expanding via the rules of multivariable calculus:
n+ 2
⎛ ∂F ⎞
dF = ∑ ⎜ ⎟dzi
i =1 ⎝ ∂zi ⎠
Now consider a process occurring at constant F with z3, .., zn+2 all held constant. Then
⎛ ∂F ⎞ ⎛ ∂F ⎞
dF = 0 = ⎜ ⎟ dx + ⎜ ⎟ dy
⎝ ∂x ⎠ y ,z3 ,... ⎝ ∂y ⎠ x ,z3 ,...
2
Rearranging, we get:
(∂F / ∂φ)x
(∂F / ∂y )x =
(∂y / ∂φ)x
⎛ ∂S ⎞ (∂S / ∂T )P C p / T
example: F ( x, y ) = S ( P, H ) and φ = T then ⎜ ⎟ = = = 1/ T
⎝ ∂H ⎠ P (∂H / ∂T )P Cp
(∂F / ∂y )x = 1 / (∂y / ∂F )x
example:
n
d U = Td S − PdV + ∑ µ i dN i
i =1
(∂T / ∂V ) S , N = U S V = U SV = −(∂P / ∂ S )V , N = U V S = U VS
3
Legendre Transforms:
( xi , ξ i ) ⎫
(S , T ) ⎪
⎪
(V , − P) ⎪⎪
⎬ Conjugate coordinates
(Ni , µi ) ⎪
( x i , Fi ) ⎪
⎪
( a , σ) ⎪⎭
(extensive, intensive)
k
y ( k ) = y ( 0) − ∑ ξi xi (k th transform) y (1) = A = U − T S
i =1
or by changing variable order to
U = f (V, S, N1,…,Nn),
y (1) = H = U + PV
4
General relationship Examples
k m n
dy (k )
= −∑ xi dξ i + ∑ ξ i dxi dy (1)
≡ d A = − SdT − PdV + ∑ µ i dN i
i =1 i = k +1 i =1
or
n
dy (1)
≡ d H = Td S + V dP + ∑ µ i dN i
i =1
m
y ( m)
=y ( 0)
− ∑ ξ i xi = 0 y ( n + 2) = 0 (total transform with m = n + 2)
i =1
m n
dy ( m) = −∑ xi dξ i = 0 dy ( n+ 2) = − SdT + V dP − ∑ N i dµ i = 0
i =1 i =1
(Gibbs-Duhem Equation)
∂ 2 y (k ) ⎛ ∂y ( 0) ⎞
yij( k ) = y (jik ) = (Maxwell relation) ξ i ≡ yi(0) = ⎜ ⎟
∂xi ∂x j ⎜ ∂x ⎟
⎝ i ⎠ x j [i ]
⎧⎪− xi i = 1 ⎫⎪
2 (0)
∂ y 2
∂ y
( 0)
yi(1) = ⎨ ⎬
y1(i0) = ( 0)
y11 = ⎪⎩ ξi i > 1⎪⎭
∂x1∂xi ∂x12
[ NB : ξi = yi( 0) as well for i > 1]
5
Reordering and Use of Tables 5.3-5.5
Table 5.3 – 2nd & 3rd order derivatives of [ yij(1) and yijk
(1)
] in terms of yii(0) , etc
Table 5.4 – Relations between 2nd order derivatives of jth Legendre transform
y ik( j ) and the basis function y ik(0)
Table 5.5 – Relationships among 2nd order derivatives of jth Legendre transform yik( j ) to
(j-q) transform y ik( j −q )
12
Modified: 11/19/03 6