SKILLS%Project%%

MOMENT%CONNECTIONS%–%PART%1%
LEARNING%OUTCOMES%

!  Design%process%for%moment?resis@ng%bolted%connec@ons%%
"  Joint%moment%resistance%
"  Joint%s@ffness%
"  Details%design%(welds,%bolts,%s@ffeners,%end?plate)%
!
!  Best%prac@ce%guidelines%for%moment%connec@ons%

3"
LIST%OF%CONTENTS%

!  Introduc@on%

!  Calcula@on%of%moment%resistance%

!  Calcula@on%of%shear%resistance%

!  Weld%design%

!  S@ffeners%

!  Calcula@on%of%joint%rota@onal%s@ffness%

!  Best%prac@ce%guidelines%

!  Conclusion%
4"
INTRODUCTION%
INTRODUCTION%
!  Types!of!moment!connec-ons!in!single1storey!buildings!

1.  Eaves!!
2.  Eaves!haunch!!
3.  Apex!
4.  Apex!haunch!
6"
5.  Intermediate!joint!
INTRODUCTION%

!  Typical!eaves!connec-on!

1.  Haunch!
2.  Compression!s-ffener!
3.  End1plate!
! 7"
INTRODUCTION%
!  Typical!apex!connec-on!

!  Alterna-ve!apex!connec-on!

1.  Haunch!fabricated!from!the!same!sec-on!
2.  S-ffening!plate!
! 8"
INTRODUCTION%
!  General!design!approach!according!to!EN!19931118!
"  Joint!is!modelled!as!an!assembly!of!basic!components!
"  Basic!components!are!localized!in!different!zones!of!a!joint!

Tension%zone%
!
Shear%zone%
!
!

Compression%zone%
9"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%?%GENERAL%

!  Design!steps!

"  Calculate!the! design! compression! resistance! in! the!

compression!zone!Fc,Rd!
"  Calculate! the! design! shear! resistance! of! the! column! web!
panel!(shear!zone)!Vwp,Rd!
"  Determine!the!poten-al!resistance!of!the!bolt!rows!in!the!
tension!zone!Ft,Rd(r)!
"  Calculate! the! effec-ve! design! tension! resistance! of! each!
bolt!row!Ftr,Rd!
"  Calculate!the!design!moment!resistance!of!the!joint!Mj,Rd!

11"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%GENERAL%
!
!  The! effec-ve! design! tension! resistance! for! each! individual!
bolt!row!may!be!limited!by:!
"  The!design!resistance!of!a!group!of!bolts!

"  The! s-ffness! of! the! column! flange! or! end1plate,! which!
may!preclude!a!plas-c!distribu-on!of!tension!forces!
"  The!shear!resistance!of!the!column!web!panel!

"  The!resistance!in!the!compression!zone!

12"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%

!  The!poten-al!design!tension!resistance!for!each!bolt!row!

Ft,Rd(r) = min(Ft,fc,Rd , Ft,wc,Rd , Ft,ep,Rd , Ft,wb,Rd ) EN!19931118!§!6.2.7.2(6)!

Component% Symbol% EN%1993?1?8%clause%number%

Column!flange!in!bending! Ft,fc,Rd! 6.2.6.4!and!Tables:!6.2,!6.4,!6.5!

Column!web!in!transverse! Ft,wc,Rd! 6.2.6.3!

tension!
End1plate!in!bending! Ft,ep,Rd! 6.2.6.5!and!Tables:!6.2,!6.6!
!
RaXer!beam!web!in! Ft,wb,Rd! 6.2.6.8!
tension! !

13"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
r!=!1!
!  Start! from! the! furthest! bolt!
r!=!2!
row! from! the! centre! of!
r!=!3!
compression!(r!=!1)! r!=!4!

!  Ignore! the! resistance! of! any! h1!

h2!
bolt! rows! closer! to! the! h3! h
4!
centre!of!compression!

!  Verify!subsequent!rows!both!
in!isola-on!and!as!a!part!of!a!
group! in! combina-on! with! Centre!of!!
rows!above! compression!
!
!  When!the!sum!of!the!resistances!of!tensile!bolt!rows!is!higher!
than!the!resistance!of!any!compressive!or!shear!component,!
the!other!bolt!rows!are!not!considered!in!the!calcula-on!!
14"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
!  Groups!of!bolt!rows!related!to!the!joint!basic!components!!
represen-ng!parts!of!a!column!and!a!raXer!beam!with!an!end1plate!

Group!1!+!2!
Group!1!+!2!+!3! Group!2!+!3!
Group!2!+!3!+!4!
Group!1!+!2!+!3!+!4!

15"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Determina@on%of%the%poten@al%tension%resistance%of:%
"  end?plate%in%bending%Ft,ep,Rd%
EN!19931118!§!6.2.4!
"  column%flange%in%bending%Ft,fc,Rd%
!
!  Real!yield!line!pa`erns!are!converted!into!an!equivalent!T1stub!
!
!  Each! possible! yield! line! pa`ern! is! described! by! a! length! of!
equivalent!T1stub!eff!
!
!  The!shortest!equivalent!T1stub!is!taken!(min!eff)!!

!  Effec-ve! length! of! equivalent! T1stub! is! necessary! to! calculate! the!
resistance!of!the!T1stub!

16"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Failure!modes!of!an!equivalent!T1stub!!

EN!19931118!§!6.2.4!Table!6.2!
!!

Mode%1% Mode%2% Mode%3%

The!flange!of!the!! The!flange!of!the!! The!bolts!are!cri-cal!
T1stub!is!the!cri-cal! T1stub!yields!and!the! component!and!the!
feature,!and!yields!! bolts!fail!at!the!same! resistance!is!the!
in!double!curvature! load! tension!resistance!of!
bending! the!bolts!
17"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Effec-ve!length!of!equivalent!T1stub!
!!

Circular!pa`erns!leff,cp! Non1circular!pa`erns!leff,nc!

Bolt?row%considered% Bolt?row%considered%as%part%%
individually% of%a%group%of%bolt?rows%
Mode!1:! leff,1!=!leff,nc!but!leff,1!≤!leff,cp! Σleff,1!=!Σleff,nc!but!Σleff,1!≤!Σleff,cp!
Mode!2:! leff,2!=!leff,nc! Σleff,2!=!Σleff,nc!

18"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Dimensions!of!equivalent!T1stub!flange! EN!19931118!Figure!6.2!
!!

19"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
% !  Determina-on!of!the!effec-ve!length!of!equivalent!T1stub!of!!
an!uns@ffened!column%flange%in%bending%Ft,fc,Rd%
!
EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.4!Table!6.4!
Bolt?row% Bolt?row%considered%individually% Bolt?row%considered%as%part%%
loca@on% of%a%group%of%bolt?rows%
Circular!! Non1circular! Circular!! Non1circular!
pa`erns!leff,cp! pa`erns"leff,nc! pa`erns!leff,cp! pa`erns!leff,nc!
Inner!! 2πm" 4m+1,25e" 2p" p"
bolt1row! !
End!! The!smaller!of:! The!smaller!of:! The!smaller!of:! The!smaller!of:!
bolt1row! 2πm,! 4m+1,25e,!2m πm+p,! 2m+0,625e+0,5p,!
πm+2e1! +0,625e+e1! 2e1+p" e1+0,5p"
! ! !

20"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
!  Determina-on!of!the!parameters!e1,!p"and"w:! for!an!extended!
for!an!uns-ffened!column!flange! for!a!s-ffened!column!flange! end1plate!

EN!19931118!§!3.5!Table!3.3! t = tmin = min(tp ,t fc )

Maximum%
Structures!made!from!steels!conforming!to:!
Minimum% EN!10025!(except!EN!1002515)! EN!1002515!
Steel!exposed! Steel!not!exposed! Steel!used!unprotected!
to!the!weather!or!other!corrosive!influences!
e1% 1,2d0! 4t!+!40mm! max(8t;!125mm)!
p$ 2,2d0! min(14t;!200mm)! min(14t;!200mm)! min(14tmin;!175mm)!
21"
w$ 2,4d0! min(14t;!200mm)! min(14t;!200mm)! min(14tmin;!175mm)!
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Determina-on!of!the!effec-ve!length!of!equivalent!T1stub!of!!
a!s@ffened!column%flange%in%bending%Ft,fc,Rd%
EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.4!Table!6.5!
Bolt?row%loca@on% Bolt?row%considered% Bolt?row%considered%as%part%%
individually% of%a%group%of%bolt?rows%
!
Circular!! Non1circular! Circular! Non1circular!
pa`erns!leff,cp! pa`erns!leff,nc! pa`erns!leff,cp! pa`erns!leff,nc!
Bolt1row!adjacent!to!! 2πm" αm" πm+p" 0,5p+αm!
a!s-ffener! 1(2m+0,625e)!
Other!inner!bolt1row! 2πm" 4m+1,25e" 2p" p"

Other!end!bolt1row! The!smaller!of:! The!smaller!of:! The!smaller!of:! The!smaller!of:!

2πm,! 4m+1,25e,! πm+p,! 2m+0,625e+0,5p,!
πm+2e1! 2m+0,625e+e1! 2e1+p" e1+0,5p"
End!bolt1row! The!smaller!of:! e1+αm! Not!relevant! Not!relevant!
adjacent!to!a!s-ffener! 2πm,! 1(2m+0,625e)!
πm+2e1!
22"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Values!of!α!for!!
s-ffened!column!flanges!!
and!end1plates%
EN!19931118!Figure!6.11!

m m2
λ1 = λ2 =
m+e m+e
23"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
% !  Determina-on!of!the!effec-ve!length!of!equivalent!T1stub!of!!
an!end?plate%in%bending%Ft,ep,Rd%
!
EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.5!Table!6.6!
Bolt?row%loca@on% Bolt?row%considered%% Bolt?row%considered%as%part%%
individually% of%a%group%of%bolt?rows%
Circular! Non1circular! Circular! Non1circular!
pa`erns!leff,cp! pa`erns!leff,nc! pa`erns!leff,cp! pa`erns!leff,nc!
Bolt1row!outside! Smallest!of:! Smallest!of:! 1! 1!
tension!flange!of!beam! 2πmx,!πmx 4mx+1,25ex,!e+2mx
+w,! +0,625ex,!
πmx+2e" 0,5bp,!!
0,5w+2mx+0,625ex!
First!bolt1row!below! 2πm" αm" πm+p" 0,5p+αm1(2m
tension!flange!of!beam! +0,625e)!
Other!inner!bolt1row! 2πm" 4m+1,25e" 2p" p"
Other!end!bolt1row! 2πm" 4m+1,25e" πm+p" 2m+0,625e+0,5p"

24"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Modelling!an!extended!end1plate!as!separate!T1stubs%
EN!19931118!Figure!6.10!

For!the!end1plate!extension,!use!ex!and!
mx!in!place!of!e!and!m!when!determining!
the!design!resistance!of!the!equivalent!T1
stub!flange.%

!
25"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
!  Calcula-on!of!the!resistance!of!the!T1stub!in!the!different!modes!
EN!19931118!§!6.2.4!Table!6.2!
Mode!1!
%
4(Mpl,1,Rd !
F =
T,1,Rd
2
Mpl,1,Rd = 0,25∑ leff,1t f fy / γ M0
m
Mode!2! 2)Mpl,2,Rd + n∑ Ft,Rd Mpl,2,Rd = 0,25∑ leff,2t f2 fy / γ M0
FT,2,Rd =
m+n n = emin ≤ 1,25m
Mode!3!
FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd

tf!–!thickness!of!an!equivalent!T1stub!flange!(tf"="tfc"or!tf"="tp)!
Ft,Rd!–!design!tension!resistance!of!bolt!!! 0,9 fub As
Ft,Rd =
! EN!19931118!§!3.6.1!Table!3.4! γ M2
ΣFt,Rd!–!the!total!of!Ft,Rd!!! for!all!bolts!in!the!T1stub!
γ M2 = 1,!!!!!!!1!par-al!safety!factor!for!bolts!
25
!!!!!!!1!par-al!safety!factor!for!resistance!of!cross1sec-ons!
γ M0 = 1,00
! 26"

!
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Determina@on%of%the%poten@al%tension%resistance%of:%
!
"  end?plate%in%bending%% Ft,ep,Rd = min(FT,1,Rd , FT,2,Rd , FT,3,Rd )
FT,1,Rd,!FT,2,Rd,!FT,3,Rd!–!design!resistances!of!the!T1stub!of!the!
different!modes!of!failure,!represen-ng!the!end1plate!in!
bending!

Ft,fc,Rd = min(FT,1,Rd ,FT,2,Rd ,FT,3,Rd )

"  column%flange%in%bending%
FT,1,Rd,! FT,2,Rd,! FT,3,Rd! –! design! resistances! of! the! T1stub! of! the!
different!modes!of!failure,!represen-ng!the!column!flange!in!
bending!

27"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Design%resistance%of%a%column%web%in%transverse%tension%Ft,wc,Rd%
ωbeff,t,wctwc fy,wc EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.3!
% Ft,wc,Rd =
where:!! γ M0
"ω! !is!a!reduc-on!factor!to!allow!for!the!interac-on!with!!
! shear! in! the! column! web! panel! (EN! 19931118! Table! 6.3),!!
!replacing!the!value!of!beff,c,wc!by!beff,t,wc.!
"beff,t,wc!is!an!effec-ve!width!of!the!column!web!in!tension;!for!
! !bolted! !connec-on!it!is!equal!to!the!effec-ve!length!of!
! !equivalent!T1stub!represen-ng!the!column!flange!
"twc! !is!the!thickness!of!the!column!web!
! γ M0! = 1,00 1!par-al!safety!factor!for!resistance!of!cross1sec-ons!
!

Note:! !S-ffeners!or!supplementary!web!plates!may!be!used!!
!to!increase!the!design!resistance!of!a!column!web.!
28"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
% Determina-on! of! the! reduc-on! factor! ω" for! the! interac-on!
with!shear!in!the!column!web!panel!!"! EN!19931118!Table!6.3!
Transforma@on%parameter%β% Reduc@on%factor%ω%
0!≤!β!≤!0,5! ω!!=!1!
0,5!<!β!<!1! ω!!=!ω1!+!2(1!–!β)(1!1!ω1)!
β!=!1! ω!!=!ω1!
1!<!β!<!2! ω!!=!ω1!+!(β!–1)(ω2!1!ω1)!
β!=!2! ω!!=!ω2!
! 1 ! 1
ω1 = ! ω2 = !
1 + 1,3(beff,c, wct wc / Avc )2 1 + 5,2(!beff,c, wct wc / Avc )2
Avc!is!the!shear!area!of!the!column! EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.1!
β!!!!is!the!transforma-on!parameter!! EN!19931118!§!5.3(7)!
EN!19931118!!
beff,c,wc!is!the!effec-ve!width!of!column!web!in!compression! §!6.2.6.2(1)!
29"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
% Determina@on%of%the%transforma@on%parameter%β%
"

For"singleAsided"joint"configuraGon:"
" β =1 EN!19931118!§!5.3(9)!or!Table!5.4!!

Determina@on%of%the%shear%area%of%the%column%Avc% $%
EN!19931111!!
!
§!6.2.6.1!
For!rolled!I!or!H!sec-ons,!load!parallel!to!web:!
! Avc = Ac − 2bfctfc + tfc (twc + 2rc ) ≥ ηhwctwc
For!welded!I!or!H!and!box!sec-ons,!load!parallel!to!web:!
! Avc = η ∑ hwctwc
For!welded!I!or!H!and!box!sec-ons,!load!parallel!to!flanges:!
! Avc = Ac − ∑ hwctwc
!

!η!may!be!conserva-vely!taken!equal!1,0!
!hwc!is!the!clear!depth!of!the!column!web!
30"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%TENSION%ZONE%
%
!  Design%resistance%of%a%beam%web%in%tension%Ft,wb,Rd%

beff,t,wbt wb fy,wb
Ft,wb,Rd = EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.8!
γ M0
!
where:!!
"beff,t,wb!is!an!effec-ve!width!of!the!beam!web!in!tension;!!
! !it!is!equal!to!the!effec-ve!length!of!equivalent!!
! !T1stub!represen-ng!the!end1plate!in!bending!for! ! !!an!
individual!bolt1row!or!bolt1group!
"twb! !is!the!thickness!of!the!beam!web!
! !!
! γ M0! = 1,00 1!par-al!safety!factor!for!resistance!of!cross1sec-ons!
!
31"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%
%
!  The!design!resistance!in!the!compression!zone!may!be!limited!by!

Fc,Rd = min(Fc,wc,Rd ,Fc,fb,Rd ,Fc,hb,Rd ) EN!19931118!§!6.2.7.2!

Component% Symbol% EN%1993?1?8%%

clause%number%
Column!web!in!transverse!compression! Fc,wc,Rd! 6.2.6.2!

Beam!flange!and!web!in!compression! Fc,o,Rd! 6.2.6.7!

Haunched!beam!in!compression! Fc,hb,Rd! 6.2.6.7/6.2.6.2!

The!compressive!resistance!of!the!haunched!beam!
should! be! considered! as! explained! in! EN! 19931118!
Table!6.1!(component!20)!!

32"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%
!  Design%resistance%of%a%column%web%in%transverse%compression%Fc,wc,Rd%
%
ωkwcbeff,c,wctwc fy,wc ωkwc ρbeff,c,wctwc fy,wc
Fc,wc,Rd =
!
≤ EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.2!
! γ M0 γ M1
where:!!
ω! !is!a!reduc-on!factor!to!allow!for!the!interac-on!with!
!shear!in!the!column!web!panel!(EN!19931118!Table!6.3)!
kwc! !is!a!reduc-on!factor!(EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.2(2))!
ρ !is!a!reduc-on!factor!for!plate!buckling!(EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.2(1))!
beff,c,wc!is!an!effec-ve!width!of!the!column!web!in!compression!!
! γ M1 ! = 1,00 1!par-al!safety!factor!for!resistance!of!members!
! γ M0! = 1,00 1!par-al!safety!factor!for!resistance!of!cross1sec-ons!
Note:!S-ffeners!or!supplementary!web!plates!may!be!used!to!
!increase!the!design!resistance!of!a!column!web.!
33"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%
!  Effec@ve%width%of%the%column%web%in%compression%beff,c,wc%
!
EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.2!
!
For!bolted!end1plate!connec-on:!
"
beff,c, wc = t fb + 2 2ap + 5(t fc + s) + sp
"
where:! s = t + c ≤ 2t
p p p
!
for!a!rolled!I!or!H!sec-on!column:!!!!!!for!a!welded!I!or!H!sec-on!
column:! s = rc s = 2ac
!
!!

34"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%

!  Reduc@on%factor%for%plate%buckling%ρ" EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.2(1)!
"
λ p − 0,2
"""!if λ"p ≤ 0,72" ⇒ ρ = "1,0 "or "if! λ p > 0,72 ⇒ ρ =
"
λ p2
λ p !is!the!plate!slenderness:! λ p = 0,932 beff,c, wcdwc fy,wc
2
! Et wc
!

"  for!a!rolled!I!or!H!sec-on!column:!! dwc = hc − 2(tfc + rc )

!

"  for!a!welded!I!or!H!sec-on!column:! dwc = hc − 2(t fc + 2ac )

!

hc! !is!the!height!of!the!column!cross1sec-on!

tfc! !is!the!column!flange!thickness!
rc! is!the!root!radius!of!an!I!or!H!sec-on!
ac! !is!the!column!flange!to!the!column!web!weld!thickness!
35"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%
!  Reduc@on%factor%kwc% EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.2(2)!
"
σ com,Ed
σ com,Ed"≤ 0,7 fy,"wc ⇒ kwc" = 1 "or" σ com,Ed > 0,7 fy,wc ⇒ kwc = 1,7 −
fy,wc
"
σcom,Ed!! is! the! maximum! longitudinal! compression! stress! due! to! axial!
force!and!bending!moment!in!the!column!web!(adjacent!to!the!root!
radius!for!a!rolled!sec-on!or!the!toe!of!the!weld!for!a!welded!sec-on)!
!
Generally! the! reduc-on! factor! kwc! is! 1,0! and! no! reduc-on! is!
necessary.! ! It! can! therefore! be! omi`ed! in! preliminary! calcula-ons!
when!the!longitudinal!stress!is!unknown!and!checked!later.!

36"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%
% !  Design%resistance%of%a%beam%(ra`er)%flange%in%compression%Fc,a,Rd%
! Mc,Rd EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.7!
Fc,fb,Rd =
where:!! (h − t fb )
Mc,Rd! ! is! the! design! moment! resistance! of! beam! cross1sec-on,!
!reduced!if!necessary!to!allow!for!shear!(EN!19931111!§!6.2.5);!for!
! haunched! beam,! such! as! a! raXer,! Mc,Rd! may! be! calculated!
!neglec-ng!the!intermediate!flange!
h ! is! the! depth! of! the! sec-on;! for! haunched! beam,! it! is! the!
depth!of!the!fabricated!sec-on!
to !is!the!flange!thickness!of!the!connected!beam;!for!haunched!
!beam,!it!is!the!thickness!of!the!haunch!flange!
!

If!the!height!of!the!beam!(including!the!haunch)!exceeds!600!mm!the!contribu-on!
of!the!beam!web!to!the!design!compression!resistance!should!be!limited!to!20%.!
Hence,!if!the!resistance!of!the!flange!is!tobofy,o!then:! t b f
fb fb y, fb
! Fc,fb,Rd ≤
37" 0,8
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%
!  Design% resistance% of% a% haunched% beam% (ra`er)% in% compression%
Fc,hb,Rd% EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.7(3)!
!

" Fc,wb,Rd
" Fc,hb,Rd =
F tan α
" c,wb,Rd
d
" Fc,hb,Rd
α (°)
"
"
ωkwb ρbeff,c,wbtwb fy,wb
Fc,wb,Rd =
Fc,hb,Rd γ M1
"
"
where:!!
Fc,wb,Rd! ! is! the! design! resistance! of! the! beam! web! to! transverse!
!compression!(according!to!EN!19931111!§!6.2.6.2)!
! 38"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%COMPRESSION%ZONE%
!  Effec@ve%width%of%the%beam%web%in%compression%beff,c,wb%
!

"
" t fb
" beff,c,wb = sinα + 5(t fb + rb )
" r b beff,c,wb
t fb
"
α (°) t /sinα
!
fb

t
! fb
Fc,wb,Rd
!
Other! parameters! in! the! expression! of! Fc,wb,Rd! :! ω,! kwb,! ρ! should!
be! calculated! similarly! to! the! parameters! of! Fc,wc,Rd! replacing!
par-cular! values! connected! with! the! column! by! the! proper!
values!connected!with!the!beam.!
39"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%–%SHEAR%ZONE%
%
!  Design%resistance%of%a%column%web%panel%in%shear%Vwp,Rd%
% 0,9 fy,wc Avc
! Vwp,Rd = EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.1!
! 3γ M0
Expression!given!above!is!valid!provided!that!the!column!web!
slenderness!sa-sfies!the!condi-on:!! d / t ≤ 69ε
w
where:!!
Avc! !is!the!shear!area!of!the!column!(EN!19931111!§!6.2.6(3))!
d !is!the!depth!of!the!column!web! 235
ε=
! fy,wc
γ M0 = 1!!!!!!!!!1!par-al!safety!factor!for!resistance!of!cross1sec-ons!
,00
!

Note:!S-ffeners!or!supplementary!web!plates!may!be!used!to!
!increase!the!design!resistance!of!a!column!web.!
40"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%?%ASSEMBLY%
Ft1,Rd"="min(Ft,Rd(1),"Fc,!Rd,"Vwp,Rd/β)"
Ft2,Rd"="min(Ft,Rd(2),"Fc,Rd"A"Ft1,Rd,Vwp,Rd/!β"A"Ft1,Rd)""
Ft3,Rd"="min(Ft,Rd(3),Ft,Rd(2+3)"A"Ft2,Rd,Fc,Rd"A"Ft1,Rd"A"Ft2,Rd,Vwp,Rd/!β"A"Ft1,Rd"A"Ft2,Rd)"

where:!!
Ft1,Rd!
β!!is!a!transforma-on!parameter;!
Ft2,Rd!!!!!!for!one1sided!connec-on!β!=!1,0!!
Ft3,Rd! EN!19931118!§!5.3(7)!or!Table!5.4!
h1! h2! h
3!
Each!value!of!F-,Rd!should!be!>!0.!
In!other!case,!when!F-,Rd!≤!0,!!
the!bolt!row!i!is!not!ac-ve!and!!
its!resistance!should!be!omi`ed.!

41"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%
!  Plas@c%distribu@on%of%forces%in%bolt%rows%%
%
Plas-c!distribu-on!of!forces!in!bolt!rows%is!permi`ed!
if!the!resistance!of!the!bolt!rows!Ftr,Rd! is!no!grater!
than!1,9!Ft,Rd! EN!19931118!§!6.2.7.2!(9)!
where:!
Ft,Rd!–!design!tension!resistance!of!bolt!
! EN!19931118!§!3.6.1!Table!3.4!
!
!!
If!Ftr,Rd!>!1,9!Ft,Rd!the!limit!is!applied.!!
The! effect! of! this! limita-on! is! to! apply! a! triangular!
distribu-on!of!bolt!row!forces.!
!
42"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%
% !  Reduc@on%of%the%design%tension%resistance%of%the%bolt?rows%%
!
Ftx,Rdhr
Ftr,Rd ≤
! hx
!
EN!19931118!§!6.2.7.2!(9)!

!
where:!! Triangular!distribu-on!of!bolt!row!forces!
Ftx,Rd! !is!the!design!tension!resistance!of!the!furthest!row!from! !the!
centre!of!compression!that!has!a!design!tension! !resistance!greater!
than!1,9Ft,Rd!
hx !!is!the!lever!arm!from!the!centre!of!compression!to!the! !row!
with!resistance!Ftx,Rd!
hr! !is!the!lever!arm!from!the!centre!of!compression!to!the! !row!
under!considera-on!
! 43"
CALCULATION%OF%MOMENT%RESISTANCE%?%ASSEMBLY%

The!design!moment!resistance!of!the!joint! EN!19931118!§!6.2.7.2!(1)!

Mj,Rd = ∑ Ftr,Rd hr
r
Ft1,Rd!
Ft2,Rd!
Ft3,Rd!
h1! h2! h
3!

Mj,Rd = Ft1,Rdh1 + Ft2,Rdh2 + Ft3,Rdh3

44"
CALCULATION%OF%SHEAR%RESISTANCE%
CALCULATION%OF%SHEAR%RESISTANCE%

!  The!bolts!at!the!bo`om!of!the!connec-on!are!allocated!to!carry!the!
ver-cal!shear!
!  The!bolts!must!be!verified!in!shear!and!bearing!

VEd ≤ ns ⋅ min(Fv,Rd ,Fb,Rd )

%
! EN!19931118!§!6.2.2(2)!
! where:!!
! V!Ed! ns!!! !is!the!number!of!bolts!carrying!the!ver-cal!
shear!(usually!there!are!bolts!in!the!lowest!rows)!
ns! Fv,Rd! !is!the!shear!resistance!of!the!bolt!
Fb,Rd! !is!a!bearing!resistance!of!the!bolt!!
(two!types!of!bearing!resistance!have!to!be!
considered:!of!the!end1plate!and!of!the!column!
flange)!!
! 46"
CALCULATION%OF%SHEAR%RESISTANCE%
!  Design%shear%resistance%for%an%individual%bolt%FV,Rd%

α v fub A
Fv,Rd = EN!19931118!Table!3.4!
! γ M2
!
" where!!the!shear!passes!through!the!threaded!por-on!of!the!bolt:!
"A"A!is!the!tensile!stress!area!of!the!bolt!As!
!1!for!classes!4.6,!5.6!and!8.8!=>!αv!=!0,6!
!1!for!classes!4.8,!5.8,!6.8!and!10.9!=>!αv!=!0,5!
" where!!the!shear!passes!through!the!unthreaded!por-on!of!the!bolt:!
"A"A!is!the!gross!cross!sec-on!of!the!bolt!
!1!αv!=!0,6!

47"
CALCULATION%OF%SHEAR%RESISTANCE%
!  Design%bearing%resistance%for%an%individual%bolt%Fb,Rd%
! k1α b fudt EN!19931118!Table!3.4!
Fb,Rd =
! γ M2
where:!!
αb !is!the!smallest!of!αd,"fub/fu"or!1,0!
fu ! !is!the!ul-mate!tensile!strength!of!the!material!of!either:!
!the!end1plate!or!the!column!flange!
fub! !is!the!ul-mate!tensile!strength!for!the!bolt!
t!=!tp! !when!the!bearing!resistance!of!the!end1plate!is!considered!or!
t"=!tfc! !when!the!bearing!resistance!of!the!column!flange!is!considered!
d !is!the!bolt!diameter!
γ M2! = 1,25 ! !!1!par-al!safety!factor!for!bolts!

48"
CALCULATION%OF%SHEAR%RESISTANCE%
!  Determina@on%of%αd% EN!19931118!Table!3.4!

"  In!the!direc-on!of!load!transfer:!
e1 p1 1
!for!end!bolts: α d! = ! !for!inner!bolts:! α d = −
3d 0 3d0 4
!
d0 ! !is!the!hole!diameter!for!a!bolt ! ! ! !!
e1! !is!the!end!distance!from!the!centre!of!a!bolt!hole!to!the!
!adjacent!end!of!any!part,!measured!in!the!direc-on!of!load!
!transfer!
p1 ! !is!the!spacing!between!centres!of!bolts!in!a!line!in!the!direc-on!
!of!load!transfer!
!

49"
CALCULATION%OF%SHEAR%RESISTANCE%
!  Determina@on%of%k1% EN!19931118!Table!3.4!
!

" Perpendicular!to!the!direc-on!of!load!transfer:!

!for!edge!bolts:! ! ! !for!inner!bolts:!
! e2 p2 p2
k = min(2,8 − 1,7; 1,4 − 1,7; 2,5) k1 = min(1,4 − 1,7; 2,5)
! 1 d0 d0 d0
!
d0 is!the!hole!diameter!for!a!bolt ! ! ! !!
e2 is!the!edge!distance!from!the!centre!of!a!bolt!hole!to!the!
!adjacent!edge!of!any!part,!measured!at!right!angles!to!the!
!direc-on!of!load!transfer!
p2! !is!the!spacing!measured!perpendicular!to!the!load!transfer!
!direc-on!between!adjacent!lines!of!bolts!
!
50"
WELD%DESIGN%
WELD%DESIGN%

!  Requirements%to%weld%design%

"  The!design!moment!resistance!of!the!joint!is!always!limited!by!
the!design!resistance!of!its!other!basic!components,!and!not!by!
the!design!resistance!of!the!welds;!! EN!19931118!§!6.2.3(4)!

"  Full1strength!welds!are!required!to!components!in!tension;!
"  If!the!joint!experiences!a!reversed!bending!moment!(or!seismic!
load),! the! weld! in! the! compression! zone! will! be! required! to!
carry!some!tension!force;!
"  Lamellar!tearing!shall!be!avoided!(guidance!on!lamellar!tearing!
is!given!in!EN!199311110).!

52"
WELD%DESIGN%

1.!Nominal!weld!(but!verified!for!tension!when!moment!is!reversed)!
2.!Con-nuous!fillet!weld!
3.!Full!strength!weld!

53"
WELD%DESIGN%

!  Tension%flange%welds%
%
"  The!welds!between!the!tension!flange!and!the!end!plate!must!be!
full!strength.!!
"  Common!prac-ce!is!to!design!the!welds!to!the!tension!flange!for!
a!force!which!is!the!lesser!of:!!!
1  The!tension!resistance!of!the!flange,!which!is!equal!to!!bf!!tf!!fy!
1  The! total! tension! force! in! the! top! three! bolt! rows! for! an!
extended!end!plate!or!the!total!tension!force!in!the!top!two!bolt!
rows!for!a!flush!end!plate.!

!
54"
WELD%DESIGN%

!  Compression%flange%welds%
%
"  Where!the!compression!flange!has!a!sawn!end,!a!bearing!fit!can!
be!assumed!between!the!flange!and!end!plate!and!nominal!fillet!
welds!will!suffice!(recommended!throat!thickness:!
a!=!4!÷!6!mm!for!to!≤!12!mm!or!a!=!6!÷!8!mm!for!to!>!12!mm!).!
"  If!a!bearing!fit!cannot!be!assumed,!then!the!weld!must!be!
designed!to!carry!the!full!compression!force.!
"  In!case!of!upliX!forces!and!seismic!forces,!the!welds!should!be!
verified!for!adequacy!under!this!combina-on!of!ac-ons.!!

55"
WELD%DESIGN%
!  Web%welds%?%Tension%zone%

"  Full!strength!welds!are!recommended.!!
"  The!full!strength!welds!to!the!web!tension!zone!should!extend!below!
the!bo`om!bolt!row!resis-ng!tension!by!a!distance!of!1,73g/2,!where!
g!is!the!gauge!(cross1centres)!of!the!bolts.!!
"  This!allows!an!effec-ve!
distribu-on!at!60°!from!
the!bolt!row!to!
Tension!!
the!end!plate.! zone!
!

Shear!
!zone!
56"
WELD%DESIGN%
!  Web%welds%?%Shear%zone%

The!resistance!of!the!beam!web!welds!for!ver-cal!shear!forces:!
!
!! Psw = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ fvw,d ⋅ Lws
where:!
a!! !is!the!fillet!weld!throat!thickness!
fvw,d! !is!the!design!strength!of!fillet!welds!! EN!19931118!§!4.5.3.3(3)!
! fu / 3
fvw.d =
! βwγ M2
Lws! !is!the!ver-cal!length!of!the!shear!zone!welds!(the!remainder!!
!of!the!web!not!iden-fied!as!the!tension!zone)!
fu!!!!!!!!is!the!nominal!ul-mate!tensile!strength!of!the!weaker!part!joined!
βw! !is!the!appropriate!correla-on!factor!taken!from!Table!4.1.!
57"
WELD%DESIGN%
%
EN!19931118!Table!4.1!
!  Correla-on!factor!βw!for!fillet!welds!

58"
STIFFENERS%
STIFFENERS%
!  Types%of%s@ffeners%
6 3

4
2

%
1 1
%
! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!! 1.!Compression!s-ffener!
! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! 2.!Column!flange!s-ffener!
5
! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! 3.!Cap!plate!
! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! 4.!Shear!s-ffener!
! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! 5.!Supplementary!web!plate!
! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !6.!End!plate!s-ffener!
! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !7.!Backing!plate!
60"
!
STIFFENERS%
S@ffener%type% Effect% Comments%

Compression% Increases!the!rigidity!and!the!resistance! Generally!required!in!portal!

s@ffener% to!compression! frame!connec-ons!!

Flange%s@ffener%in% Increases!the!bending!resistance!of!the!
the%tension%zone% column!flange!

Diagonal%shear% Improves!the!column!web!panel! A!common!solu-on!–!

s@ffener% resistance!and!also!strengthens!the! connec-ons!on!the!minor!axis!
tension!flange! may!be!more!complicated!

Supplementary% Increases!the!rigidity!and!the!resistance! Minor!axis!connec-ons!are!

web%plate% of!the!web!to!shear!and!compression! simplified.!Detail!involves!
much!welding!!

61"
STIFFENERS%
S@ffener%type% Effect% Comments%

End%plate% Increases!the!bending!resistance!of!the! Should!not!be!used!–!a!

s@ffener% end!plate! thicker!end!plate!should!be!
chosen.!

Cap%plate% Increases!the!bending!resistance!of!the! Usually!provided!in!the!

flange,!and!the!compression!resistance! column,!aligned!with!the!top!
(in!reversed!moment!situa-ons)! flange!of!the!raXer.!!

Flange%backing% Increases!the!bending!resistance!of!the! Only!effec-ve!to!increase!

plate% column!flange! mode!1!behaviour.!!

62"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%GENERAL%

1!–!Limit!for!Sj! EN!19931118!Figure!6.1!
!
Design%moment%–%rota@on%characteris@c%for%a%joint%
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%GENERAL%

!  Classifica@on%boundaries%depend!on:! EN!19931118!§!5.2.2.5!

"  The!ini-al!rota-onal!s-ffness!Sj,ini;!
"  The!second!moment!of!area!of!the!beam!Ib"and!of!the!column"Ic;!
"  The!span!of!the!beam!Lb"and!the!storey!height!of!the!column"Lc";"
"  Factor"kb"that"depends"on"the"sGffness"of"the"frame."
where:!
! kb! =! 8! ! for! frames! where! the! bracing! system! reduces! the!!!
!horizontal!displacement!by!at!least!80%!
!kb!=!25! !for!frames,!provided!that!in!every!storey!Kb/Kc!≥!0,1!
! EI EIc
Kb = b Kc =
Lb Lc
65"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%GENERAL%
%
Classifica@on%of%the%joint%by%s@ffness:%
! !!Zone!1:!rigid,!if!! S j,ini ≥ kbEIb /Lb

! !!Zone!2:!semi!1!rigid! 0,5EIb / Lb < S j,ini < kbEIb / Lb

! !!Zone!3:!nominally!pinned,!if!! S j,ini ≤ 0,5EIb / Lb

EN!19931118!Figure!5.4!
66"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%INITIAL%STIFFNESS%
%
!  Ini@al%rota@onal%s@ffness% EN!19931118!§!6.3.1(4)!

Ez 2
S j,ini =
1
∑i k
i

where:!
"E !is!the!modulus!of!elas-city!
"z !is!the!lever!arm! EN!19931118!§!6.2.7!
"ki !is!a!s-ffness!coefficient!for!basic!joint!component!i!

67"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%BASIC%COMPONENTS%

!  S@ffness%of%basic%components% EN!19931118!Table!6.10!

! S@ffness%coefficient% Joint%component%

k1! Column!web!panel!in!shear!

k2! Column!web!panel!in!compression!

k3! Column!web!in!tension!

k4! Column!flange!in!bending!

k5! End1plate!in!bending!

k10! Bolts!in!tension!

The!individual!s-ffness!coefficients!are!determined!in:!!
EN!19931118!Table!6.11!
68"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%BASIC%COMPONENTS%

EN!19931118!§!6.3.2!
!  Uns-ffened!column!web!panel!in!shear%

0,38Avc
k1 =
β ⋅z
!  S-ffened!column!web!panel!in!shear!!
(s-ffened!by!shear!s-ffener)!
k1 = ∞
"
"z !is!the!lever!arm!! EN!19931118!§!5.3(7)!
"β !is!the!transforma-on!parameter!
! !(in!case!of!single1sided!connec-ons!β!=!1)!
!
! 69"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%BASIC%COMPONENTS%

EN!19931118!§!6.3.2!
!  Uns-ffened!column!web!in!compression!"
%
0,7beff,c, wct wc
k2 =
dc

!  S-ffened!column!web!in!compression!!
(s-ffened!by!horizontal!s-ffeners)!
k2 = ∞

EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.2!
"beff,c,wc!is!the!effec-ve!width!!
"twc !is!the!thickness!of!the!column!web!
"dc !is!the!clear!depth!of!the!column!web!
70"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%BASIC%COMPONENTS%

!  Uns-ffened!or!s-ffened!column!web!in!tension!" EN!19931118!§!6.3.2!
% 0,7beff,t,wct wc
k3 =
dc
beff,t,wc !is!the!effec-ve!width!of!the!column!web!in!tension!
! !(for!a!single!bolt1row);!It!is"taken!as!equal!to!the!smallest!of!
!the!effec-ve!lengths!leff!(individually!or!as!a!part!of!group!of!
!bolts)!given!for!this!bolt1row!in:!
"  EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.3!Table!6.4!!for!an!uns-ffened!column!flange!
"  EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.3!Table!6.5!!for!a!s-ffened!column!flange!
!

twc !is!the!thickness!of!the!column!web!
dc! !is!the!clear!depth!of!the!column!web!

71"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%BASIC%COMPONENTS%
EN!19931118!§!6.3.2!

!  Column!flange!in!bending!(for!a!single!bolt1row!in!tension)!"
%
0,9lefft fc3
k4 =
m3
!
leff! "is"the!smallest!of!the!effec-ve!lengths!leff!(individually!or!as!a!
!part!of!group!of!bolts)!given!for!this!bolt1row!in:!
"  EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.3!Table!6.4!!for!an!uns-ffened!column!flange!
"  EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.3!Table!6.5!!for!a!s-ffened!column!flange!
!

tfc! !is!the!thickness!of!the!column!flange!
m! !is!defined!in!EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.4!Figure!6.8!!

72"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%BASIC%COMPONENTS%
EN!19931118!§!6.3.2!

!  End1plate!in!bending!(for!a!single!bolt1row!in!tension)!"
%
0,9lefftp3
k5 =
m3
!
leff" " "is"the!smallest!of!the!effec-ve!lengths!leff!(individually!or!as!
!a!part!of!group!of!bolts)!given!for!this!bolt1row!in!
! !EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.5!Table!6.6!
tp! is!the!thickness!of!the!end1plate!
m! is!defined!in!EN!19931118!§!6.2.6.5!Figures!6.10!and!6.11!!
!

73"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%?%BASIC%COMPONENTS%

EN!19931118!§!6.3.2!

!  Bolts!in!tension!(for!a!single!bolt1row!in!tension)!%

1,6 As
k10 =
Lb
!
As! is!the!tensile!stress!area!of!the!bolt!! EN!19931118!Table!3.4!
Lb! is! the! bolt! elonga-on! length,! taken! as! equal! to! the! grip!
!length!(total!thickness!of!material!and!washers),!plus!half!
!the!sum!of!the!height!of!the!bolt!head!and!the!height!of!
!the!nut!

74"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%–%GENERAL%METHOD%
!  Spring%model%for%mul@%bolt?rows%end?plate%joints%

75" EN!19931118!§!6.3.3!
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%–%GENERAL%METHOD%
Ez 2 EN!19931118!§!6.3.3!
!  Ini@al%rota@onal%s@ffness% S j,ini =
1 1 1
+ +
k1 k2 keq
!
keq !is!the!equivalent!s-ffness!coefficient!
∑k h
eff,r r
keq = r
hr % !is!the!distance!between!bolt1row!r!! zeq
! and!the!centre!of!compression!
keff,r ! is! the! effec-ve! s-ffness! coefficient! for! bolt1row! r! taking! into!
!account!the!s-ffness!coefficients!ki!for!the!basic!components!
zeq !is!the!equivalent!lever!arm! ∑ k h 2
1
!
eff,r r keff,r =
zeq = r 1
∑k h
eff,r r
∑i k
i,r
r

76"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%–%GENERAL%METHOD%

EN!19931118!§!6.3.3.1(4)!

In!the!case!of!an!eaves!joint!with!an!end1plate!connec-on,!
keq! should! be! based! upon! (and! replace)! the! s-ffness!
coefficients!ki!for:!
!
!  !The!column!web!in!tension!(k3)!
!  The!column!flange!in!bending!(k4)!
!  The!end1plate!in!bending!(k5)!
!  The!bolts!in!tension!(k10)!

77"
CALCULATION%OF%JOINT%ROTATIONAL%STIFFNESS%–%GENERAL%METHOD%

EN!19931118!§!6.3.3.1(4)!

In! the! case! of! an! apex! joint! with! bolted! end1plates,!
keq!should!be!based!upon!(and!replace)!the!s-ffness!
coefficients!ki!for:!
!
!  The!end1plate!in!bending!(k5)!
!  The!bolts!in!tension!(k10)!

78"
BEST%PRACTICE%GUIDELINES%
BEST%PRACTICE%GUIDELINES%?%EAVES%HAUNCH%

!  Addi-onal! triangular! cu}ng,! welded! below! the! raXer! beam! at!

the!connec-on!to!the!column;!
!  The!length!of!the!cu}ng!–!around!10%!of!the!span!(up!to!15%!of!
the!span!in!the!most!efficient!elas-c!designs);!
!  It!is!generally!cut!from!the!same!sec-on!as!the!raXer,!or!deeper!
and!heavier!sec-on,!or!fabricated!from!plate;!
!  Fabrica-on!of!haunch!cu}ngs:!
!
!

80"
BEST%PRACTICE%GUIDELINES%?%END%PLATE%

!  Generally!fabricated!from!S275!or!S235!steel;!
!  For! class! 8.8! bolts! and! steel! S275,! the! end! plate! thickness! should!
be!approximately!equal!to!the!bolt!diameter;!
!  It! should! be! wider! than! the! raXer! sec-on,! to! allow! a! weld! all!
around! the! flanges! and! extend! above! and! below! the! haunched!
sec-on,!to!allow!fillet!welds;!
!  In! the! compression! zone,! it! should! extend! bellow! the! fillet! weld!
(for! a! distance! ≥! tp),! to! maximise! the! s-ff! bearing! length! when!
verifying!the!column!in!compression:!
!

≥!tp!

81"
tp!
BEST%PRACTICE%GUIDELINES%?%STIFFENERS%

!  A! compression! s-ffener! is! usually! provided,! other! s-ffeners!

should!be!avoided!if!possible;!
!  Column! flange! s-ffeners! are! used! to! increase! the! resistance!
of!the!connec-on;!
!  Increased!resistance!can!also!be!achieved!by:!
"  providing!more!bolt!rows,!
"  increasing!the!depth!of!the!haunch,!
"  increasing!the!weight!of!the!column!sec-on,!
"  extending!the!end!plate!above!the!top!of!the!raXer.!
!

82"
BEST%PRACTICE%GUIDELINES%–%EXTENDED%END?PLATE%JOINT%

!  Example%of%an%extended%end%plate%connec@on:!

! !2!
!1!
!
!
!
!
!
! !!
! !1.!Extended!column!–!may!require!skew!cut!
! !2.!End!plate!s-ffener!–!not!preferred!
83"
BEST%PRACTICE%GUIDELINES%?%BOLTS%

!  Generally!M20!or!M24,!class!8.8!or!10.9;!
!  Fully!threaded!(the!same!bolts!may!be!used!throughout!a!building);!
!  They! are! generally! set! out! at! cross1centres! (gauge)! of! 90! or! 100!
mm;!
!  Ver-cal!pitch!is!generally!70!to!90!mm;!
!  Preloaded!bolts!are!not!required!in!portal!frame!connec-ons,!!
but! in! the! case! of! cyclic! loads! (fa-gue),! be`er! to! use! preloaded!
bolts.! The! use! of! preloaded! bolts! is! obligatory! in! the! case! of!
dissipa-ve!seismic!design!(DCM/DCH)!according!to!Eurocode!8.!

84"
BEST%PRACTICE%GUIDELINES%?%WELDS%
% & fy #& β wγ M2 #
!  Tension!flange!to!end1plate!weld! af ≥ t fb $
$ γ !!$$ f 2 !!
% M0 "% u "
& fy #& β wγ M2 #
!  Web!to!end1plate!weld! aw ≥ t wb $$ !!$$ !
!
% γ M0 "% uf 2 "
!
where:!!
!af! !is!the!weld!throat!thickness!of!the!tension!flange!!
!aw! !is!the!weld!throat!thickness!of!the!web!
!βw! !is!the!correla-on!factor! EN!19931118!Table!4.1!

!fy! !is!the!yield!strength!of!raXer!sec-on!
!fu! !is!the!nominal!ul-mate!strength!of!the!weaker!part!joined!
!! γ M0 = 1,0 γ M2 = 1,25
85"
CONCLUSION%
CONCLUSION%

!  Moment?resis@ng% bolted% end?plate% connec@ons% in% single% storey%

steel%framed%buildings%are%discussed.%

!  The%design% method% for% a% bolted% eaves% moment% connec@on% is%

presented.%

!  For%apex%(and%intermediate)%connec@ons%may%be%applied%the%same%
procedure% as% for% eaves% connec@ons% excep@ng% the% column% basic%
components%as%well%as%that%the%tension%zone%is%in%the%bojom%and%
the%compression%zone%in%the%top%of%the%joint.%

!  Best%
prac@ce% guidelines% on% appropriate% detailing% of% moment%
connec@ons%are%offered.%

87"
REFERENCES%
REFERENCES%
!  EN!19931111!–!Eurocode!3!Design!of!steel!structures!Part!111:!
General!rules!and!rules!for!buildings!!

!  EN!19931118!–!Eurocode!3!Design!of!steel!structures!–!Part!118:!
Design!of!joints!!

!  ArcelorMi`al!„Design!Manuals!for!Steel!Buildings!in!Europe”!

!  Access!Steel,!NCCI!„Design!of!portal!frame!eaves!connec-ons”!
SN041a1EN1EU!

!  The!Steel!Construc-on!Ins-tute!and!The!Bri-sh!Construc-onal!
Steelwork!Associa-on!Ltd.!„Joints!in!Steel!Construc-on!!–!
Moment!Connec-ons”,!P207/95!
!

89"
SKILLS%training%modules%have%been%developed%by%a%consor@um%of%organisa@ons%whose%logos%appear%at%the%bojom%of%this%
slide.%%The%material%is%under%a%crea@ve%commons%license%%
%
The%project%was%funded%with%support%from%the%European%Commission.%%%This%%module%reflects%only%the%views%of%the%
authors,%and%the%Commission%cannot%be%held%responsible%for%any%use%which%may%be%made%of%the%informa@on%contained%
therein.%