LOGARITHMS ‘A number written inthe form 4x10", where] 0,a4 1 and y >0 icc, the logarithm of a number y to the base ‘a’ is the index x of the power to which a must be raised to get that number ye The relations a” = y and logay =x are equivalent. When one relation is given, it can.be converted into the other. Thus veo logey =a) Find logs2, i.¢., find log of 2 to the base 4. Let x tial form is 4” The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater thaa | is always one Jess than the number of digi integral part of the number When a nuniber his scientific notation. Le 10" where | nwill give the Lexan] [Nusbee | Scents TS in the fe | E|Number <1 The characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than 1, is always negative and one more than the number of zeroes immediately after the decimal point of the umber. Write the characteristic of the log of following numbers by expressing them in scientific notation and noting the power of 10. 0.872, 0.02, 0.00345 | Number Scientific] Characteristic Notation (of the | Logarithm {0872 | 872x107 | (0.02 [2.0 x 10° “2 345x107 [3 a The fractional part of the logaritr 2 of a number is called the mantissa, Mantissa is always positive Find the mantissa of the logarithm. of 43.254 Rounding off 43.254 we consider only the four significant digits 4325 @ =~ We first locate the row corresponding to 43. in the log tables and (ii) Proceed horizontally till we reach the column cotresponding to 2. The number at the intersection is 6355. (iii) Again proceeding horizontally till the mean difference column corresponding to 5 intersects this row, we get the number 5 at the intersection. (iv) Adding the two numbers 6355 and 5 we get .6360 as the mantissa of the logarithm of 43.25. me Find the mantissa of the logarithm of 0.002347 Here also, we con four significant digits 2347 We first locate the row corresponding to 23 in the logarithm tables and proceed as before. Along the same row to its intersection with the ~—column corresponding to 4 the resulting number is 3692. The number at the intersection of this row and the mean difference column corresponding to 7 is 13. Hence the sum of 3692 and 13 gives the mantissa of the logarithm of 0,0023476 as 0.3705 Find Glog 278.23 (i) log 0.07058 ae (278.23 can be rounded off as 278.2 ‘The characteristic is 2 and the mantissa, using log tables, is 4443 Be log 278.23 = 24443 (i) The characteristic of log 0.07058 is ~2 which is written as 2 by convention. ider only theUsing log tables the mantissa is 8487, so that Log 0.07053 = 2.8487 Find the numbers whose logarithms are @ 4.3247 Gi) 2.1324 @ 1.3247 Reading along the. row corresponding to .32 (as mantissa = 0:3247), we get 2109 at the intersection of this row with the column corresponding to 4, The number at the intersection of this row and the mean difference column Qi. Find the common logarithm of the following numbers. 232.92 232.92 can be rounded off as 232.9 Characteristic = 2 Mantissa = 3672 Hence log 232.92 = 2.3672 i) 29.326 ; 29.326 can be rounded off as 29.33 Characteristic 1 Mantissa 4673 Hence log 29.326. . 1.4673 iii) 0.00032 Characteristic = 4 Mantissa = 5051 Hence log 0.0032 = 4.5051 iv) 0.3206 Characteristic = 1 Mantissa = 5060 corresponding to 7 is 3. Adding 2109 and 3 we get 2112. Since the characteristic is 1, it is increased by 1 (because there should be two digits in the integral part) and therefore the decimal point is fixed after two digits from left in 2112. Hence antilog of 1.3247 is 21.12. Gi) 2.1324 Proceeding as in (i) the significant figures corresponding to the mantissa 0.1324 are 1356. Since the characteristic is 2, its numerical value 2 is decreased by 1. Hence there will be one zero after the decimal point. Hence antilog of 2.1324 is 0.01356. Hence log 0.3206 = 1.5060 Q2. If log 31.09 = 1.4926, find the values of following: Dog. 3.109 Sol: log 3.109 Characteristic = 0 ‘Mantissa = 4926 So log 3.109 = 0.4926 ii) log 310.9 Sol: log 310.9 Characteristic = 2 Mantissa = 4926 So log 3109 = 2.4926 iif) tog 0.003109 Sol: log 0.003109 Charactetistic = 3 Mantissa 4926 So log 0.003109 = 3.4926 iv) log 0.3109Sok: log 0.3109 Characteristic i Mantissa 4926 So log 0.3109 = 4.4926 Q3. Find the numbers whose common logarithms are: ) 3.5621 let the number be x log x = 3.5621 Characteristic =e Mantissa, 5621 x=antilog 3.5621 = 3648 x= 3648 Hence 3648 is the required number iy 17427 Let the number be x Log x = 1.7427 Characteristic = i Mantissa = 7427 x=antilog 17427 = 0.5530 x= 0.5530, Hence 0,5530 is the required number Q4. What replacement for the unknown in each of following "will make the statement true? i) fog, 81=L In exponential form 3 =8l Bha3 = [LE4 Bases are equal so exponents are equal f) log, 6=0.5 In exponential form a 26 HD or 1 a=6 Squaring both side 10” = 40 In logarithmic form Logie 40 =P Jog 40 =P Characteristic = 1 Mantissa = 6021 P = 1.6021 Evaluate log, a 128 1 Let x=Log, x e298 In exponential form Jog 512 to the base 2/2 log, j, 512 Let x= log, ,; 512 In exponential formii) wae = dies ox + Evaluate the value of ‘x’ from the following statements. log,x=5 In exponential form = log,,9= x In exponential form Br=9 (vy =9 a9 = d& In exponential form (64)? =8 (s*)'=8 at ey ek: iv) log, 64=2 In exponential form » Binx => fx=s1 In this section we shall prove the laws of logatithm and then apply them to find products, quotients, powers and roots of numbers. @ Toga(mn) = Gi) log, (2) if log, m+log, n log, m—log,n Gil) logy m™ = nlogym (iv) log, a = log, nxlog,b or = ‘een log, a (@)_ loga(mn) = logan + logan: Letloggm=x and log,n=yWriting in exponential form =m anda’ =n a\xa* =mn ies at oman or log, (mnj=x+y tog, m-+log, log, (mn)=log, m+log, n (i) log,(mn)#log, mxlog, n (i) log, mtlog, n#log, Gu bn) (i) logs (omnp..)=tog, mHlogs o-Hogaph. ‘The rule given above is asefial in finding the product of two or more numbers using fogarithms. Re Evaluate 291.3 x 42.36, Let x = = 2913. x 4236 Then log x = log(291.3 x 42.36) = 10g291.3 + log42.36 (loggmn = login + loge) 2.4643 + 1.6269 = 4.0912 x = antilog 4.0912 = 12340 Evaluate 0.2913 x 0.004236. Tet y = 0.2913 x 0.004236 Then logy = fog 0.2913 + log 0.004236 Jogy = 1.4643 + 3.6269 lopy = 3.0912 y = anti log 3.0912 y = 0.001234 fi) log, 2) =log,m-legan 7 Let log, m=. and log, tis log, (2)=x->=tos m-log,n n Hence wo Ne log, m~log, 7 ny se fm) toa, 0 @ t0g,,{ a} 2% ln Gi) log, m—log,n # log, Gun) Oy Iho, logy thane Gi) (flog, 19) 291.3 42.36 Then log x = log 291.3 log 42.36, .... so that log x=log (log, Meloe, m-log,n) log x = 2.4643 — 1.6269 = 0.8374 ‘Thus antilog 0.8374 = 6.877 Evaluate ———~ 0,000 Let y= 0.0002913 0.04236 ( ee) \ 0.04236 then log y = log 0.002913 — 1og0.04236 0.0002913 0.04236 so that log y=log. \ logy = 3.4643 — 2.6269 = 3+ (0.4643 — 0,6269) - 2 = 3-0.1626-2 = 3 + (1 ~ 0.1626) ~ (adding and subtracting 1) = 2.8374 (. 3-1-2=3-1-(:2)=-2= 2) Therefore, y = antilog 2.8374 y = 0.06877 ii) log.(n") = nlog,m: Then =m =a)" ie, a =(@Y"=a"—> x=ny ie, logy" =nlog,m Evaluate (0.0163) Let y = (0.0163) = 0.0163)" logy=3 oz0.0163) =3xd2102 _8+2.6366 |g = 2+0,6592=2.6592 Hence y =antilog 2.6592 = 0.04562 (iv) Change of Base Formula: log, n log, n=log, nxtog, b or SEL” og, 81 1108, bea Let log,n=x sothat = n=b* Taking log to the base a, we have log, n=log, 6” =xlog, b= log, nlog, b Thus log, n=log, nlog, b......( Putting n = a in the above result, we get log, axlog, b=log, a=1 1 log,a Hence equation (i) gives or log, b= BR Gi) log,» Using the above rule, a natural logarithm can be converted to a common logarithm and vice versa. log, n=logyg nxlog, 10 or 10810" logyye log. n log, 10 The values of log, 10 and logy eare available from the tables: Jog, 10=—1=2,3026 and 0.4343 logig n=log, nxlogyge or logig e=log 2.718=0.4343 Calculate log, 3xlog;8 We know thatog, n= 22! log, a log, 3xlog,8 = 1083,,!088 jog2“log3 Exerc Ql. Write the following into sum or difference. i) log(AxB) Sok log(AxB) = logA+logB fi) Jog 52 Sol: tog 222 = log 15.2 — log 305 tii) log 212 Sol: tog 72 = log 21 + log 5— log 8 q iy) log d i) top Xu 7 1, (7 Sot: tog YZ =o 7) =Stoe( 2 aT ee( 5) se( 3) = +07 —log 15) (22)5 Yee 1 22) : Sot: toe! - = log(22)3 —logs* 2 $log22—Hog5s 25x47 i) 1 we = log 25 + log 47 ~ log 29 Q2. Express log x~2log.x+3log(x+1)—log(x’~1) as a single logarithm se 3.3 Sol: log x—2log x +3log(x+1)—log(x*—1) = log x—log x° +log(+1)’ -log(x?-1) =log x +og(x+1)° log x —log(x" -1) (x+1) x(x-I)(41) (x41 =log =log x( Q3. Write the following in the form of a single logarithm. Jog 21 + log 5 Sol: log 21 + log 5 = log21x5 ii) log 25-2 log3 = log 25 — log” = log 25 = log = ey oa iii) 2logx—3log y 2log.x~3log y = log x? log y* 2 x = boas iv) logS+log6—log2 Sol: logS+log6—log2 5x6 = log aQ4. Calculate the following: 1) log, 2xlog, 81 Sol: As we know that Jog, = feet log, a 4log3 log3” =4 Hi) log, 3xlog, 25 Sok: s we know that log, n log, 953.08 yloats logs log log, n= log, 3xlog, —loe25 logs _ logs? log 2lo; O85 =2 Q5. If log 2 = 0.3010, log3 =0.4771, log 5 = 0.6990, then find the values of the following, i) tog 32 Sol: log 32 log =Slog2 = 5(0.3010) ii) iti) iv) vy 050 log 24 = log8x3 =log2'x3 log 2° +1og3 3log2+log3 =3(0.3010)+0.4771 0,9030+0.4771 » = log — ees = log 2? -log3 =3log 2—log3 =3(0.3010)-0.4771 = 0.4259 Jog30 =log2x3x5 =log2+log3+log5 = 0.3010+0.47714-0.6990 =L4771Show that. 7og 18 +5103 59 Hog 8 tog, 80 25 LHS =71 ae +log log oe oe ‘logs. logis) 10025 Ae +3flog81~—log80] ‘Mog 2* —log (3x5)]+51 [log 5? log (2?x3)}4 3flog 34 — log (27 x5)} = Ti4log2—log3-1og5]+5{2log5—3log2—log3] +3(4log 3—4iog 2-log5] = (28-15—12)log 2+ (—-7—5+12) log3+(-7+103) log = log2+0+0=log2 =R.H.S xample Evaluate: ,|9.07921x (18.99) (5.79)* 0.9474 Lety = + ,|0.07921%(18.99)? 5.79)" 0.9474 0.07921««18.99)2 (5.79)'x0.9474 Logy = i eee =log| “OEE CE 3 (5.79) «0.9474 = fllog(0.07920x118.99)") log. 79)" x0.9474}] = [llog0.07921--2Iogh8 99 410g5.79—1og0.9474) [2.8988+ 2(1.2786)—4(0.7627) -1.9765] <[2.8988+2.5572—3.0508-1.9765] [-2+0.8988 + 2.5572 -3.0508 + |-0.9765] (2.4287) eleete a9 (i ls = =(3+1.4287, 3 7) = 140.4762=14762 2993 antilog 1.4762=0. Example Given A = Age ™. If k = 2, what should be the value of d to make A a4 ? Given that A = Aye** => Substituting k= 2 and A= fe ad we get — Taking common log on both sides, logio 1 — logic? = -2d logiwe, where ¢ = 2.718 0 — 0.3010 = —2d (0.4343) 3010 =0,3465 2x 0.4343 ad =QU. Use log tables to find the values of ) 0.8176 x 13.64 Sol: Let x=0.8176 x 13.64 Taking log of both sides log x = log 0.8176%13.64 log x =10g0.8176 + log 13.64 7.9125 +1.1348 140.9125 + 1.1348, log x =1.0473 Characteristics = Mantissa = 0473 x=antilog 1.0473 = 1115 i) (789.5) 1 Sol: Let x=(789.5)t Taking log of both sides 1 log x= log (789.5)# Hog (789.5) 1 ah (D4 (28974) log x= 0.3622 Characteristics Mantissa 3622 x =antilog 0.3622. = 2.302 0.678x9.01 0.0234 0.678x9.01 0.0234 Taking log of both sides 0.678x9.01 0.0234 fii) Let x= log x= log = log 0.678 + log9.01—log 0.0234 = 183124 0.9547 (2.3692) 1+.0.8312 40.9547 -(-2+ 0.3692) =~140.8312+0.9547 + 2-0.3692 logx=2.4167 Characteristics = 2 Mantissa = 4167 x =antilog 2.4167 = 261.0 iv) ¥2.709x4/1.230 Sok: Let x= 9/2.709xV/1.239 Taking log of both sides 1 1 log x =log(2.709)5 x(1.239)? = fog (2.709) + og(1.239)? = je0(2.709) + Flog 1.239) = (04328) +2(0.0931) = 0.0866 +0.0133 log x =0,0999 Characteristics = 0 (1.23)(0.6975) (0.0075)(1278) Sol: Taking log of both sides tog x= lon (1:23)(0.6975) OB ¥ 108 (0,0075)(1278) = log 1.23 + log 0.6975 — log 0.0075—log 1278 = 0.0899 + 1.8435—3.8751-3.1065 = 0.0899 -1+0.8435+3-0.8751-3.1065log x =~1.0482 =-2+2-1.0482 =-2+0.9518 logx=29518 Characteristics = 3 Mantissa = 9518 x= antilog 29518 = 0.0895 vb) 4{0:7214% 20.37 60.8 Tat lea 0.7214 20,37 q 60.8 1 - erussaaiy 0.8 Taking log of both sides 1 loex=l {azziexanan " Bx = log) 1 (oman?) = clog) ee? 3 60.8 = +(logo.7214+ log 20.37 —log 60.8) = 7(L8582+1.3000~1.7839) a 3 (-1+0.8582+ 1,3090~-1.7839) Characteristics = I Mantissa = 7944 x= antilog 1.7944 = 0.6229 83x92. 127x 9246 Sot: Let x= 23%492_ 127x246 t 83x(92)) > T 127(246)5 Taking log of both sides 1 ‘92)3 Jogx=log 82*(92)?_ 127x(246)5 ' ‘ =log83+ log (92)? log 127 —log (246)5 = log83+ H10g(92) ~Iog 127 ~ flog (246) =191914 3(1.9638)-2.1038-3 (2.391) =1,9191+0.6546 -2.1038-0.4782 log x= 0.0083 Characteristics = 1 Mantissa = 9917 x=antilog 19917 = 0.9811 (438)° J0.056 (388)! + (438) v0.056 (388)° viii) Sol: Let (438)'x(0.056)? ~~ (388)! xsTaking log of both sides 438)’ (0.056)? soa =tog (1387 (0.086) (388) ; 1 5 = log(438)" +log (0.056)? ~log (388) =3log (438) % log (0.056) —4log (388) ~3(2.6413)+5 (27482) —4(2.5888) = 3(2.6415) + 3(-2+0:1482) -4(2.5888) =7.9245+ $(-1.2s18)-103552 = 7.9245—0,6259- 10.3552 log x= 3.0566 =-444-3.0566 = 440.9434 log x= 4.9434 Characteristic = 4 Mantissa = = 9434 x= antilog 4.9434 = 0.0008778 Q2. A gas is expanding according to the law PV" =C. Find C when P=80, V=3.1 and n=2. 4 Sol: Py"=C ‘Taking log of both sides: log PV" = log logP-+ log V" =log log =logP+nlogV Putting P=80, V=3.1 and n -4 logC = log 80+ Fle 3.1 =1.90314+20 4914) =1.9031+0.6143 log = 2.5174 Characteristic = 2 Mantissa = 5174 C= antilog 2.5174 C= 329.2 unit i Q3. The formuta p=90(5) applies to the demand of a product, where ‘q) is the number of units and p is the price of one unit. How many units will be demanded if the price is Rs. 18.00? Sol: p=90(5) q=? and p=Rs. 18.00 As p=90(5) 7 - 18 =90(5)!0 ‘Taking log of both sides log18 = log90(5) logl8 = log 90+1og(5) 10 -@ log8—log90 = logs log 8— log 90 = tog 10(log18-1og90) =~-qlog5 10(1.2553-1.9542) = -9 (0.6990) 6.989 = ~q (0.6990) = — 9(0.6990)=6.989 = 6:89 7 0.6090 = 9.998 q=10 approximatelySo 10 units will be demanded OR p=90 (3) % Taking log of both sides log p = log 90 (5) % Jog p= log 90+ log (5) % log p= log 90 a0 log 5 a &, log 5= log 90 - log p a log 5 = log 90 - log. 4. log 5 ig 8° 4 jog S=log 5 10 mei “a lees 10 “logs ==) 10, = 10 Units OL Azar? As Asar Taking'tog of both sides lug A=logar? slogr+logr? = log +2log r =p 2? + 2tog1s = log 22—log 7 +2log13 =1,3424—0.845 1+ 2(1.1761) =1.3424-0.8451+2.3522 log A =2.8495 Charaetei Mantissa A=antilog 2.8495 A= 071 0. if vetar'h, find vy when f=2.5 and kh=4.2 arh Taking log of both sides 13 ke =log-ar’h logy slog Lar slog tog + loge? +logh =log +g 2 slog blogh =logl—log3+log 22—log7 + 2log2.5-+log 4.2 =0-G.4771+1.3424-0,8451+2(0,3979)+0.6232 logy =1,4392 Characteristics = 1 Mantissa = 4392 antilog 1.4392Q@. i Sol. it) Sol. iti) Sol. iv) Sol. Pa ct es Find the value of ‘%’ in following. logs x= 5 logs x=5 In exponential form s In exponential form 4° =256 4 =4* x= 1 logas S=— 7 loges $=4x os S=7 In exponential form (625) =5 logs x=—2 a) In exponential form 2 x=643 x=) the ii) iii) iv) Find the value of ‘x? in the following, log x = 2.4543 Characteristic = 2 Mantissa = 4543, x = antilog 2.4543 = 284.6 log x = 0.1821 Characteristic = 0 Mantissa = .1821 x = antilog 0.1821 =1521 log x = 0.0044 Characteristic = 0 Mantissa = 0044 antilog 0.0044 1,010 Jog x = 1.6238 Characteristic Mantissa If log? = 0.3010, log3 = 0.4771 and log 5 = 0.6990, then find the values of the following. loga5 logsfi) i) slog 9x5 = log 3 +log5 = 2log3+log5 = 2(0.4771)+0.6990 = 0.9542 +0.6990 = 1.6532 gl 15 2 3x5 = log 2 —log3—log5 = 4log2—log3—log 5 = 4(0.3010)-0.4771-0.6990 = 1.2040—-0.4771-0.6990 = 0.0279 log 0.048 = log = 0800 16x3 “10 = tog 29 Bxe = 1023 = bos = log = log2+1og3—logs* = log2+log3—3log5 = 0.3010+ 0.4771 -3(0.6990) = 1.3189 242-1389 = 240.6811 6811 Simplify the following: 25.47 Sol. ii) Sol. iii) Sol: 1 Let x =(25.47)3 Taking log of both sides log x = log (25.47)3 2 log (25.47) = 241.4060) a log x = 0.4687 Characteristic = 0 Mantissa = 4687 x= antilog 0.4687 x=2.942 7342.2 1 Let x = (342.2)5 Taking log of both sides " Log x = log (342.2)5 = flog (342.2) = Leossas) 5 log x = 0.5069 Characteristic = 0 Mantissa = .5069 x =antilog 0.5069 x=3.213 (8.97) x(3.95)° 8.97) x3.95)" (s.37)8 Taking log of both sides 2 (15.37)5 Letx= log x =log= log(8.97)° +1og(3.95)° log (15.37) =3log (8.97) +210g(3.95)~H10g(15.37) =3(0.9528)+2(0.5966)- 11.1867) Objec 4, Ifa*=n, then (@) a=tog,n (6) X=logaa (c) x= logan (d) a= bog,x 2. The relation of y = log, x implies (@ =z (b) Or=y @ » 3. The logarithm of unity to any base is @ i @ 10 © ©« @ 0 4. The logarithm of any number to itself as base is__ @ 1 b) 0 «) -1 @ 10 5. loge =__ where e = 2.718 @) 0 — () 0.4343 © » @ i 6. ‘The value otte(?) is__ (a) log p—log q () eee logq (©) logp+logq (@ — logq-logp 7. logm' can be written as (@) — (logm)" (b) mlog n (© nlogm (d) log (mn) = 2.8584-41.1932-0.3956 log x = 3.6560 Characteristic = 3 Mantissa = 6560 x= antilog 3.6560 x= 4529 iS 8, tog, axlog. b can be written as__ (a) log,a (Bb) dogg e (c) log,b (d) logue 9. Log, x will be equal to__ (a 8X qm Bs log, z log, z Weg Ee log, ¥ log, x 10. For common logarithm, the base is, (a) 2 ) 10 © e @ 1 11, For natural logarithm, the base is__ @ 10 ) oe © 2 @® 1 12, The integral part of the common logarithm of a number is called the__ (a) Characteristic (b) Mantissa (©) Logarithm —(d)_ None 13. ‘The decimal part of the common logarithm of a number is called the (a) Characteristic (6) Mantissa (c) Logarithm — (@) None14, 1s. 18. 19. If x=log y, then y is called the (a) Logarithm — (b)Antilogarithm 8X | (©) Characteristic (d) None 8 pasion @ enim 20. 30600 in scientific notation is__ c etenatie (a): None (a) 306x10' (b) 3.006 x 10° If the — characteristic of _ the (©) 30.6x10' (d) 306 10° logarithm of a number is2, that | 21, — 6.35x 10° in ordinary notation number will have zero (s) is ienciindy after the decimal (@ 6350000 (b) 635000 ED One Oe © 6350 @)_—_63500 (©) Three @ Four 22. A number written in the form If the characteristic of the ax 10", where 1Sa<10 and nis an Jogarithm of a nurnber is 1, that integer is called number will have digits in its (@) Scientific notation integral part (b) Ordinary notation @ 2 () Logarithm notation &) 3 (@) None © 4 23, log p—log qis same as @ 5 i" ‘The value of x in logs x = 5 (a) ve( is, b) log (p— (@) 243 ) 143 8 mae ” (©) 200 (@ = 144 @ Se ‘The value of x in log x = 2.4543 is logq (a) 284.6 (1521 P (&) —L.1010 (@) 0.4058 @) ety The number corresponding toa given logarithm is known as__ AS [Teo [2lb]ata 4] a[5.[> @ial7 [ec /& [a %| ¢[i0)b i[ > [2a fis [14 a [45. [a 16.[ a [17.| a [18] a | 19.[ 6 20] @ zi.[ a | 22.| a | 23.| d