MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

“RADAR DISPLAYS’’

Submitted by

GARIMA DUBEY
SHUBHANGI PATIL
SUMIT CHORAT
GRISHMA SINGH

Under the guidance of

Prof. Sheshmal Shingne

AY: 2018-19

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering, Koparkhairane

Maharashtra State, India
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Garima Dubey, Shubhangi Patil, Sumit Chorat, Grishma
Singh have submitted a report for Mini Project Stage–II on “RADAR
DISPLAY” on 11/04/19 in the Department of Electronics &
Telecommunication, Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai for
the Third Year Semester VI for the year 2018-19.

Prof. Sheshmal Shingne Dr. Ravindra Duche

(Project Guide) (Head of Department)

(External Examiner)

Place: - Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering

Date: - 11/04/19
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those
people who have been associated with this Project and have helped us with it
thus making it a worthwhile experience.

Firstly we extend our thanks to various people who includes our project Guide
Prof. Sheshmal Shingne who has shared his opinions and experience through
which we received the required information crucial for our project synopsis. I
am also thankful to Head of Department Dr. Ravindra Duche and all the staff
members of Electronics & Telecommunication Department for their highly co-
operative and encouraging attitudes, which have always boosted us.

Name of the Students with Signature

1.Garima Dubey
2.Shubhangi Patil
3.Sumit Chorat
4.Grishma Singh

Date: - 11/04/19
 RADAR DISPLAY

RADAR DISPLAY:-

Radar display is an electronic device to present radar data to the operator. The radar system
transmits pulses or continuous waves of electromagnetic radiation, a small portion of
which backscatter off targets (intended or otherwise) and return to the radar system.
The receiver converts all received electromagnetic radiation into a electronic analog signal of
varying (or oscillating) voltage that can be converted then to a screen display.
Modern systems typically use some sort of raster scan display to produce a map-like image.
Early in radar development, however, numerous circumstances made such displays difficult
to produce. People ultimately developed several different display types.

OSCILLOSCOPE:-
Early radar displays used adapted oscilloscopes with various inputs. An oscilloscope
generally receives three channels of varying (or oscillating) voltage as input and displays this
information on a cathode ray tube. The oscilloscope amplifies the input voltages and sends
them into two deflection magnets and to the electron gun producing a spot on the screen.
One magnet displaces the spot horizontally, the other vertically, and the input to the gun
increases or decreases the brightness of the spot. A bias voltage source for each of the three
channels allows the operator to set a zero point.
In a radar display, the output signal from the radar receiver is fed into one of three input
channels in the oscilloscope. Early displays generally sent this information to either X
channel or Y channel to displace the spot on the screen to indicate a return.
More modern radars typically used a rotating or otherwise moving antenna to cover a greater
area of the sky, and in these cases, electronics, slaved to the mechanical motion of the
antenna, typically moved the X and Y channels, with the radar signal being fed into the
brightness channel.
A-Scope:-

The original radar display, the A-scope or A-display, shows only the range, not the direction,
to targets. Some people referred to these displays as R-scopes for range scope. A-scopes were
used on the earliest radar systems during World War II, notably the seminal Chain
Home (CH) system.

The primary input to the A-scope was the amplified return signal received from the radar,
which was sent into the Y-axis of the display. Returns caused the spot to be deflected
downward (or upward on some models), drawing vertical lines on the tube. These lines were
known as a "blip" (or "pip").The X-axis input was connected to a sawtooth voltage generator
known as a time base generator that swept the spot across the display, timed to match
the pulse repetition frequency of the radar.

This spread out the blips across the display according to the time they were received. Since
the return time of the signal corresponds to twice the distance to the target divided by
the speed of light, the distance along the axis directly indicates the range to any target. This
was usually measured against a scale above the display.

A slightly modified version of the K-scope was commonly used for air-to-air and ground-
search radars, notably in AI radars and ASV radars - (Air-Surface Vessel). In these systems,
the K-scope was turned 90 degrees so longer distances were further up the scope instead of
further to the right. The output of one of the two antennas was sent through
an inverter instead of a delay.
The result was that the two blips were displaced on either side of the vertical baseline, both at
the same indicated range. This allowed the operator to instantly see which direction to turn; if
the blip on the right was shorter, they needed to turn to the right. These types of displays were
sometimes referred to as ASV-scopes or L-scopes, although the naming was not universal.
B-Scope:-

A B-scope or b-scan provides a 2-D "top down" representation of space, with the vertical
axis typically representing range and the horizontal axis azimuth angle. The B-scope's display
represented a horizontal "slice" of the airspace on both sides of the aircraft out to the tracking
angles of the radar. B-scope displays were common in airborne radars in the 1950s and 60s,
which were mechanically scanned from side to side, and sometimes up and down as well.
An E-scope is essentially a B-scope displaying range vs. elevation, rather than range vs.
azimuth. They are identical in operation to the B-scope, the name simply indicating
"elevation". E-scopes are typically used with height finding radars, which are similar to
airborne radars but turned to scan vertically instead of horizontally, they are also sometimes
referred to as "nodding radars" due to their antenna's motion.
The display tube was generally rotated 90 degrees to put the elevation axis vertical in order to
provide a more obvious correlation between the display and the "real world". These displays
are also referred to as a Range-Height Indicator, or RHI, but were also commonly referred
to (confusingly) as a B-scope as well.

The H-scope is another modification of the B-scope concept, but displays elevation as well as
azimuth and range. The elevation information is displayed by drawing a second "blip" offset
from the target indicator by a short distance, the slope of the line between the two blips
indicates the elevation relative to the radar. For instance, if the blip were displaced directly to
the right this would indicate that the target is at the same elevation as the radar.
The offset is created by dividing the radio signal into two, then slightly delaying one of the
signals so it appears offset on the display. The angle was adjusted by delaying the time of the
signal via a delay, the length of the delay being controlled by a voltage varying with the
vertical position of the antenna. This sort of elevation display could be added to almost any of
the other displays, and was often referred to as a "double dot" display.
C-Scope:-

A C-scope displays a "bull’s eye" view of azimuth vs. elevation. The "blip" was displayed
indicating the direction of the target off the centerline axis of the radar, or more commonly,
the aircraft or gun it was attached to.
They were also known as "moving spot indicators" or "flying spot indicators" in the UK, the
moving spot being the target blip. Range is typically displayed separately in these cases, often
using a second display as an L-scope.
Almost identical to the C-scope is the G-scope, which overlays a graphical representation of
the range to the target. This is typically represented by a horizontal line that "grows" out from
the target indicator blip to form a wing-like shape.
The wings grew in length at shorter distances to indicate the target was closer, as does the
aircraft's wings when seen visually. A "shoot now" range indicator is often supplied as well,
typically consisting of two short vertical lines centered on either side of the middle of the
display.
To make an interception, the pilot guides his aircraft until the blip is centered, then
approaches until the "wings" fill the area between the range markers. This display recreated a
system commonly used on gunfights, where the pilot would dial in a target's wingspan and
then fire when the wings filled the area inside a circle in their sight.
This system allowed the pilot to estimate the range to the target. In this case, however, the
range is being measured directly by the radar, and the display was mimicking the optical
system to retain commonality between the two systems
Plan position indicator:-
The PPI display provides a 2-D "all round" display of the airspace around a radar site. The
distance out from the center of the display indicates range, and the angle around the display is
the azimuth to the target. The current position of the radar antenna is typically indicated by a
line extending from the center to the outside of the display, which rotates along with the
antenna in real-time.
It is essentially a B-scope extended to 360 degrees. The PPI display is typically what people
think of as a radar display in general, and was widely used in air traffic control until the
introduction of raster displays in the 1990s.
PPI displays are actually quite similar to A-scopes in operation, and appeared fairly quickly
after the introduction of radar. As with most 2D radar displays, the output of the radio
receiver was attached to the intensity channel to produce a bright dot indicating returns.
In the A-scope a sawtooth voltage generator attached to the X-axis moves the spot across the
screen, whereas in the PPI the output of two such generators is used to rotate the line around
the screen. Some early systems were mechanical, physically spinning the deflection magnets,
but the electronics needed to do this in a "solid-state" fashion were not particularly complex,
and were in use in the early 1940s.
Beta Scan Scope:-
The specialist Beta Scan Scope was used for precision approach radar systems. It displays
two lines on the same display, the upper one (typically) displaying the vertical approach
(the glideslope), and the lower one the horizontal approach.
A marker indicates the desired touchdown point on the runway, and often the lines are angled
towards the middle of the screen to indicate this location. A single aircraft's "blip" is also
displayed, superimposed over both lines, the signals being generated from separate antennas.
Deviation from the centerline of the approach can be seen and easily relayed to the pilot.
In the image, the upper portion of the display shows the vertical situation, and the lower
portion the horizontal. In the vertical, the two diagonal lines show the desired glideslope
(upper) and minimum altitude approach (lower). The aircraft began its approach below the
glideslope and captured it just before landing. The proper landing point is shown by the
horizontal line at the left end. The lower display shows the aircraft starting to the left of the
approach line and then being guided toward it.

CONCLUSION:-
The purposes of radar systems are to detect and locate targets. The information that is
gathered by the radar system must be communicated to the human user of the system for
analysis, interpretation, and decision-making. This fact clearly demonstrates the importance
of display systems for radar systems, since the advantage was provided by a better display
system, not better detection capability. The paper included all different types of radar displays
and brief description about how each display was different from other displays. The most
common Analog Radar Displays were A-Scope, PPI and RHI. Modern displays have
started to incorporate new designs, and will possibly be the advantage in future military
conflicts.