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Pinocchio automaton.
Contents
1Etymology
2History
o 2.1Ancient
o 2.2Medieval
o 2.3Renaissance and early modern
o 2.4Modern
3In education
4Clocks
5Animatronics and mechatronics
6Robotics
7See also
8Further reading
9Notes and references
10External links
Etymology[edit]
The word "automaton" is the latinization of the Greek αὐτόματον, automaton, (neuter)
"acting of one's own will". This word was first used by Homer to describe automatic door
opening,[2] or automatic movement of wheeled tripods.[3] It is more often used to describe
non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble
human or animal actions, such as the jacks on old public striking clocks, or
the cuckoo and any other animated figures on a cuckoo clock.
History[edit]
Ancient[edit]
The Antikythera mechanism from 150–100 BC was designed to calculate the positions of
astronomical objects.
Complex mechanical devices are known to have existed in Hellenistic Greece, though
the only surviving example is the Antikythera mechanism, the earliest known analog
computer.[10] It is thought to have come originally from Rhodes, where there was
apparently a tradition of mechanical engineering; the island was renowned for its
automata; to quote Pindar's seventh Olympic Ode:
The animated figures stand
Adorning every public street
And seem to breathe in stone, or
move their marble feet.
However, the information gleaned from recent scans of the fragments
indicate that it may have come from the colonies of Corinth in Sicily and
implies a connection with Archimedes.
According to Jewish legend, Solomon used his wisdom to design
a throne with mechanical animals which hailed him as king when he
ascended it; upon sitting down an eagle would place a crown upon his
head, and a dove would bring him a Torah scroll. It is also said that
when King Solomon stepped upon the throne, a mechanism was set in
motion. As soon as he stepped upon the first step, a golden ox and a
golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise
to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up until he
was comfortably seated upon the throne.[11]
In ancient China, a curious account of automata is found in the Lie
Zi text, written in the 3rd century BC. Within it there is a description of a
much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou (1023-957 BC) and a
mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly
presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his
mechanical handiwork:
The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid
strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken
it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began
singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing,
keeping perfect time...As the performance was drawing to an end, the
robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance,
whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shih
[Yan Shi] executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly
taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it
turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer,
variously coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining it closely, the
king found all the internal organs complete—liver, gall, heart, lungs,
spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines; and over these again, muscles,
bones and limbs with their joints, skin, teeth and hair, all of them
artificial...The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found
that the mouth could no longer speak; he took away the liver and the
eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys and the legs lost
their power of locomotion. The king was delighted.[12]
Similar automata in the throne room (singing birds, roaring and moving
lions) were described by Luitprand's contemporary, the Byzantine
emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, in his book Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου
Τάξεως.
In the mid-8th century, the first wind powered automata were built:
"statues that turned with the wind over the domes of the four gates and
the palace complex of the Round City of Baghdad". The "public
spectacle of wind-powered statues had its private counterpart in the
'Abbasid palaces where automata of various types were predominantly
displayed."[16] Also in the 8th century, the Muslim alchemist, Jābir ibn
Hayyān (Geber), included recipes for constructing
artificial snakes, scorpions, and humans that would be subject to their
creator's control in his coded Book of Stones. In 827, Abbasid caliph al-
Ma'mun had a silver and golden tree in his palace in Baghdad, which
had the features of an automatic machine. There were metal birds that
sang automatically on the swinging branches of this tree built by Muslim
inventors and engineers.[17][page needed] The Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir also
had a silver and golden tree in his palace in Baghdad in 917, with birds
on it flapping their wings and singing.[18] In the 9th century, the Banū
Mūsā brothers invented a programmable automatic flute player and
which they described in their Book of Ingenious Devices.[19]
Automaton in the Swiss Museum CIMA.
A cuckoo clock with a built in automaton of a cuckoo that flaps its wings and
opens its beak in time to the sounds of the cuckoo call to mark the number
of hours on the analogue dial.
Elephant automaton at Waddesdon Manor
Other 18th century automaton makers include the prolific Swiss Pierre
Jaquet-Droz (see Jaquet-Droz automata) and his contemporary Henri
Maillardet. Maillardet, a Swiss mechanic, created an automaton capable
of drawing four pictures and writing three poems. Maillardet's Automaton
is now part of the collections at the Franklin Institute Science Museum
in Philadelphia. Belgian-born John Joseph Merlin created the
mechanism of the Silver Swan automaton, now at Bowes Museum.[34] A
musical elephant made by the French clockmaker Hubert Martinet in
1774 is one of the highlights of Waddesdon Manor.[35] Tipu's Tiger is
another late-18th century example of automata, made for Tipu Sultan,
featuring a European soldier being mauled by a tiger.
According to philosopher Michel Foucault, Frederick the Great, king of
Prussia from 1740 to 1786, was "obsessed" with automata.[36] According
to Manuel de Landa, "he put together his armies as a well-
oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot-like
warriors".
Japan adopted automata during the Edo period (1603–1867); they were
known as karakuri ningyō.
Automata, particularly watches and clocks, were popular in China during
the 18th and 19th centuries, and items were produced for the Chinese
market. Strong interest by Chinese collectors in the 21st century brought
many interesting items to market where they have had dramatic
realizations.[37]
Modern[edit]
A singing bird box made about 1890 by Bontems. Bird dressed with iridescent
hummingbird feathers and case made of tortoiseshell.
In education[edit]
The potential educational value of mechanical toys in teaching
transversal skills has been recognised by the European Union education
project Clockwork objects, enhanced learning: Automata Toys
Construction (CLOHE).[41]
Clocks[edit]
Main article: Automaton clock
Examples of automaton clocks include Chariot clock and Cuckoo Clocks.
The Cuckooland Museum exhibits autonomous clocks.
Robotics[edit]
Main articles: Robotics, History of robots, and Android (robot)
See also[edit]
Automata theory
Automation
Brazen head
Cellular automaton
Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art
Christian Ristow
Computer
Ctesibius
Genesis Redux
Giles Walker
Golem
Hero of Alexandria
La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin display of 19th century
automata
Maillardet's automaton
Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum
Orchestrion
Singing bird box
Theo Jansen
Whirligig
Further reading[edit]
Bailly, Christian (2003). Automata: The Golden Age: 1848-1914.
London: Robert Hale. ISBN 9780709074038.
Beyer, Annette (1983). Faszinierende Welt der Automaten : Uhren,
Puppen, Spielereien (1st ed.). München:
Callwey. ISBN 9783766706591.
Bowers, Q. David (1974). Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical
Instruments (4. printing ed.). Vestal, NY: Vestal
Press. ISBN 9780911572087.
Brauers, Jan (1984). Von der Äolsharfe zum Digitalspieler: 2000
Jahre mechanische Musik, 100 Jahre Schallplatte. München:
Klinkhardt & Biermann. ISBN 9783781402393.
Chapuis, Alfred; Gélis, Edouard (1928). Le monde des automates;
étude historique et technique. OCLC 3006589.
Critchley, Macdonald; Henson, R. A. (1978). Music and the brain.
Studies in the neurology of music. London:
Heinemann. ISBN 9780433067030.
Waard, R. D. (1967). From music boxes to street
organs. OCLC 609338403.
Chapuis, Alfred; Droz, Edmond (1956). The Jaquet-Droz mechanical
puppets. Neuchatel: Historical Museum. OCLC 315497609.
Hyman, Wendy Beth (2011). The Automaton in English Renaissance
Literature. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-6865-7.
Cardinal, Catherine; Mercier, François (1993). Museums of horology
La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle. Geneva: Banque
Paribas. ISBN 9783908184348.
Montiel, Luis (30 June 2013). "Proles sine matre creata: The
Promethean Urge in the History of the Human Body in the
West". Asclepio. 65 (1). doi:10.3989/asclepio.2013.01.
Lapaire, Claude (1992). Clock and Watch Museum, Geneva.
Geneva: Art and History Museum. ISBN 9782830600728.
Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1973). Clockwork music: an illustrated
history of mechanical musical instruments from the music box to the
pianola, from automation lady virginal players to orchestrion. New
York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 9780517500002.
Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (1978). Barrel organ: the story of the
mechanical organ and its repair. South Brunswick, N.J.: A.S.
Barnes. ISBN 9780498014826.
Rausser, Fernand; Bonhôte, Daniel; Baud, Frédy (1972). All'Epoca
delle Scatole Musicali, Edizioni Mondo, 175 pp.
Carrera, Roland; Loiseau, Dominique; Roux, Olivier; Luder, Jean
Jacques (1979). Androids: The Jaquet-Droz Automatons. Lausanne:
Scriptar. ISBN 9782880120184.
Troquet, Daniel (1989). The wonderland of music boxes and
automata. Sainte-Croix. OCLC 27888631.
Webb, Graham (1984). The musical box handbook (2nd ed.). Vestal,
NY: Vestal Press. ISBN 9780911572360.
Weiss-Stauffacher, Heinrich; Bruhin, Rudolf (1976). The marvelous
world of music machines. Tokyo: Kodansha
International. ISBN 9780870112584.
Winter-Jensen, Anne (1987). Automates & musiques: pendules.
Genève: Musée de l'horlogerie et de
l'émaillerie. ISBN 9782830600476.
Wosk, Julie (2015). My Fair Ladies: Female Robots, Androids, and
Other Artificial Eves. ISBN 9780813563374.
External links[edit]
Automatonat Wikipedia's sister projects