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United Arab Emirates University
College of Sciences
Department of Mathematical Sciences
HOMEWORK 1 { SOLUTION
Section 1 { Section 5
Complex Analysis I
MATH 315 SECTION 01 CRN 23516
9:30 { 10:45 on Monday & Wednesday
Due Date: Monday, September 13, 2009
Complex Analysis I HOMEWORK 1 { SOLUTION Fall, 2009
Section 1. Sums and Products and Section 2 Basic Algebraic Properties

1. Verify that
p p
(1.1) 2 i i 1 i 2 = 2i
Proof.
p p p p
2 i i + i2 2 = 2 i i + ( 1) 2 = 2i:
(1.2) (2; 3)( 2; 1) = ( 1; 8)

Proof.
(2; 3)( 2; 1) = ( 4 + 3; 2 + 6) = ( 1; 8):

1 1
(1.3) (3; 1)(3; 1) ; = (2; 1)
5 10
Proof.
(3; 1)(3; 1) = (9 + 1; 3 + 3) = (10; 0);

1 1
1 1
(3; 1)(3; 1) ;
5 10
= (10; 0) ;
5 10
= (2 0; 1 + 0) = (2; 1):
2. Show that
(2.1) Re(iz ) = Im(z )
Proof. For z = x + yi,
iz = i(x + yi) = y + xi; Re(iz ) = y = Im(z ); Re(iz ) = Im(z ):
(2.2) Im(iz ) = Re(z )

Proof. For z = x + yi,
iz = i(x + yi) = y + xi; Im(iz ) = x = Re(z ); Im(iz ) = Re(z ):
Page 1 of 7
3. Solve the equation z 2 + z + 1 = 0 for z = (x; y ) by writing
(x; y )(x; y ) + (x; y ) + (1; 0) = (0; 0)
and then solving a pair of simultaneous equations in x and y .

Answer. We expand the equation,
(0; 0) = (x; y )(x; y ) + (x; y ) + (1; 0)

= (x2 y 2 ; 2xy ) + (x; y ) + (1; 0) = (x2 y 2 + x + 1; 2xy + y + 0);
i:e:; 0 = x2 y 2 + x + 1; and 0 = 2xy + y = y (2x + 1): (1)
From the second equation in (1), we get y = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0, i.e., x = 1=2.

Case 1. y = 0: Putting y = 0 into the rst equation in (1), we get
0 = x2 + x + 1;
which cannot be solved for a real x. That is, y = 0 cannot be the solution of the given equation.
Case 2. x = 1=2: Putting x = 1=2 into the rst equation in (1), we get
p
1 1 3 3
0= y
2
+1= 2
y ; y = :
4 2 4 2
It implies the solutions to the given equation z
2
+ z + 1 = 0 are
p !
1 3
z = (x; y ) = ; :
2 2
Section 3. Further Properties

4. Reduce each of these quantities to a real number:
1 + 2i 2 i
(4.1) +
3 4i 5i
Answer. ! !
1 + 2i 2 i 1 + 2i 3 + 4i 2 i 5i 2
3 4i
+
5i
=
3 4i 3 + 4 i
+
5i 5i
=
5
:
5i
(4.2)
(1 i )(2 )(3
i i)
Answer.
5i 5i 1
(1 i )(2 )(3
i )
i
=
10i
=
2
:
(4.3) (1 )4
i
Answer. h i2
(1 i)4 = (1 )2 = [ 2i]2 = 4:
i
Page 2 of 7
5. Prove that if z1 z2 z3 = 0, then at least one of the three factors is zero.

Proof. We recall that for complex numbers z and w, if zw = 0, then z = 0 or w = 0 or possibly
both z and w equal zero. It implies that if (z1 z2 )z3 = z1 z2 z3 = 0, then z1 z2 = 0 or z3 = 0 or
possibly both z1 z2 and z3 equal zero. Again if z1 z2 = 0, then z1 = 0 or z2 = 0 or possibly both
z1 and z2 equal zero. Therefore, combining those two statements, we can deduce that z1 = 0 or
z2 = 0 or z3 = 0, i.e., at least one of the three factors is zero.
6. Use identity
z1 z2
z3 z4
=
z1
z3
z2
z4
; z3 6= 0 6= 0 z4 ;
to derive the cancelation law:

z1 z
z2 z
=
z1
z2
; z2 6= 0 6= z:
Proof. By the identity,

z1 z
z2 z
=
z1
z2
z
z
=
z1
z2
zz
1
=
z1
z2
; z2 6= 0 6= z:
Section 4. Moduli
7. Locate the numbers z1 + z2 and z1 z2 vectorially when
2
(7.1) z1 = 2i and z2 = i
3
Answer. z1 = 2i = (0; 2), z2 = 2=3 i = (2=3; 1).
z1 + z2 = (2=3; 1); z1 z2 = ( 2=3; 3):

p p
(7.2) z1 =( 3; 1) and z2 = ( 3; 0)
p p
Answer. z1 =( 3; 1), z2 = ( 3; 0).
p
z1 + z2 = (0; 1); z1 z2 = ( 2 3; 1):
(7.3) z1 = ( 3; 1) and z2 = (1; 4)

Answer. z1 = ( 3; 1), z2 = (1; 4).
z1 + z2 = ( 2; 5); z1 z2 = ( 4; 3):
(7.4) z1 = x1 + y1 i and z2 = x1 y1 i
Answer. z1 = x1 + y1 i = (x1 ; y1 ), z2 = x1 y1 i = (x1 ; y1 ).
z1 + z2 = (2x1 ; 0); z1 z2 = (0; 2y1 ):
Page 3 of 7
8. Verify that p
2jz j j Re(z )j + j Im(z )j:
Proof. Let z = x + yi. Then
Re(z ) = x; and Im(z ) = y; and j j2 =

z x
2
+ y 2 = jxj2 + jy j2 :
We observe
0 (jxj j j)2 = j j2 + j j2
y x y 2jxjjy j; i:e:; 2jxjjy j jxj2 + jy j2 :
Adding jxj2 + jy j2 to both sides, we get

j j2 + j j2 + 2j jj j 2 j j2 + j j2
x y x y x y ; i:e:; (jxj + jy j)2 2 j j2 + j j2
x y :
Now we take both sides to be squared. The inequality does not change the order, because both
sides are nonnegative.
q p q p q
(jxj + jy j)2 2 (jxj2 + jy j2 ); i:e:; j j+j j
x y 2 (jxj2 + jy j2 );
p
which is j Re(z )j + j Im(z )j 2jz j.
9. In each case, sketch the set of points determined by the given condition:
(9.1) j
z 1 + ij = 1
Answer. It is a circle centered at the point 1 i with radius 1.
(9.2) j
z + ij 3
Answer. It is a disc inside and including the circle centered at the point i with radius
3.
(9.3) j
z 4ij 4
Answer. It is a region outside and including the circle centered at the point 4i with radius
4.
Section 5. Complex Conjugates

10. Use properties of conjugates and moduli to show that
(10.1) z + 3i = z 3i
Proof.
z + 3i = z + 3i = z 3i:
(10.2) iz = iz
Proof.
iz = iz = iz :
Page 4 of 7
(10.3) (2 + i)2 = 3 4i
Proof. Since (2 + i)2 = 3 + 4i, so
(2 + i)2 = 3 + 4i = 3 4i:
p p
(10.4) j (2
z + 5) 2 j = 3j2
i z + 5j
Proof. Recall j j = j j.
z z
p p p

(2
z + 5) 2
i = j2
z + 5j 2

i = 3j2
z + 5j
p p p
= 3j2
z + 5j = 3j2z + 5j = 3j2z + 5j:
11. Sketch the set of points determined by the condition

(11.1) Re(
z )=2
i
Answer. We recall Re(z ) = Re(

z ). So

Re (
z i ) = Re z i = Re z i = Re (z + i) :
That is, the given equation is equivalent to Re (z + i) = 2. Let z = x + yi and put into the
equation, then
x = Re(x + (y + 1)i) = Re(x + yi + i) = Re(z + i) = 2; i:e:; x = 2:
It implies that for any y , z = 2 + yi satises the equation. That is, the line x = 2 in the
complex plane satises the given equation.
(11.2) j2z i j=4

Answer. We simplify the given equation

i i
2
z = 4; i:e:;

z = 2;
2 2
which represents a circle centered at the point i=2 with radius 2.
Page 5 of 7
12. Use established properties of moduli to show that when jz3 j 6= jz4 j,

z1 + z2

j 1j + j 2j
z z
jj 3j j 4jj
:

z3 + z4 z z
Proof. The Triangle Inequality implies
j + z2 j jz1 j + jz2 j; and so

z1 + z2

=
jz1 + z2 j
jj 1j ++ j 2jj
z z
jz3 + z4 j
z1 :

z3 + z4 z3 4z
Now we recall, from the triangle inequality,

1
jj 3j j 4jj j
z z z3 + z4 j; and so 0<
jz3 + z4j jj j 1 j jj
z z
:
3 4
Therefore, we conclude

z1 + z2

j 1j + j 2j j 1j + j 2j
z z z z

z1 + z2

j 1j + j 2j
z z

j 3 + 4j jj 3j j 4jj jj 3j j 4jj
; i:e:; :

z3 + z4 z z z z

z3 + z4 z z
13. Show that

Re(2 + z + z 3 ) 4;

j j1
when z :
Proof. Recall for a complex number w, j Re(w )j j j. So for j j 1, we have

w z

Re(2 + z + z 3 ) 2 + z + z 3 j2j + jzj + jz 3 j = 2 + jz j + jz j3 2 + 1 + 1 = 4:

14. Prove that

(14.1) z is real if and only if z = z .
Proof. Let z = x + yi.
If z is real, then y = 0 and so z = x, i.e., z = z .
If z = z , then x yi = x + yi, 2yi = 0, i.e., y = 0 and so z = x + yi becomes a real x.
(14.2) z is either real or pure imaginary if and only if z2 = z 2 .

Proof. Let z = x + yi.
If z is real, i.e., y = 0, then from the problem above, z = z and so z2 = z 2 .
If z is pure imaginary, i.e., x = 0 and so z = yi, then z = yi and z2 = y 2 = z 2 , i.e., z2 = z 2 .
If z2 = z 2 , then z2 z 2 = 0, i.e.,
0 = z2 z
2
= (x yi )2 (x + yi)2 = x2 y
2
2xyi (x2 y
2
+ 2xyi) = 4xyi;
i.e., y = 0 or x = 0, which means z is either real or pure imaginary.
Page 6 of 7
15. Using expressions,

+ z z z
z
Re(z ) = ; Im(z ) = ;
2 2i
show that the hyperbola x
2
y = 1 can be written
2
2
z + z2 = 2:
Proof. Let z = x + yi. Then by the given expressions,

z + z z
z
x = ; y = :
2 2i
Putting them into the hyperbola equation x
2
y
2
= 1, we have

z + z 2
z 2
(z + z)2 (z z)2
z
1= + =
2 2i 4 4
1
1
= z 2 + z2 + 2z z + z 2 + z2 2z z = z 2 + z2 ;
4 2
i:e:; z
2
+ z2 = 2:
Page 7 of 7
College of Sciences
HOMEWORK 2 – SOLUTION
Complex Analysis I
9:30 – 10:45 on Monday & Wednesday
Due Date: Monday, September 28, 2009
Complex Analysis I HOMEWORK 2 – SOLUTION Fall, 2009
Section 6. Exponential Form

Section 7. Products and Quotients in Exponential Form
1. Find the principal argument Arg(z) when
i
(1.1) z =
−2 − 2i
Answer.
i 1 −1/4 3π
z=
−2 − 2i
= − (1 + i) ,
4
tan (Arg(z)) =
−1/4
= 1, Arg(z) = −
4
.
√ 6
(1.2) z = 3−i
√
Answer. Let w = 3 − i. Then z = w6 and
−1 π π
tan (Arg(w)) = √ = − , Arg(w) = − , Arg(z) = Arg(w6 ) = 6 Arg(w) = −π,
3 6 6
where Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) is used. Since −π < Arg(z) ≤ π, hence we conclude
Arg(z) = π.
√ 6
In fact, z = 3 − i = −64 and so Arg(z) = π.
2. Show that
(2.1) |eiθ | = 1
Proof. By Euler’s formula,
p
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ, |eiθ | = | cos θ + i sin θ| = cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1.
(2.2) eiθ = e−iθ .
Proof. By Euler’s formula,
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ = cos θ − i sin θ = cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ) = e−iθ .

3. Using the fact that the modulus eiθ − 1 is the distance between the points eiθ and 1, give a
argument to find a value of θ in the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π that satisfies the equation
geometric
iθ
e − 1 = 2.
Answer. Since eiθ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π, has the modulus |eiθ | = 1, so the points eiθ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π, are all
on the unit circle centered at the origin. (The unit circle means a circle with radius 1.) If eiθ ,
0 ≤ θ < 2π, satisfies the equation |eiθ − 1| = 2, then the point eiθ is 2 units away from the point
(1, 0) in the plane. Hence the point eiθ should be at (−1, 0) and it means θ = π.
4. Use de Movire’s formula to derive the following trigonometric identities:
(4.1) cos(3θ) = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ
(4.2) sin(3θ) = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ
Page 1 of 9
Proof.
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ,

cos(3θ) + i sin(3θ) = ei3θ = (eiθ )3 = (cos θ + i sin θ)3
= cos3 θ + 3i cos2 θ sin θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ − i sin3 θ
= cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ + i 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ .

By equating the real parts and then the imaginary parts, we arrive at the desired trigonometric
identities,
cos(3θ) = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ, sin(3θ) = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ.

5. By writing the individual factors on the left in exponential form, performing the needed operators,
and finally changing back to rectangular coordinates, show that
√ √ √
(5.1) i(1 − i 3)( 3 + i) = 2(1 + i 3)
πi √ πi √ πi
Answer. It is straightforward to see i = e 2 , 1 − i 3 = 2e− 3 , 3 + i = 2e 6 . So,
√ √ πi πi πi πi π π √
i(1 − i 3)( 3 + i) = e 2 2e− 3 2e 6 = 4e 3 = 4 cos + i sin
3 3
=2 1+i 3 .
5i
(5.2) = 1 + 2i
2+i
πi √ −1 1
Answer. It is straightforward to see 5i = 5e 2 , 2 + i = 5ei tan 2. So,
πi
√ i π −tan−1 1 √

5i 5e 2 ( ) π −1 1 π −1 1
=√ = 5e 2 2 = 5 cos − tan + i sin − tan
2+i −1 1 2 2 2 2
5ei tan 2
√

1 2
= 5 √ + i √ = 1 + 2i.
5 5
(5.3) (−1 + i)7 = −8 (1 + i)

√ 3πi
Answer. It is straightforward to see −1 + i = 2e 4 . So,
√ 7 3πi 7 21πi

21π 21π

7 7/2 7/2
(−1 + i) = 2 e 4 =2 e 4 =2 cos + i sin
4 4

1 1
= 27/2 − √ − i √ = −8 (1 + i) .
2 2
√ −10 −11
√
(5.4) 1+i 3 =2 −1 + i 3
√ πi
Answer. It is straightforward to see 1 + i 3 = 2e 3 . So,
−10
√ −10

−10
πi
−10 −
10πi
−10 10π 10π
(1 + i 3) =2 e3 =2 e 3 =2 cos − i sin
3 3
Page 2 of 9
√ !
1 3 √
=2 −10
− +i
2 2
=2−11
−1 + i 3 .
6. Prove that two nonzero complex numbers z1 and z2 have the same moduli if and only if there are
complex numbers c1 and c2 such that z1 = c1 c2 and z2 = c1 c̄2 .
Proof. Suppose there are complex numbers c1 and c2 such that z1 = c1 c2 and z2 = c1 c̄2 . Then, by
the properties on moduli, we have
|z1 | = |c1 c2 | = |c1 ||c2 | = |c1 ||c̄2 | = |c1 c̄2 | = |z2 |, i.e., |z1 | = |z2 |.
Suppose that two nonzero complex numbers z1 and z2 have the same moduli. Let |z1 | = r1 = |z2 |
and Arg(z1 ) = r1 and Arg(z2 ) = θ2 . Then we may write
z1 = r1 eiθ1 , z2 = r2 eiθ2 .
If we introduce the numbers

θ1 +θ2 θ1 −θ2
c1 = r1 ei 2 , and c2 = ei 2 ,
we find that
θ1 +θ2 θ1 −θ2 θ1 +θ2 θ1 −θ2
c1 c2 = r1 ei 2 ei 2 = r1 eiθ1 = z1 , and c1 c̄2 = r1 ei 2 e−i 2 = r1 eiθ2 = z2 .
That is,
z1 = c1 c2 , and z2 = c1 c̄2 .
Hence, there are complex numbers c1 and c2 desired in the problem.
7. Establish the identity
2 1 − z n+1 n
1 + z + z + ··· + z = , z 6= 1,
1−z
and then use it to derive Lagrange’s trigonometric identity:
1 sin[(2n + 1)θ/2]
1 + cos θ + cos(2θ) + · · · + cos(nθ) = + , 0 < θ < 2π.
2 2 sin(θ/2)
Pn
Proof. Let S = k=0 z k . Then we observe for z 6= 1,
n n n
X
k
X
k+1
X 1 − z n+1
z k − z k+1 = 1 − z n+1 ,

(1 − z)S = S − zS = z − z = S= .
k=0 k=0 k=0
1−z
Substituting z = eiθ into the equation above, we get

n
X
ikθ 1 − ei(n+1)θ
e = .
k=0
1 − eiθ
Page 3 of 9
Euler’s formula implies

n n n
X X X 1 − ei(n+1)θ
cos(kθ) + i sin(kθ) = eikθ =
k=0 k=0 k=0
1 − eiθ
1 − ei(n+1)θ e−iθ/2 e−iθ/2 − ei(2n+1)θ/2

= = ,
1 − eiθ e−iθ/2 e−iθ/2 − eiθ/2
Again Euler’s formula implies

n n
X X e−iθ/2 − ei(2n+1)θ/2
cos(kθ) + i sin(kθ) =
k=0 k=0
e−iθ/2 − eiθ/2
cos(θ/2) − i sin(θ/2) − [cos((2n + 1)θ/2) + i sin((2n + 1)θ/2)]
=
−2i sin(θ/2)
cos(θ/2) − i sin(θ/2) − [cos((2n + 1)θ/2) + i sin((2n + 1)θ/2)] i
=
−2i sin(θ/2) i
sin(θ/2) + sin((2n + 1)θ/2) + i [cos(θ/2) − cos((2n + 1)θ/2)]
= .
2 sin(θ/2)
By equating the real parts and the imaginary parts, we find

n
X sin(θ/2) + sin((2n + 1)θ/2) 1 sin((2n + 1)θ/2)
cos(kθ) = = + ,
k=0
2 sin(θ/2) 2 sin(θ/2)
n
X cos(θ/2) − cos((2n + 1)θ/2) 1 cos((2n + 1)θ/2)
sin(kθ) = = cot(θ/2) − ,
k=0
2 sin(θ/2) 2 sin(θ/2)
where 0 < θ < 2π.

Another Proof. Euler’s formula implies
n n n
X X X 1 − ei(n+1)θ
cos(kθ) + i sin(kθ) = eikθ =
k=0 k=0 k=0
1 − eiθ
1 − ei(n+1)θ 1 − e−iθ 1 − e−iθ + einθ − ei(n+1)θ

= =
1 − eiθ 1 − e−iθ 2 − e−iθ − eiθ
1 − cos θ + cos(nθ) − cos(n + 1)θ + i [sin θ + sin(nθ) − sin(n + 1)θ]
=
2(1 − cos θ)
That is, we deduce

n
X 1 − cos θ + cos(nθ) − cos(n + 1)θ 1 cos(nθ) − cos(n + 1)θ
cos(kθ) = = + ,
k=0
2(1 − cos θ) 2 2(1 − cos θ)
n
X sin θ + sin(nθ) − sin(n + 1)θ
sin(kθ) = ,
k=0
2(1 − cos θ)
where we will simplify the first one.
Page 4 of 9
We recall from Calculus
1 − cos A = 2 sin2 (A/2), sin(2A) = 2 sin A cos A,

cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B, sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
Using them, we have

n
X 1 cos(nθ) − cos(n + 1)θ
cos(kθ) = +
k=0
2 2(1 − cos θ)
1 cos(nθ) − cos(nθ) cos θ + sin(nθ) sin θ
= +
2 4 sin2 (θ/2)
1 cos(nθ) (1 − cos θ) + 2 sin(nθ) sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2)
= +
2 4 sin2 (θ/2)
1 2 cos(nθ) sin2 (θ/2) + 2 sin(nθ) sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2)
= +
2 4 sin2 (θ/2)
1 cos(nθ) sin(θ/2) + sin(nθ) cos(θ/2)
= +
2 2 sin(θ/2)
1 sin(nθ + θ/2) 1 sin[(2n + 1)θ/2]
= +
2 2 sin(θ/2)
= +
2 2 sin(θ/2)
.
Page 5 of 9
Section 8. Roots of Complex Numbers and Section 9. Examples
8. Find the square roots of the followings and express them in rectangular coordinates.
(8.1) 2i
Answer. We look for z such that z 2 = 2i, i.e., z = (2i)1/2 . The complex number 2i has the
modulus |2i| = 2 and the principal argument Arg(2i) = π/2. From the information, 2i has
the exponential form,
π
2i = |2i|ei arg(2i) = 2ei(Arg(2i)+2kπ) = 2ei( 2 +2kπ) ,
π √ π
(2i)1/2 = 21/2 ei( 4 +kπ) = 2ei( 4 +kπ) , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1,
√ √

1
i( π4 ) 1
c0 = 2e = 2 √ + √ i = 1 + i,
2 2
√ i π +π √

( ) 1 1
c1 = 2e 4 = 2 − √ − √ i = −1 − i.
2 2
√
(8.2) 1 − i 3
2
√ √ 1/2
Answer.
√ We look for z such that
√ z = 1 − i 3, i.e., z = (1 − i 3) . The complex
√ number
1 − i 3 has the modulus |1√− i 3| = 2 and the principal argument Arg(1 − i 3) = −π/3.
From the information, 1 − i 3 has the exponential form,
√ √ √ √ π
1 − i 3 = |1 − i 3|ei arg(1−i 3) = 2ei(Arg(1−i 3)+2kπ) = 2ei(− 3 +2kπ) ,
√ π √ π
(1 − i 3)1/2 = 21/2 ei(− 6 +kπ) = 2ei(− 6 +kπ) , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1,

√ ! √
√ i(− π6 ) 3 1 √ 3 1
c0 = 2e = 2 − i = √ − √ i,
2 2 2 2
√ ! √
√ π √ 3 1 3 1
c1 = 2ei(− 6 +π) = 2 − √ + √ i = − √ + √ i.
2 2 2 2
9. In each case, find all of the roots in rectangular coordinates, exhibit them as vertices of certain
squares, and point out which is the principal root.
(9.1) (−16)1/4
Answer. We look for z such that z = (−16)1/4 . The complex number −16 has the modulus
|−16| = 16 and the principal argument Arg(−16) = π. From the information, −16 has the
exponential form,
−16 = |−16| ei arg(−16) = 16ei(Arg(−16)+2kπ) = 16ei(π+2kπ) ,

(2k+1) (2k+1)
(−16)1/4 = 161/4 e 4
πi
= 2e 4
πi
, k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
Page 6 of 9
Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3,
√ √

πi 1 1 3πi 1 1
c0 = 2e = 2 √ + √ i = 2 (1 + i) ,
4 c1 = 2e 4 = 2 − √ + √ i = 2 (−1 + i) ,
2 2 2 2
√ √

5πi 1 1 7πi 1 1
c2 = 2e 4 = 2 − √ − √ i = − 2 (1 + i) , c3 = 2e 4 = 2 √ − √ i = 2 (1 − i) .
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √
The√ complex
√ numbers
√ c√ 0 , c1 , c2 and c3 are respectively located at ( 2, 2), (− 2, 2),
(− 2, − 2), and√ (√ 2, − 2) in the complex plane and forms a square. The principal root is
c0 located at ( 2, 2).
√
(9.2) (−8 − 8i 3)1/4
√ 1/4 √
Answer. We look for √ that z = (−8 − 8i 3) . The complex number
z such √ −8 − 8i 3 has
the modulus −8 − 8i 3 = 16 and the principal argument Arg(−8 − 8i 3) = −2π/3. From
√
the information, −8 − 8i 3 has the exponential form,
√ √ i arg(−8−8i√3) √ 2π
−8 − 8i 3 = −8 − 8i 3 e = 16ei(Arg(−8−8i 3)+2kπ) = 16ei(− 3 +2kπ) ,

√ π kπ (3k−1)
(−8 − 8i 3)1/4 = 161/4 ei(− 6 + 2 ) = 2e 6 πi , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3,

√ ! √ !
− πi 3 1 √ πi 1 3 √
c0 = 2e 6 =2 − i = 3 − i, c1 = 2e 3 = 2 + i = 1 + i 3,
2 2 2 2
√ ! √ !
5πi 3 1 √ 4πi 1 3 √
c2 = 2e 6 =2 − + i = − 3 + i, c3 = 2e 3 = 2 − − i = −1 − i 3.
2 2 2 2
√ √ √
The complex
√ numbers c 0 , c1 , c2 and c 3 are respectively located at ( 3, −1), (1, 3), (− 3, 1),
and
√ (−1, − 3) in the complex plane and forms a square. The principal root is c 0 located at
( 3, −1).
10. The three cube roots of a nonzero complex number z0 can be written c0 , c0 ω3 , c0 ω32 , where c0 is
the principal cube root of z0 and
√
2πi −1 + i 3
ω3 = exp = .
3 2
√ √ √
Show that if z0 = −4 2+4i 2, then c0 = 2(1+i) and the other two cube roots are in rectangular
form, the numbers
√ √ √ √
−( 3 + 1) + ( 3 − 1)i ( 3 − 1) − ( 3 + 1)i
c0 ω3 = √ , and c0 ω32 = √ .
2 2
√
We find all cube roots of z0 = −4 2 (1 − i). The given complex number z0 has the modulus
Proof. √
|z0 | = 32 + 32 = 8 and the principal argument Arg(z0 ) = 3π/4. With this information, z0 has
the exponential form,
3π
z0 = |z0 |ei arg(z0 ) = |z0 |ei(Arg(z0 )+2kπ) = 8ei( 4 +2kπ)
Page 7 of 9
π 2kπ
h 2π ik
= 81/3 ei( 4 + ) = 2ei π4 ei 2kπ
1/3 π π
z0 3 3 = 2ei 4 ei 3 = 2ei 4 ω3k , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
Hence, we deduce all three cube roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2,
√

i π4 i π41 1
c0 = 2e ω30
= 2e = 2 √ + √ i = 2 (1 + i) ,
2 2
" √ # √ √
π π 2πi √ −1 + i 3 −( 3 + 1) + ( 3 − 1)i
c1 = 2ei 4 ω31 (= c0 ω3 ) = 2ei 4 e 3 = 2 (1 + i) = √ ,
2 2
h 2πi i2 √
" √ #2 √ √
π π −1 + i 3 ( 3 − 1) − ( 3 + 1)i
i4 2 2
c2 = 2e ω3 (= c0 ω3 ) = 2e i4
e 3 = 2 (1 + i)
2
= √ .
2
11. Find the four roots of the equation z 4 + 4 = 0 and use them to factor z 4 + 4 into quadratic factors
with real coefficients.
Answer. The equation z 4 + 4 = 0 is equivalent to z 4 = −4, i.e., z = (−4)1/4 . We express the

complex numbers −4 and (−4)1/4 in the exponential form. Since −4 has the modulus | − 4| = 4
and the principal argument Arg(−4) = π, because we use a principal argument in (−π, π]. Using
the information, we have
−4 = | − 4|ei arg(−4) = 4ei(Arg(−4)+2kπ) = 4ei(π+2kπ) = 4e(2k+1)πi ,

(2k+1)πi √ (2k+1)πi
(−4)1/4 = 41/4 e 4 = 2e 4 , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
Hence, we deduce all four roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3,
√ √ √ 3πi √

1
πi 1 1 1
c0 = 2e = 2 √ + √ i = 1 + i,
4 c1 = 2e 4 = 2 − √ + √ i = −1 + i,
2 2 2 2
√ 5πi √ √ 7πi √

1 1 1 1
c2 = 2e 4 = 2 − √ − √ i = −1 − i, c3 = 2e 4 = 2 √ − √ i = 1 − i.
2 2 2 2
Since c0 , c1 , c2 , and c3 are roots of the equation z 4 + 4 = 0, so we can express z 4 + 4 as follows:
z 4 + 4 = [z − c0 ] [z − c1 ] [z − c2 ] [z − c3 ]
= [z − (1 + i)] [z − (−1 + i)] [z − (−1 − i)] [z − (1 − i)]
= [(z − 1) − i] [(z + 1) − i] [(z + 1) + i] [(z − 1) + i]
= (z − 1)2 − i2 [(z + 1) − i] [(z + 1) + i]

= (z − 1)2 − i2 (z + 1)2 − i2 = z 2 − 2z + 2 z 2 + 2z + 2 .

12. Show that if c is any nth root of unity other than unity itself, then
1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = 0.
Page 8 of 9
Proof. We observe that if zw = 0 for complex numbers z 6= 0 and w, then w = 0. For this reason,
(1 − c) 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = 0 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = 0,

implies
where c 6= 1. Hence, it is enough to prove that
(1 − c) 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = 0.

Expanding the left–hand side, we get
(1 − c) 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 − c 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1

= 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 − c + c2 + c3 + · · · + cn−1 + cn

= 1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 − c + c2 + c3 + · · · + cn−1 + 1 = 0,

where cn = 1 is used.
Another Proof. Using the identity in the problem 7 above, we have
1 − cn 1−1
1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = = = 0,
1−c 1−c
because c is the nth root of unity, i.e., cn = 1.
Page 9 of 9
College of Sciences
Complex Analysis I
Due Date: Wednesday, October 7, 2009
1. Sketch the following sets and determine which are domains.

(1.1) | z − 2 + i | ≤ 1.
Answer. With z = x + iy, the given inequality implies
1 ≤ | x − 2 + i ( 1 + y ) | = ( x − 2 )2 + ( 1 + y )2 ,
i.e., it represents the region outside (including boundary) the circle centered at (2, −1) with the
radius 1. See the figure below.
(1.2) | 2z + 3 | > 4.
( )2
3
4 < | 2x + 3 + 2yi | = ( 2x + 3 ) + ( 2y ) ,
2 2
1< x+ + y2,
2
i.e., it represents the region outside (excluding boundary) the circle centered at (−3/2, 0) with
the radius 1. See the figure below.
H1.2L È2z+3È>4
H1.1L Èz-2+iÈ£1
0.0 2
-0.5 1
Y 0
Y -1.0
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
X X
(1.3) Im(z) > 1.

1 < Im(z) = x
i.e., it represents the region on the left–hand side (excluding boundary) the line x = 1. See the
figure below.
(1.4) | z − 4 | ≥ | z |.
x2 + y 2 = | x + iy | ≤ | x − 4 + iy | = ( x − 4 )2 + y 2 = x2 − 8x + 16 + y 2 , 8x ≤ 16, x ≤ 2,
i.e., it represents the region on the left–hand side (including boundary) the line x = 2. See the
figure below.
Page 1 of 5
H1.3L ImHzL>1
H1.4L Èz-4È³ÈzÈ
6
3
5
2
4 1
Y 3 Y 0
2 -1
1 -2
0 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X X
2. In each case, sketch the closure of the set.

(2.1) | Re(z) | < | z |.
Answer. With z = x + iy, we observe
√
| x | = | Re(z) | < | z | = x2 + y 2 , i.e., x2 = | x |2 < x2 + y 2 , 0 < y2, 0 < |y|,
which represents the whole complex plane except the real axis (y = 0). Hence, the closure of the
set will be the whole complex plane.
(2.2) Re(z 2 ) > 0.
Answer. With z = x + iy, we have
z 2 = x2 − y 2 + 2xyi, Re(z 2 ) = x2 − y 2 .
So the region, 0 < x2 − y 2 = (x − y)(x + y), is the region satisfying (1) x − y > 0 and x + y > 0
and (2) x − y < 0 and x + y < 0. Hence, the closure of the set will be the region including the
boundaries y = ±x. See the figure below.
H2.2L ReHz2 L>0 H2.2L ReHz2 L³0
3 3
2 2
1 1
Y 0 Y 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X X
Page 2 of 5
3. For each of the functions below, describe the domain of definition that is understood.
( )
1
(3.1) f (z) = Arg .
z
Answer. Since 1/z is defined at any z, except at z = 0, thus f (z) is defined everywhere except
at z = 0.
z
(3.2) f (z) = .
z + z̄
Answer. The denominator of f (z) vanishes at the point satisfying
z + z̄ = 0, z = −z̄, i.e., x + iy = − ( x − iy ) = −x + iy, i.e., x = 0,
i.e., f (z) is defined everywhere except at the points on the imaginary axis.
1
(3.3) f (z) = .
1 − | z |2
Answer. The denominator of f (z) vanishes at the point satisfying
1 − | z |2 = 0, | z |2 = 1, i.e., x2 + y 2 = 1,
i.e., f (z) is defined everywhere except at the points on the unit circle centered at the origin.
4. Suppose that f (z) = x2 − y 2 − 2y + i ( 2x − 2xy ), where z = x + yi. Use the expressions,

z + z̄ z − z̄
x= , and y= ,
2 2i
to write f (z) in terms of z and simplify the result.
Answer. We recall that

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z 2 = ( x + iy )2 = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy, Re z 2 = x2 − y 2 , Im z 2 = 2xy, z 2 = Re z 2 − i Im z 2 .
Using them with the given expressions above, we have
f (z) = x2 − y 2 − 2y + i ( 2x − 2xy )
( ) z − z̄ z + z̄ ( )
= Re z 2 − 2 + 2i − i Im z 2
2i 2
( 2) ( )
= Re z + i ( z − z̄ ) + i ( z + z̄ ) − i Im z 2
( ) ( )
= Re z 2 − i Im z 2 + 2iz = z 2 + 2iz.
Page 3 of 5
5. Write the function

1
f (z) = z + , z ̸= 0,
z
in the form f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ).
Answer. Using the exponential form z = reiθ , we have
1 e−iθ
f (z) = reiθ + = re iθ
+
reiθ r
1
= r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) + ( cos θ − i sin θ )
( )r ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
= r cos θ + cos θ + i r sin θ − sin θ = r + cos θ + i r − sin θ.
r r r r
Hence, in the form f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ), we have

( ) ( )
1 1
u(r, θ) = r +
r
cos θ, v(r, θ) = r −
r
sin θ.
6. Find and sketch the image S ′ of the semi–infinite strip S = { z = (x, y) | 0 ≤ x, 0 ≤ y ≤ π } under
the given transformation.
(6.1) w = z 2 .
Answer. A simple computation shows with z = x + iy,
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = w = z 2 = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy, u(x, y) = x2 − y 2 , v(x, y) = 2xy.
(1) The line y = 0 corresponds to u(x, 0) = x2 and v(x, 0) = 0, and (u, v) = (x2 , 0) makes the
positive real axis in the w–plane. That is, y = 0 corresponds to the positive real axis in the
w–plane. As x decreases on the line y = 0, u = x2 also decreases on the positive real axis.
(2) The line x = 0 corresponds to u(0, y) = −y 2 and v(0, y) = 0, and (u, v) = (−y 2 , 0) makes
the negative real axis in the w–plane. That is, x = 0 corresponds to the negative real axis in the
w–plane. As y increases on the line x = 0, u = −y 2 decreases on the negative real axis.
(3) The line y = π corresponds to u(x, π) = x2 − π 2 and v(x, π) = 2πx and (u, v) = (x2 − π 2 , 2πx)
makes a parabolic curve of equation
( v )2 ( ) √
u= − π2, 4π 2 u + π 2 = v 2 , v = ±2π u + π 2 .
2π
As x increases
√ on the line y = π, both u = x2 − π 2 and v = 2πx increases on the parabolic curve
v = ±2π u + π 2 .
(4) Since 0 ≤ x and 0 ≤ y ≤ π, so v = 2xy ≥ 0.
Combining (1) through (4), the image S ′ should be bounded by the real axis and the parabolic
curve, i.e., we have the image S ′ as follows:
{ √ }
′
S = w = (u, v) | 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π u + π 2 .
Page 4 of 5
H6.1L S=8Hx,yLÈ 0£x, 0£y£Π <

4 H6.1L S'=8Hu,vLÈ 0£v£2Π u + Π2 <
30
3
20
2
y
v 10
1
0 0
-1 -10
-1 0 1 2 3 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
x u
(6.2) w = ez .
Answer. A simple computation shows with z = x + iy,
ρeiϕ = w = ez = ex+iy = ex eiy , ρ = ex , ϕ = y.
(1) The line y = 0 corresponds to ϕ = 0 and ρ = ex , and so in polar coordinates system, it

corresponds to the positive real axis in the w–plane. As x decreases on the line y = 0, ρ = ex
also decreases on the positive real axis.
(2) The line x = 0 corresponds to ρ = e0 = 1 and ϕ = y, and so in polar coordinates system, it
corresponds to the circle with radius 1. As y increases on the line x = 0, ϕ = y increases on the
circle, i.e., the points on the circles moves counterclockwise.
(3) The line y = π corresponds to ϕ = π and ρ = ex , and so in polar coordinates system, it
corresponds to the negative real axis. As x increases on the line y = π, the point on the negative
real axis ρ = ex goes away from the origin, i.e., decreases.
Combining (1) through (3), the image S ′ should be above the real axis and outside the unit circle
centered at the origin, i.e., we have the image S ′ as follows:
{ }
S ′ = w = ρeiϕ | 1 ≤ ρ, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π .
H6.1L S=8Hx,yLÈ 0£x, 0£y£Π < H6.2L S'=8ΡãiΦ È 1£Ρ, 0£Φ£Π <
4 3
3
2
2
y v 1
1
0
0
-1 -1
-1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2
x u
Page 5 of 5
College of Sciences
• Section 15 Limits
• Section 16 Theorem on Limits
• Section 17 Limits Involving The Point At Infinity
• Section 18 Continuity
Complex Analysis I
Due Date: Monday, October 19, 2009
1. Compute the given complex limit.

z 2 − z̄

(1.1) lim
z → 2i
Answer. Since z 2 and z̄ are continuous everywhere in the complex plane, so we have
lim z 2 − z̄ = ( 2i )2 − 2i = −4 − ( −2i ) = −4 + 2i.

z → 2i
z − z̄
(1.2) lim
z → 1+i z + z̄
Answer. Since z − z̄ and z + z̄ are continuous everywhere in the complex plane and z + z̄ 6= 0
at z = 1 + i, so we have
z − z̄ limz → 1+i ( z − z̄ ) 1 + i − (1 − i) 2i
lim
z → 1+i z + z̄
=
limz → 1+i ( z + z̄ )
=
1+i+1−i
=
2
= i.
(1.3) lim ez
z → πi
Answer. Since ez is continuous everywhere in the complex plane, so we have
lim ez = elimz → πi z = eπi = cos π + i sin π = −1.

z → πi

(1.4) lim ( ez + z )
z → 2+i
Answer. Since ez + z is continuous everywhere in the complex plane, so we have
lim ( ez + z ) = e2+i + 2 + i = e2 ei + 2 + i
z → 2+i
= e2 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) + 2 + i = 2 + e2 cos 1 + i 1 + e2 sin 1 .

z2 + 1
(1.5) lim
z → 1+i z 2 − 1
Answer. Since z 2 + 1 and z 2 − 1 are continuous everywhere in the complex plane and z 2 − 1 6= 0
at z = 1 + i, so we have
z2 + 1 limz → 1+i ( z 2 + 1 ) ( 1 + i )2 + 1 2i + 1 3 + 4i
lim 2
z → 1+i z − 1
= 2
limz → 1+i ( z − 1 )
= 2 =
2i − 1
=
5
.
(1 + i) − 1
z4 − 1
(1.6) lim
z → −i z + i
Answer. We observe
z4 − 1 (z 2 + 1)(z 2 − 1) (z + i)(z − i)(z 2 − 1)
= = = (z − i)(z 2 − 1),
z+i z+i z+i
which is a polynomial. So we have
z4 − 1
= lim (z − i)(z 2 − 1) = ( −2i ) ( −i )2 − 1 = 4i.

lim
z → −i z + i z → −i
Page 1 of 5
Re(z)
2. Consider the limit zlim .
→0Im(z)
(2.1) What value does the limit approach as z approaches 0 along the line y = x?
Answer. As z = (x, y) moves along the line y = x, we have Re(z) = x = Im(z), which implies
Re(z) x
lim
z → 0 Im(z)
= lim = lim 1 = 1.
x→0 x x→0

(2.2) What value does the limit approach as z approaches 0 along the imaginary axis?
Answer. As z = (x, y) moves along the imaginary axis, i.e., the line x = 0, we have Re(z) = 0
and Im(z) = y, which implies
Re(z) 0
lim
z → 0 Im(z)
= lim = lim 0 = 0.
y→0 y y→0

Re(z)
(2.3) Based on your answers for (2.1) and (2.2), what can you say about lim ?
z → 0 Im(z)
Answer. By the uniqueness of the limit, the answers for (2.1) and (2.2) imply that the limit
does not exist.
3. Consider the limit lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) ).
z→i
(3.1) What value does the limit approach as z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the first
quadrant?
Answer. For z = eiθ on the unit circle h z i = 1, we observe
π
iz = ei 2 eiθ = ei( 2 +θ ) .
π
π
So when z is in the first quadrant, i.e., 0 ≤ θ ≤ , we have
2
π π
≤ + θ ≤ π,
2 2
i.e., iz is in the second quadrant and by the same argument, when z is in the second quadrant,
iz is in the third quadrant.
Now, as z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the first quadrant, iz approaches −1 in
the second quadrant. So we have
lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) ) = | i | + iπ = 1 + iπ.
z→i

(3.2) What value does the limit approach as z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second
quadrant?
Answer. As z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second quadrant, iz approaches
−1 in the third quadrant. So we have
lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) ) = | i | + i ( −π ) = 1 − iπ.
z→i

(3.3) Based on your answers for (3.1) and (3.2), what can you say about lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) )?
z→i
Answer. By the uniqueness of the limit, the answers for (3.1) and (3.2) imply imply that the
limit does not exist.
Page 2 of 5
4. Compute the given limit.

z 2 + iz − 2
(4.1) lim
z → ∞ (1 + 2i)z 2
z 2 + iz − 2
Answer. Letting f (z) = , we compute f (1/z):
(1 + 2i)z 2
(1/z)2 + i/z − 2 1 + iz − 2z 2

1
f = = ,
z (1 + 2i)/z 2 1 + 2i
1 + iz − 2z 2

1 1 1 − 2i
lim f = lim = = .
z→0 z z→0 1 + 2i 1 + 2i 5
Hence, by the Theorem, we deduce
z 2 + iz − 2 1 − 2i
lim f (z) = lim
z→∞ z → ∞ (1 + 2i)z 2
=
5
.
z2 − 1
(4.2) lim
z → i z2 + 1
z2 − 1
Answer. Letting f (z) = , we have
z2 + 1
1 z2 + 1 1 z2 + 1 0
= 2 , lim = lim 2 = = 0.
f (z) z −1 z → i f (z) z→i z − 1 −2
z2 − 1
lim f (z) = lim
z→i z → i z2 + 1
= ∞.
z 2 − (2 + 3i)z + 1
(4.3) lim
z→∞ iz − 3
z 2 − (2 + 3i)z + 1
Answer. Letting f (z) = , we have
iz − 3
(1/z)2 − (2 + 3i)/z + 1 1 − (2 + 3i)z + z 2 iz − 3z 2

1 1
f = = , = ,
z i/z − 3 iz − 3z 2 f (1/z) 1 − (2 + 3i)z + z 2
1 iz − 3z 2 0
lim = lim 2
= = 0.
z → 0 f (1/z) z → 0 1 − (2 + 3i)z + z 1
z 2 − (2 + 3i)z + 1
lim f (z) = lim
z→∞ z→∞ iz − 3
= ∞.
Page 3 of 5
5. Show that the function f is continuous at the given point.

1
(5.1) f (z) = z 3 − ; z0 = 3i
z
Proof. With z = x + iy, we observe
1
f (x + iy) = ( x + iy )3 −
x + iy

3 2 x 2 3 y
= x − 3xy − 2 + i 3x y − y + 2 = u(x, y) + iv(x, y).
x + y2 x + y2
Since u(x, y) and v(x, y) are continuous at (x, y) = (0, 3) from Calculus/Real Analysis, hence, by
Theorem, we conclude f (z) is continuous at z0 = 3i. One may prove in a different way.

 z3 − 1
, |z| =
6 1
(5.2) f (z) = ; z0 = 1
 3,z − 1 |z| = 1
Proof. We compute the limit
z3 − 1 (z − 1)(z 2 + z + 1)
= lim z 2 + z + 1 = 3 = f (1) = f (z0 ).

lim f (z) = lim = lim
z → z0 z→1 z − 1 z→1 z−1 z→1
Hence, by the definition, f (z) is continuous at z0 = 1.
6. Show that the function f is discontinuous at the given point.

(6.1) f (z) = Arg ( iz ); z0 = i
Proof. (1) As z approaches z0 = i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the first quadrant, iz approaches
−1 along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second quadrant and so Arg ( iz ) moves to π.
(2) As z approaches z0 = i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second quadrant, iz approaches
−1 along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the third quadrant and so Arg ( iz ) moves to −π.
From (1) and (2), the limit is not unique and thus the function f is not continuous at z0 = i.

 z3 − 1
, |z| =
6 1
(6.2) f (z) = ; z0 = i
 3,z − 1 |z| = 1
Proof. We compute the limit
z3 − 1 (z − 1)(z 2 + z + 1)
= lim z 2 + z + 1 = i 6= 3 = f (i) = f (z0 ).

lim f (z) = lim = lim
z → z0 z→i z − 1 z→i z−1 z→i
Hence, by the definition, f (z) is not continuous at z0 = i.
Page 4 of 5
7. (7.1) Is it true that zlim

→z
f (z) = lim f ( z̄ ) for any complex function f ? If so, give a brief justification.
z→z
0 0
If not, find a counterexample.
z
Answer. No. We recall from the Example 2 on page 47 in the textbook that f (z) = is not
z̄
continuous at z = 0, because the limit does not exist there. With this function and z0 = 0, we
observe z z̄ z̄
f (z) = = = = f ( z̄ ) .
z̄ z̄¯ z
z̄
However, since the limit lim does not exist (by the similar argument as in the Example 2 on
z→0 z
page 47), so we cannot say lim f (z) = lim f ( z̄ ).
z→0 z→0

(7.2) If f (z) is a continuous function at z0 , then is it true that f (z) is continuous at z0 ?
Answer. Yes. We recall the theorem saying that a composition of two continuous functions is also
continuous. Since g(z) = z̄ is continuous everywhere, for a function f which is continuous at z0 , the
composition ( g ◦ f ) (z) = g(f (z)) = f (z) should be continuous at z0 .
8. If f satisfies xlim
→0
f (x + i0) = 0 and lim f (0 + iy) = 0, then can you conclude that lim f (z) = 0? Ex-
y→0 z→0
plain.
z 2
Answer. No. Consider the function f (z) = − 1. We observe
z̄
2
x + iy
f (x + iy) = − 1,
x − iy
x 2 2
iy
f (x + i0) = − 1 = 0, f (0 + iy) = − 1 = ( −1 )2 − 1 = 0,
x −iy
which implies
lim f (x + i0) = lim 0 = 0, lim f (0 + iy) = lim 0 = 0.
x→0 x→0 y→0 y→0
However, as z = (x, y) approaches 0 along the line y = x, we observe

" 2 #
x + ix
lim f (z) = lim f (x + ix) = lim −1
z→0 (x,x) → (0,0) (x,x) → (0,0) x − ix
" 2 # 2
1+i 1+i
= lim
(x,x) → (0,0) 1−i
−1 =
1−i
− 1 = −2 6= 0.
Page 5 of 5
College of Sciences
HOMEWORK 5 { SOLUTION
Section 19 Derivatives
Section 20 Dierentiation Formulas
Complex Analysis I

9:30 { 10:45 on Monday & Wednesday
Due Date: Monday, November 2, 2009
ID No: Solution
Name: Solution
Score: Solution
1. (#1 on Page 62) Use results in Sec. 20 to nd f (z ) when 0
3
(1.1) (b) f (z ) = 1 4z 2
Answer. 2 2
(z ) = 3 1 4z 2 1 4z 2 = 24z 1 4z 2
0
f
0
:
1
(1.2) (c) f (z ) =
z
2z + 1
, z 6= 1=2
Answer.
2z + 1 (z 1) 2 3
f
0
(z ) = 2 = :
(2z + 1) (2z + 1)2
Page 1 of 3
2. (#8 on Page 63) Use the method in Example 2, Sec. 19, to show that f (z ) does not exist at any 0
point z when
(2.1) (a) f (z ) = Re(z )
Proof.
4 = Re ( + 4 ) Re ( ) = + 4
w z z
=
z 4 x x x x
4 z 4 z 4 +4 4 +4 x i y x i y
;
where 4 = 4 + 4 and = + .
z x i y z x iy
As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (4 0) on the real axis, we have

z ; x;
4 = 4 w
=
4 =1 x x
4 4 +4 4 +0 z x i y x i
:
As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (0 4 ) on the imaginary axis, we have

z ; ; y
4 = 4 w 0 x
4 4 + 4 0+ 4 =0
z
=
x i y i y
:
Since the limit is not unique, thus, f (z ) does not exist at any point.
0

(2.2) (b) f (z ) = Im(z )

Proof.
4 = Im ( + 4 ) Im ( ) = + 4
w z z
=
z 4 y y y y
4 z 4 z 4 +4 4 +4 x i y x i y
;
where 4 = 4 + 4 and = + .
z x i y z x iy
As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (4 0) on the real axis, we have

z ; x;
4 = 4 w 0 y
4 4 + 4 4 + 0 =0
z
=
x i y x i
:
As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (0 4 ) on the imaginary axis, we have

z ; ; y
4 = 4 w
=
4 =1 y y
4 4 + 4 0+ 4 z x i y i y i
:
Since the limit is not unique, thus, f (z ) does not exist at any point.
0

Page 2 of 3
3. (#9 on Page 63) Let f denote the function whose values are
8 2
< z
>
when z 6= 0,
( )=>
f z z
: 0 when z = 0.
(1) Show that if z = 0, then

4 w
= 1 at each nonzero point on the real and imaginary axes in the
4 z
4z , or 4x4y, plane.
Proof. Case 1. z = 0:
4 w
=
( + 4z )
f z ( )
f z
=
z + 4 z = (z + 4 z )
2
0
=
z+ 4z
2
4 z 4 z 4 z 4z ( z + 4z )
where 4z = 4x + i4y and z = x + iy .
(2) Show that

4 w
= 1 at each nonzero point (4x; 4x) on the line 4y = 4x in that plane.
4 z
(3) Conclude form these observations that f (0) does not exist. Note that to obtain this result, it
0
is not sucient to consider only horizontal and vertical approaches to the origin in the 4z plane.
(Compare with Example 2, Sec. 19.)
Page 3 of 3

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United Arab Emirates University

Section 1. Sums and Products and Section 2 Basic Algebraic Properties

(1.2) (2; 3)( 2; 1) = ( 1; 8)

(3; 1)(3; 1) = (9 + 1; 3 + 3) = (10; 0);

iz = i(x + yi) = y + xi; Re(iz ) = y = Im(z ); Re(iz ) = Im(z ):

(2.2) Im(iz ) = Re(z )

iz = i(x + yi) = y + xi; Im(iz ) = x = Re(z ); Im(iz ) = Re(z ):

3. Solve the equation z 2 + z + 1 = 0 for z = (x; y ) by writing

(x; y )(x; y ) + (x; y ) + (1; 0) = (0; 0)

and then solving a pair of simultaneous equations in x and y .

(0; 0) = (x; y )(x; y ) + (x; y ) + (1; 0)

From the second equation in (1), we get y = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0, i.e., x = 1=2.

Section 3. Further Properties

5. Prove that if z1 z2 z3 = 0, then at least one of the three factors is zero.

z2 = 0 or z3 = 0, i.e., at least one of the three factors is zero.

to derive the cancelation law:

Proof. By the identity,

z1 + z2 = (2=3; 1); z1 z2 = ( 2=3; 3):

(7.3) z1 = ( 3; 1) and z2 = (1; 4)

Answer. z1 = x1 + y1 i = (x1 ; y1 ), z2 = x1 y1 i = (x1 ; y1 ).

z1 + z2 = (2x1 ; 0); z1 z2 = (0; 2y1 ):

Re(z ) = x; and Im(z ) = y; and j j2 =

Adding jxj2 + jy j2 to both sides, we get

Section 5. Complex Conjugates

11. Sketch the set of points determined by the condition

Answer. We recall Re(z ) = Re(

x = Re(x + (y + 1)i) = Re(x + yi + i) = Re(z + i) = 2; i:e:; x = 2:

(11.2) j2z i j=4

which represents a circle centered at the point i=2 with radius 2.

Proof. The Triangle Inequality implies

j + z2 j  jz1 j + jz2 j; and so

Now we recall, from the triangle inequality,

13. Show that

Proof. Recall for a complex number w, j Re(w )j  j j. So for j j  1, we have

14. Prove that

(14.2) z is either real or pure imaginary if and only if z2 = z 2 .

i.e., y = 0 or x = 0, which means z is either real or pure imaginary.

15. Using expressions,

Proof. Let z = x + yi. Then by the given expressions,

Section 6. Exponential Form

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ = cos θ − i sin θ = cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ) = e−iθ .

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ,

cos(3θ) = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ, sin(3θ) = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ.

(5.3) (−1 + i)7 = −8 (1 + i)

If we introduce the numbers

Substituting z = eiθ into the equation above, we get

Euler’s formula implies

Again Euler’s formula implies

By equating the real parts and the imaginary parts, we find

where 0 < θ < 2π.

That is, we deduce

where we will simplify the first one.

We recall from Calculus

1 − cos A = 2 sin2 (A/2), sin(2A) = 2 sin A cos A,

Using them, we have

Section 8. Roots of Complex Numbers and Section 9. Examples

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1,

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1,

−16 = |−16| ei arg(−16) = 16ei(Arg(−16)+2kπ) = 16ei(π+2kπ) ,

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3,

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3,

Hence, we deduce all three cube roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2,

Answer. The equation z 4 + 4 = 0 is equivalent to z 4 = −4, i.e., z = (−4)1/4 . We express the

Answer. We recall Re(z ) = Re(

j + z2 j jz1 j + jz2 j; and so

Proof. Recall for a complex number w, j Re(w )j j j. So for j j 1, we have

(14.2) z is either real or pure imaginary if and only if z2 = z 2 .