PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

Electromagneti
c Induction

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr.Biswaranjan Swain Sasikanta Gond
PGT Physics XII (Science)
 certificate

This is to certify that Sasikanta Gond student of

CLASS 12th, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Deogarh
Odisha, has completed the project titled
“ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION” under my
guidance and completed it to my satisfaction. To
the best of my knowledge, the present work is the
result of his original investigation and study.

Mr. Biswaranjan Swain

PGT Physics
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA DEOGARH ODISHA

B I O DATA

1. Name: Soumya Priyanka

2. Father’s Name:- Ishwar Chandra Nayak

3. D.OB:- 13/06/2001

4. CLASS:- Class-XII (Science)

5. SCHOOL:- Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Deogarh,

Odisha

6. ROLL NO.:-

7. TOPIC:- “To study on Electromagentic Induction”

 D E C LA R AT I O N

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “To Study on

Electromagnetic Induction”, submitted to Department of Physics,

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Deogarh is prepared by me.

Sasikanta Gond
Class-XII (Science)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude

towards our physics teacher Mr. Biswaranjan Swain
for his guidance, support and encouragement
throughout the duration of the project. Without his
motivation & help, the successful completion of this
project would not have been possible. I would also
like to express my gratitude to the lab assistant Mr.
Anadicharana Pradhan for his support.

Sasikanta gond
Class-xii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Objective

 Apparatus required

 Theory

 Conclusion

 References
 INTRODUCTION

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors and many
types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of
force. These equations for electromagnetic induction are
extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how, many natural physical phenomena in our
universe and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena
not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our
universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society. Understanding
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday’s law. From natural
phenomena, such as the light we receive from the sun, to
technologies that improve our quality of life, such as electric
power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many
aspects of our lives.

(a)Representation of magnetic fields inside a solenoid

(b) Cross-sectional view

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby

an electric field is induced, or generated by a changing
magnetic field.
In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce current.
Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different
phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic
force on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated
by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

 Insulated Copper wire

 An iron rod

 A strong magnet

 A light emitting Diode (LED)

OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.

THEORY
The magnetic flux (or B) through a surface is the component
of the magnetic field passing through the surface. The SI unit
of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is
maxwell.

Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which

contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the
change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing
through a surface of vector area S is

Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit of

Wb/m2(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle between
magnetic field lines and the normal.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through a small amount of area where we
may consider the magnetic field to be constant.

From the magnetic vector potential and the

fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic field
may be defined as

Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the

Surface, which is denoted as

LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that

“The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is

equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux
through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when

the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is
invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in
all circumstances.

The magnetic flux changes due to the change in magnetic

field.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire
loop.
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured
by cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And
attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to Lorentz force law,

And the EMF of the wire loop is

Where (i) is the electric field

(ii) is the magnetic field

(iii) is the infinite length along the wire

And the line integral is evaluated along the wire.

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time
varying magnetic field is always accompanied by
spatially varying, non-conservative electric field and
vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is
 CONCLUSION

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first

observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-
nineteenth century, describes a very important
electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s law
is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This
concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch
our lives in many ways: from shining of the sun to
electricity and power in our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law has on us.

REFERENCES
 
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY
www.wikipedia.com


www.howstuffworks.com


www.scienceforall.com


www.100scienceprojects.com


Google images