EARTH’S WATER

WATER- started as a combination of gasses which were carried by meteor that collided with
the planet earth during the time of its creation. These gasses were released to the atmosphere.
The gasses underwent chemical reactions and one of the compound produced is water. Continent
and ocean basins constitute two major physiographic elements of the planet earth.
Ocean occupies nearly 72% of the earth surface contains 97% of all the water in the hydrologic
cycle.
The total volume of the water at or near the Earth’s surface is approximately 1,500,000,000
cubic kilometers (350,000,000 cubic miles), of which almost 99 percent is contained in the
continuous oceanic water layer- including such bodies of water as the black and Caspian seas. The
remaining components of the hydrosphere are, in decreasing order of quality; glacial ice, fresh
water in lakes and rivers, and atmospheric water vapor.
Part of the earth’s water absorb by the soil and trapped under as ground water.
Oceanography – study of the earth’s ocean
Hydrologic cycle or water cycle- the bodies of water that undergo in the process of evaporation,
precipitation, condensation, run-off, and storage.
Evaporation- from ocean to atmosphere.
Condensation- from the atmosphere to the land.
Precipitation- from land back to sea.
Ground water- water that penetrates into spaces within the rocks of the earth’s crust.
Water table- level below where the surface rocks are saturated with water.
Spring- ground water that escapes in the upper layer of the earth’s crust by passing through the
space between the rocks.
Hot spring- this happen in volcanic areas were the ground water has to pass through a series of
hot rocks.
Geysers- water escapes in to the atmosphere in a form of hot streams caused by the volcanic
rocks where it passes.
Travertine- this is the accumulation of chief minerals in the mouth of the hot spring or geysers
these are usually whitish if fresh and turns gray because of weathering.
Geyserites- these are siliceous minerals formed at the mouth of the geysers, these are usually
high colored by algae that strive at hot waters.

THREE TYPES OF GROUND WATER

Meteoric Water- are rain droplets that seep down into the spaces between the rocks. This type
of ground water ultimately becomes part of the water table, and is the primary source of drinking
water in many places all over the planet.
Connate Water- These are water molecules trapped within the microscopic spaces in between
rocks, when sedimentary rocks are formed in the beds, it is usually salty, unlike meteoric water
it doesn’t move from one place to another within the rock.
Magmatic water- these are water which was formerly chemically bound up in minerals and has
been released by heating in volcanic processes.

SURFACE WATER or RUN-OFF WATER

 Water droplets that have returned to the earth’s surface through precipitation and were
not absorbed by the soil. This normally would happen when the soil has reached its saturation
point on its sipage capacity. Run-off water are the main contributory factor to the increase of
water level of the lakes, seas, and other bodies of fresh surface water.
But when run-off water is returned to the earth’s surface in bigger volume it may cause floods.
Environment both urban and rural areas.

SOME WAYS TO CONROL FLOOD

Indirect Method- This type of flood control includes tree planting, soil conservation methods,
so by doing these, prevents the run-off water that causes flood.
Direct Method- This type of flood control which includes: a.) artificial levees made on the slides
of the river, b.) permanent overflow channel this can divert the flow of the water and c.) dams
with artificial lakes.

LAKES
It is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localized in a basin
that is surrounded by land. Lakes are inland and not part of the oceans, and are larger and deeper
than ponds. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. However,
most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams. Natural lakes are generally found in
mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in
endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world there are
many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are
temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the
basin containing them. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural
use, for hydroelectric power generation or domestic water supply, or for aesthetic or
recreational purposes. It has many uses among the few are: it serves as a cheap form of
transportation, serves as reservoir, provides water for generating electric power, use in
industrial and commercial purposes and most of all it represents the art of beauty.

KINDS OF LAKES
Fresh water lake- It has a feeder stream and an outlet.
Salt water lake- It has a feeder stream but does not have an outlet, so the tendency is that
the minerals carried by the run-off water is stored in the lake and when water undergoes
evaporation the minerals are left behind until they increase in amount.
Sub-glacial lake- Is permanently covered by ice. It can occur under glaciers, ice caps or ice
sheets.
Artificial lake- usually by flooding land behind a dam, called an impoundment or reservoir, by
deliberate human excavation, or by flooding of an excavation incident to a mineral-extraction
operation such as an open pit mine or quarry.
Underground lake- is formed under the surface of the earth’s crust. Such a lake may be
associated with caves, aquifers or spring.
Crater lake- is formed in a volcanic caldera or crater after volcano has been inactive for some
time. Water in this type of lake may be fresh or highly acidic, and may contain various dissolved
minerals.
Lava lake- is a pool of molten lava contained in a volcanic crater or other depression.
Ephemeral lake- is a seasonal lake that exists as a body of water during some part of the year.

Swamps- are also basin that is partly filled with water, party or completely filled with
vegetation and sediments.
Seas- are partly enclosed by land. The largest seas are the South China sea, The Caribbean
Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

THE FIVE MAJOR BASINS

Pacific Ocean- the Largest it covers a third of the earth’s Surface.
Atlantic Ocean- east of the Americans and west of Europe and Africa.
Indian Ocean- South of Asia and the middle East and east of Africa.
Arctic Ocean- South of Asia and middle East and east of Africa.
Southern Ocean- surrounds Antarctica in the south polar region.

Seawater- is salty, the saltiness of the water is called Salinity.

Ocean water is always moving. It moves around the surface ocean currents in the upper 400
meter of the oceans.
Up swelling- a process that brings water from the deep ocean to shallow areas.
Down swelling- a process that sends water from the surface to the deep ocean.

Currents along coastlines move water as well as sand. Moving water transports heat from the
sun around the planet, which has an effect on climate.
Coupled ocean-atmosphere models- the complex climate model, take into account both
atmosphere and ocean to describe the earth.
Ocean’s tides- are one type tide created by gravitational force.
Global ocean conveyor or thermocline circulation- The circulation of seawater.
Sea level- height of the sea level.
Greenhouse gas carbon dioxide- dissolved in the seawater the ocean becomes more acidic,
which is harmful to corals and marine life.

DIFFERENT ZONE OF SEA FLOOR

Ocean or Sea floor the depresses portion of the earth crust containing the water of the
world oceans and oceans basin.
Continental Shelf- a region of shallow water less than 500 feet up.
Continental Slope- these are the regions were great landslides occurs, here the turbidity
current occurs (This cause by sliding minerals from the continental shelf)
Deep sea Zone- is in the 3,000 feet deep or more
Mid Ocean Redge- are underwater mountains, these are about 60k in width and about 10,000
feet in height.
Trenches- the deepest part of the sea floor, the deepest is found in the Marianas Island and
the second is found in the Philippines Island.
Seamounts- Volcanic peaks rising at about 10,000 feet from sea floor but these are still not
high enough to reach the sea water level.
 Dissolve Elements Parts/millions of sea water
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 27,213
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) 3,807
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) 1,658
Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4) 1,260
Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4) 863
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 123
Magnesium Bromide (MgBr2) 76

Oceans is a treasure house of minerals.

The richest mineral substance is the water itself.

MOVEMENT OF SEA WATER

The water of the earth moves in several ways. The most important types of movements
are waves, ocean surface currents, density currents, tides and up swelling.

Waves- are caused by disturbance in water. Winds press on the water surface and scrape it to
raise waves.
Ocean Surface Currents- refers to the flow of the surface water of seas and oceans. These
surface currents mix and redistribute water in the oceans.
Density currents- refers to upward and downward movement of water due to differences in
densities of water. When surface water is cooler its density increases, so sinks. The sinking
dense water displaces the less dense water below causing it to rise.
Therefore,
Low temperature waters—sinks
High temperature waters—rises
Salinity is Opposite;
More saline water—Sinks
Less saline water—rises
Tide- is the periodic changes in the elevation of the ocean surface at a particular place.
This is a result from gravitational exerted by the moon and the sun on the waters of the planet
earth.
Rain compose of water drops that fall from the clouds.
 SCIENCE
Name: ____________________________ Date: _____________

__________________1. It is the study of earth’s ocean.

__________________2. How many percent the ocean occupy in earth surface?
__________________3. It is composed of water drops which fall from the clouds.
__________________4. It is a continuous movement from the ocean to the atmosphere,
from the atmosphere to the land and from the land back to the sea.
__________________5. The movement of water from the ocean to atmosphere.
__________________6. The movement of water from the atmosphere to the land.
__________________7. The movement of water from the land back to the sea.
__________________8. What do we call that water below the earth surface?
__________________9. It is the movement of sea water cause by disturbance.
__________________10. This refers to the upward and downward movement of water
due to differences in densities of water.

SCIENCE
Name: ____________________________ Date: _____________

__________________1. It is the study of earth’s ocean.

__________________2. How many percent the ocean occupy in earth surface?
__________________3. It is composed of water drops which fall from the clouds.
__________________4. It is a continuous movement from the ocean to the atmosphere,
from the atmosphere to the land and from the land back to the sea.
__________________5. The movement of water from the ocean to atmosphere.
__________________6. The movement of water from the atmosphere to the land.
__________________7. The movement of water from the land back to the sea.
__________________8. What do we call that water below the earth surface?
__________________9. It is the movement of sea water cause by disturbance.
__________________10. This refers to the upward and downward movement of water
due to differences in densities of water.