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Developing Resilient and Dynamic Rural Areas: 1. Background
Developing Resilient and Dynamic Rural Areas: 1. Background
Developing Resilient and Dynamic Rural Areas: 1. Background
1. Background
Indonesia is undergoing a historic transformation from a rural to an urban economy. Urban
population growth rates nearly 2,75% per year higher than national rates 1,17% per year. By
2015, about 59,35% Indonesia population live in the city of total population 258,7 million. While
in 2025, that is in less than 10 years Indonesia can expect to have 68% of it’s population living in
cities. The reality behind urban development in Indonesia, poverty decreased relatively, from
27,76 million or 10,70 percent (2016) to 26,58millionor 10,12 percent (2017), Gini Ratio of
Indonesia decrease from 0,394 to 0,391 during those years. But in rural areas increase from
0.316 (2016) to 0.320 (2017).
Based on the rural development index 2014, there are 74.093 rural areas in Indonesia,
consisting of 2.898 developed villages, 50.763 developing villages, and 20.432 under-developed
villages. Rural development index consists of several aspects, among others basic services,
infrastucture, transportation, public services, and rural government capacity. It explains that
still many of the marginalized community who live in poverty.
As the world's largest archipelago which spread across less than 17,500 islands, Indonesia sits
between the world's most active seismic region that is the notorious Pacific Ring of Fire and the
world's second most active region Alpide belt. Being sandwiched between such seismicity has
meant the islands experience some of the strongest earthquakes and most powerful volcanic
eruptions known on Earth. Furthermore, possible threat induced by climate changes are also
contributed to increasing vulnerabilities and exposures to region with high and middle risk
indexes in Indonesia. Disaster impact on poverty is large because poor people are exposed to
hazards more often, lose more as a share of their wealth when hit, and receive less support
from family and friends, financial systems, and governments.
East Asia and the Pacific, inclusively Indonesia is the world’s most disaster-prone region and its
children, especially the poorest, are most at risk when a disaster strikes. Disasters exacerbated
by climate change; threaten children’s survival and the livelihoods of the poorest households,
those with the least capacity to cope. When a disaster strikes and destroys assets and sources
of livelihoods, poor households often respond with coping strategies harmful to children.
Households are forced to withdraw children from schools, sell off livestock and other assets and
cut down on food consumption to cope with disaster losses. In fact, disasters can push people
into poverty, and so disaster risk management can be considered a poverty reduction policy.
Poverty and disasters are intrinsically linked in a vicious cycle. Poor and marginalized
households tend to be less resilient and face greater difficulties in absorbing and recovering
from disaster impacts.
In Indonesia disaster risks are closely related to poverty. Poor people tend to live and work in
hazardous and marginalized areas that are more exposed to disasters. The historical data
developed by BNPB confirms that areas with a high population density of poor people
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experience more frequent disasters.Out of a population of 252 million, more than 28 million
Indonesians live below the poverty line. Approximately half of all households remain clustered
around the national poverty line set at IDR 292,951 per month (US$24.40) and thus only a single
disaster away from falling back into poverty.
Population growth is also contributing to increasing vulnerability to disaster shocks as there are
millions of people who survive on incomes marginally above the poverty line. This represents
an obstacle for economic progress and human development. The areas that are poor and
overpopulated are generally the ones which suffer the most as a result of rapid environmental
change and so called ‘natural’ disasters.
To deal with these changes, rural areas must develop their resilience, which refers to the
capacity of a system to withstand change and improve when changes occur. Being more
resilience, a rural area can be better to face the changes without ending up into poverty and
able to tolerate alteration before reorganizing around a new set of structures and processes,
Rural resilience is about the balancing of ecosystem, economic and social functions. Rural areas
also have to become more dynamic, which means the rural areas is able to fast moving and easy
to adjust with the negative circumstances.
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Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan Saat Ini
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melalui pengembangan kawasan perdesaan sebagai hinterland kawasan strategis kabupaten
sesuai dengan Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang. Dengan kata
lain, ada potensi sinergi yang kuat antara UU Penataan Ruang dan UU Desa yang
diwujudkan melalui pembangunan kawasan perdesaan.
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Pembangunan Desa
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mengutamakan kontribusi terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan, peningkatan sumber
daya manusia, serta perbaikan layanan terhadap masyarakat desa. Program
Penguatan Pemerintahan dan Pembangunan Desa hadir untuk mendukung prioritas
nasional dengan menitikberatkan pada penguatan tata kelola desa, peningkatan
kualitas sumber daya aparatur, masyarakat, dan pendamping, serta dorongan
penggunaan sistem informasi berbasis teknologi di level desa. Program ini
mendorong sebuah reformasi pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap desa dan para
aparatur desa, serta sebuah platform untuk menyalurkan inovasi dalam
pengembangan sistem peningkatan kapasitas yang lebih efisien.
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ISU STRATEGIS PEMBANGUNAN DESA DAN PERDESAAN
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Pembangunan Desa, yang berfokus pada peningkatan kapasitas aparatur dan
masyarakat serta peningkatan kualitas belanja desa, (b) Program Solusi Lokal untuk
Pengentasan Kemiskinan serta peningkatan partisipasi dan pemberdayaan
masyarakat dalam penerimaan layanan sosial dasar, dan (c) Program Transformasi
Ekonomi Kampung Terpadu upaya untuk melakukan pemerataan di wilayah timur
Indonesia pada bidang sosial ekonomi.