A TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

AT

ELA Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd.

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Er. S.K GUPTA

SUBMITTED BY

ADITYA SINGH
1609100015

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DR APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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The time I spent at this project during my industrial training was from 26th JULY TO 10th
SEPTEMBER, 2019. It was a memorable time for me since it gave me a rich experience and
helped me discover my potential. My training would not have been possible without the
constant encouragement and guidance of the people involved, who have been a source of
inspiration throughout the course.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Training and placement officer
and the Civil Department of my college for forwarding my training letter to ELA
Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Nisheeth Pandey, Director, ELA
Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd. for providing me with this opportunity to work with them and complete
my industrial training and accomplish the goals set forth by my institute.

I express my deep indebtedness to Er. S.K Gupta , for giving me this esteemed opportunity to
work on this project and providing me with all the knowledge I needed to complete my project.
Despite his busy schedules, he ardently attended to all my doubts and queries.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

● ABSTRACT …………………………………….....4
● INTRODUCTION………………………………….5
● DEMAND OF HOUSE………………………….....7
● CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING……………….8
● CONSTRUCTION PROCESS…………………….10
● DRAWINGS………………………………………..18
● CONCLUSION……………………………………..23

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ABSTRACT

Varanasi is one of the fast developing cities in our country. As it is rapidly developing,
the construction in the city is very costly. Economic point of view if the building is
constructed at a far distance from the city, it will be cheaper and residents can live
peacefully without any external polluted sources. Having a peaceful surrounding is the
main point of view of most of the people in today’s lifestyle.

INTRODUCTION

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The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing & shelter. From times immemorial
man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economical and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for a comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in
view.

● A Peaceful environment.
● Safety from all-natural source & climate conditions
● General facilities for the community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye-laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation
etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

DEMAND OF HOUSES

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The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The
house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against
physical insecurity of all kinds.

The special features of the demand for housing consist of its unique nature and depend on the
following factors.

● Availability of cheap finance.

● Availability of skilled labours.
● Availability of transport facility.
● Cost of labours & material of construction.
● Predictions of future demand.
● Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term
payment may facilities investment in housing.
● Rate of population growth and urbanization.
● Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.
● Taxation policy on real estates
● Town planning & environmental conditions.

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

● Residential Buildings
● Educational Buildings
● Institutional Buildings

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 ● Assembly Buildings
● Business Buildings
● Mercantile Buildings
● Industrial Buildings
● Storage Buildings
● Hazardous Buildings

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:

These buildings include any building in which sleeping accommodation provides for normal
residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes single or multi-
family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants, hostels,
dormitories and residential hostels.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly
for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants,
convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is
restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide These buildings are used for different
purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or
mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for
penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings
ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:

These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places
of worship, etc.

BUSINESS BUILDINGS:

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These buildings are used for the transaction of business, for the keeping of accounts and
records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses,
libraries. The principal function of these buildings is the transaction of public business and the
keeping of books and records.

MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise either
wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise
and located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:
These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are a fabrication,
assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning plants,
power plants, pumping stations, smokehouses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise
vehicles and animals, like warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce
poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids.

Construction process

1.EXCAVATION

In construction terms, excavation is the process of removing earth to form a cavity in the
ground.

On small sites or in confined spaces, excavation may be carried out by manual means using
tools such as picks, shovels and wheelbarrows. Larger scale excavation works will require
heavy plant such as bulldozers and backactors. For more information, see Excavating plant.

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A common method of classification is by the material being excavated:

Topsoil excavation

This involves the removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s surface, including any vegetation
or decaying matter which could make the soil compressible and therefore unsuitable for bearing
structural loads. The depth will vary from site to site, but is usually in a range of 150-300 mm.

Earth excavation

This involves the removal of the layer of soil directly beneath the topsoil. The removed material
(referred to as 'spoil') is often stockpiled and used to construct embankments and foundations.

Rock excavation

This is the removal of material that cannot be excavated without using special excavation
methods such as drilling (by hand or with heavy machinery) or blasting with explosives.

Muck excavation

This is the removal of excessively wet material and soil that is unsuitable for stockpiling.

Unclassified excavation

This is the removal of a combination of the above materials, such as where it is difficult to
distinguish between the materials encountered.

Excavation purpose

Excavation can also be classified according to the purpose of the work:

Cut and fill excavation

This is the process of excavation whereby the material that is cut or stripped. The removed
topsoil and earth can be used as fill for embankments, elevated sections, and so on. It can also
be used to form a level surface on which to build, as elevated sections of the site are ‘cut’ and
moved to ‘fill’ lower sections of the site.

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Trench excavation

A trench is an excavation in which the length greatly exceeds the depth. Shallow trenches are
usually considered to be less than 6 m deep, and deep trenches greater than 6 m.

Trench, or footing, excavation is typically used to form strip foundations, buried services, and
so on. The choice of technique and plant for excavating, supporting and backfilling the trench
depends on factors such as; the purpose of the trench, the ground conditions, the trench location,
the number of obstructions, and so on.

The common techniques that are used include:

● Full depth, full length: Suitable for long narrow trenches of shallow depth, such as
pipelines and sewers.
● Full depth, successive stages: Suitable for deep trenches where works can progress
in sequence, reducing the risk of collapse.
● Stage depth, successive stages: Suitable for very deep trenches in confined areas,
deep foundations and underpinning.

Basement excavation

A basement is part of a building that is either partially or completely below ground level. For
more information, see Basement excavation.

Road excavation

This typically involves stripping topsoil and cut-and-fill. For more information, see Road
construction.

Bridge excavation

This typically involves the removal of material for the footing and abutments of bridges. The
work may be subdivided into wet, dry and rock excavation. Underwater excavations may
require special methods of drill and blast. For more information, see Bridge construction.

Dredging

Dredging is the process of excavating and removing sediments and debris from below water
level, typically from the bottom of lakes, rivers, harbours, and so on. For more information, see
Dredging.

Over excavation

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Excavation that goes beyond the depth which is required for the formation of a below ground
structure due to the presence of unsuitable material that must be removed.

For more information see: Over excavation.

2.CONCRETE WORK IN FOUNDATION

Construction of concrete foundation is divided into number of work activities with specific
objectives and completion time for each activity is defined. Each activity for construction of
concrete foundations has to be planned, as it requires specific equipments at every stage.
Activities for construction of concrete foundations can be divided into following:

1. Marking of foundation layout at site.

2. Earth excavation upto the required depth by means of machine.

3. Earth excavation and levelling of soil by means of hand operated tools.

4. Placing of PCC.

5. Placement of reinforcement steel

6. Erection of concrete formworks for footings.

6. Placement of concrete and vibrating and levelling of concrete surface.

7. Removal of formwork after the concrete has set.

8. Curing of concrete for the required number of days.

9. Applying finishing coats on concrete surface.

10. Site cleanup.

11. Backfilling of excavation upto the required depth in the number of layers.

Each activity for the construction of foundation requires different skill sets of workmen and
different equipments. For a construction large construction projects, there can be many number
of foundations to be casted on a single day. Therefore it is required to plan each and every
activity of this construction. The project planner for foundation construction should determine
the quantity of works involved in each activity and estimate the quantity of materials to be
required. The number of tools and equipments, workforce and other resources to be utilised for
this construction should be well planned in advance. For example the placement of concrete
could involve the total number of cubic meters of concrete involved in the activity. The building
of forms would normally be measured by the square meter of concrete surface area.

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Fig: Construction project activities

All the acitivities for a foundation construction must be properly sequenced and resources
required at different times of the activity must be estimated. From this information the possible
necessary to complete the construction and the amount of resources required can be known. At
this point the planner might not considered factors such as delays due to weather and other
unforceen circumstances. The construction plan for foundation is affected by following:

● The ability of the contractor to accomplish the project.

● The resulting costs of the project.

The rate of concreting for foundation construction should be estimated to complete the work
within the time. The concrete work should not be stopped for more than 30 minutes unless all
the concretng has been completed.

3.MASONARY WORK

The word ‘masonry’ is often thrown around, but not always fully understand. A masonry
structure includes anything built by fusing together materials with help from mortar. Mortar is
a paste form of cement, when it dries it holds together a structure made of bricks, concrete,
stone, marble, and other materials. Masonry materials can be man-made or naturally occurring.
Knowing your options can help you make the best decision for your next masonry project. Here
we explain different types of masonry work and provide answers about each one.
Veneer Masonry Vs. Solid Masonry

In simplicity, there are two main types of masonry work, veneer and solid masonry.

Veneer masonry is usually put to use for aesthetic purposes as opposed to creating a sturdy
structure. This type of masonry includes pasting together materials to the outside of another
structure, which provides the base for support.

Solid masonry can hold itself up and fight off the elements; it is built free standing and is not
attached to anything else.

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Different Types of Masonry Materials

So long as a structure is put together using mortar and materials, it can be considered masonry
work. Mortar plays a big role in masonry structures, working as the glue that holds everything
together. Mortar comes in a variety of types, each one with a different level of strength. Types
of mortar include M, S, N, and O. The highest strength mortar is Type M, while the lowest
strength mortar is Type O.

Bricks are the most popularly recognized masonry materials, although many other resources
can be used, such as stone and concrete blocks.

Brick Masonry

Brick is the most popular form of masonry requested today. Bricks are known to be durable
and good looking, lasting many generations and still remaining in style. Bricks also come in a
wide variety, from more traditional blocks to modern textures and colors. Bricks often take on
a serpentine masonry, which means that the lines included don’t follow a straight line; instead
they take on a staggered pattern. Other types of masonry can also take on a serpentine style,
which is known to add more strength to a structure.

Bricks are typically made using clay, sand, water, and sometimes lime or ash. Different types
of bricks can contain different ingredients that are mixed and then pressed together using some
sort of steel mold. Once nicely shaped, bricks are placed into an ultra hot oven and baked into
solid units. Due to the unique way that bricks are made, it can be difficult to match brickwork,
in which case a professional is very useful.

Stone Masonry

Two types of stones can be used to create stone masonry, either dressed or undressed. Dressed
stone is going to come in more fluid sizes and patterns. Undressed stone, also known as rough
stone, is laid as ‘rubble masonry,’ which provides a less clean look, and includes putting a wall
together without a regular pattern. Instead, undressed stone provides a more authentic or natural
appearance, which might sound messy, but actually offers great-looking result.

Concrete Blocks

Concrete is laid similarly to brick, with one cinderblock being pressed atop the other in a
staggered formation. Since concrete blocks are much larger than bricks, it takes far less time to
lay them.

For this reason and more, concrete masonry units are very popular construction building
materials. They tend to be more affordable and they are also fire resistance.

Concrete masonry units come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and specialty forms making them a
versatile building material. Schools, factories and residential buildings all often rely on
concrete blocks as the bones of a masonry structure.

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4.LINTEL
A lintel is one type of beam which used to support the above wall when openings like doors,
windows etc. are necessary to provide a building structure. The main function of the lintel is to
take loads coming from above wall and transfer its load to the side walls.

Followings are the function of lintel beams:

1. Lintel supports the walls above the openings like doors, windows, etc.
2. Lintels provide a safeguard of the windows and doors.
3. Lintel withstands the imposed loads coming from above bricks or block including the
roofing members.
4. The lintel is used to transfer all imposed loads to the side walls.
5. Sometimes lintels are used as a decorative architectural element.

5.ROOFING

Roofing materials and methods of application shall comply with the U.B.C. Standards or shall
follow manufacturer’s installation requirements when approved by the building official.

INSPECTIONS
New roof coverings shall not be applied without first obtaining an inspection by the building
official and written approval from the building official. A final inspection and approval shall
be obtained from the building official when the re-roofing is complete. The pre-roofing
inspection shall pay particular attention to evidence of accumulation of water. Where extensive
pounding of water is apparent, an analysis of the roof structure for compliance with Section
3207 shall be made and corrective measures, such as relocation of roof drains or scuppers, re-
sloping of the roof or structural changes, shall be made.
An inspection covering the above listed topics prepared by a special inspector may be accepted
in lieu of the pre-inspection by the building official.
A.) Built-Up Roof Covering
1. General Built-up roof covering shall be completely removed before applying the
new roof covering. New roofing conforming to Section 3209 shall be applied except
that when the new roof is to be applied directly to a nailable deck which has Residual
Bitumen adhering to it, a rosin-sized or other dry sheet shall be installed prior to the
installation of the new roof system.
EXCEPTION: The building official may allow existing roof coverings to remain when
inspection or other evidence reveals all of the following:
a.) That the roof structure is sufficient to sustain the weight of the additional dead load of the
roof covering.
b.) There is not more than one existing roof covering on the structure.

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c.) The existing roof covering is securely attached to the deck.
d.) The roof deck is structurally sound.
e.) The existing insulation is not water soaked.
B.) Preparation of Roof and Application of New Covering
1. General
2. When reroofing without removal of existing roof covering is permitted by the
building official and when the conditions specified in the exceptions to Subsection
(a) above have been met, the reroofing shall be accomplished in accordance with
the section.Over Gravel-Surfaced Roof Coverings
3. Over gravel-surfaced roof coverings, the roof shall be cleaned of all loose gravel
and debris. All blisters, buckles and other irregularities shall be cut and made smooth
and secure. Minimum 3/8-inch insulation board shall be nailed or securely cemented
to the existing roofing with hot Bitumen over which a new roof complying with
Section 3202 shall be installed. When insulation board is to be attached with hot
Bitumen, the existing surface shall be primed.
Alternatively, on nailable decks only, all existing gravel shall be spudded off to
provide a smooth surface. All blisters, buckles and other irregularities shall be cut
and made smooth and secure. A rosin-sized or other dry sheet shall be installed and
a base sheet as defined in the code shall be mechanically fastened in place. New
roofing conforming to Section 3202 shall be applied.Over Smooth or Cap Sheet
Surface
4. Over smooth or cap sheet surfaced roof coverings, all blisters, buckles and other
irregularities shall be cut and made smooth and secure. In the case of non-nailable
decks, a base sheet shall be spot cemented to the existing roofing. New roofing
conforming to Section 3203 shall be applied.
In the case of nailable decks, a base sheet shall be nailed in place. In those cases
where residual materials may cause the new base sheet to adhere to the old roof, a
rosin-sized dry or other sheet shall be installed under the base sheet. New roofing
conforming to Section 3203 shall be applied.
C.) Construction Details
1. Flashings and Edgings
2. Vent flashings, metal edgings, drain outlets, metal counter-flashing and
collars shall be removed and cleaned, rusted metal shall be replaced. Metal
shall be primed with cutback primer prior to installation. Collars and
flanges shall be flashed per the roofing manufacturer’s
instructions.Intersecting Walls
3. All concrete and masonry walls shall be completely cleaned and primed to
receive new flashing. All vertical walls, other than concrete or masonry,
shall have the surface finish material removed to a height of approximately

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 6 inches above the deck new roof surface to receive new roofing and
flashing. All rotted wood shall be replaced with new materials. Surface
finish material shall be replaced.Parapets
4. Parapets of area separation walls shall have noncombustible faces,
including counter-flashing and coping materials.
EXCEPTION: Combustible roofing may extend 7 inches above the roof
surface.Cant Strips Where space permits, cant strips shall be installed at
all angles. All angles shall be flashed with at least two more layers than in
the new roof with an exposed finish layer of inorganic felt or mineral
surfaced cap sheet.
SHINGLES AND SHAKES
A.) General
Based on inspection of the existing roofing, the building official may permit the recovering of
existing shingle or shake roofing in accordance with the provisions of this section.
B.) Asphalt Shingle Application
Not more than two overlays of asphalt shingles shall be applied over an existing asphalt shingle
roof.
Not more than two overlays of asphalt shingle roofing shall be applied over wood shingles.
Asphalt shingles applied over wood shingles shall have an overlay underlayment of not less
than Type 30 non-perforated felt.
On structures with a slope of 2:12 or greater and having no more than one existing built-up
roof with gravel surface, the gravel must first be spudded off to provide a smooth surface. All
blisters and irregularities shall be cut and made smooth and secure and an underlayment of not
less than Type 30 non-perforated felt shall be installed. If the built-up roof has a smooth or cap
sheet surface, all blisters and irregularities shall be cut and made smooth and secure and an
underlayment of not less than Type 30 non-perforated felt shall be installed.
C.) Wood Shake Application
Not more than one overlay of wood shakes shall be applied over an existing asphalt shingle or
wood shingle roof (with one layer of 18-inch, Type 30 non-perforated felt interlaced between
each layer of shakes).
D.) Wood Shingle Application
Not more than one overlay of wood shingles shall be applied over existing wood shingles.
E.) Application Over Shakes
New roof covering shall not be applied over an existing shake roof.
F.) Flashing and Edgings

Rusted or damaged flashing, vent caps and metal edgings shall be replaced with new materials
as necessary.
TILE
Tile roofs may be applied over existing roof coverings when approved by the building official.
Such installation shall be substantiated by structural data indicating that the existing or
modified roof framing system is adequate to support the additional tile roof covering.

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DRAWINGS

PLAN

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BEAM

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FOOTING

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PHOTOS

CONCLUSION

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We can conclude that there is a difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As
the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more
knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.

Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of length to a shorter
span of the panel. In this project, we have designed slabs as two-way slabs depending upon the
end condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per
I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on
beams and columns and designed frame analysis by a moment distribution method. Here we
have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.

REFERENCES

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● IS: 456 – code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete.
● IS: 383 – specifications for fine & coarse aggregate from natural sources for
concrete.
● IS: 2386 – methods of tests for aggregate for concrete. (9 parts)
● IS: 2430 – methods of sampling.

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