Information technology (IT) is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve,

transmit and manipulate data,[1] or information, often in the context of a business or other
enterprise.[2] IT is considered a subset of information and communications
technology(ICT). In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level
"contain[s] some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that
facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated
communications".[3]
The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it
also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and
telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology,
including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom
equipment, and e-commerce.[4] [a]
Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since
the Sumerians in Mesopotamiadeveloped writing in about 3000 BC,[6] but the
term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published
in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler
commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall
call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques
for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making,
and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[7]
Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish
four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical
(1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940), and electronic (1940–present).[6] This
article focuses on the most recent period (electronic), which began in about 1940.