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REE Seminar PDF
REE Seminar PDF
University of Liège
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department
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Voltage stability and angle
stability.
o Is there clear distinction between angle and voltage
instability?
NOT ALWAYS!
“often both types of instabilities come together and one may
lead to other”
o Distinction between the two types is important for
understanding of the underlying causes of the problems in
order to develop appropriate design and operating
procedures.
o Distinction is effective but the overall stability of the
system should be kept in mind.
o Solutions for one problem should not be at expense of
another.
o It is essential to look at all aspects of the stability
phenomena and at each aspect from more than one
viewpoint.
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Main results of the post-mortem
analysis of 20 incidents
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Voltage instability illustration
on a simple system.
BUS 1 380.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ;
BUS 2 20.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ;
BUS 3 380.00 1500.0 300.0 0.0 0.0 ;
LINE '1-3' 1 3
0. 79.8 0. 1350. 1 ;
LINE '1-3b' 1 3
0. 79.8 0. 1350. 1 ;
TRFO '2-3' 2 3 ' '
0.0 8. 0.0 104.0 500.0 0. 0. 0 0. 0. 1 ;
GENER 1 1 1
1050.0 0.0 1.1 900.0 -9999. 9999. 1 ;
GENER 2 2 2
300.0 0.0 0.9777 500.0 -9999. 9999. 1 ;
SLACK 1 ;
GROUP-PV '1' 1. ;
GROUP3 '2'
2.1 2.1 0.1 0. 0. 50. 0. 0. ;
OXL '2'
0. 2.825 20. 20. ;
LTCDYN '4-3'
20. 10. ;
LOAD(V)* 2. 2. ;
Load modeling: α β
V V
Pl = P0 4 Ql = Q0 4
V0 V0
β
and including the shunt: V
Qtot = (Q 0 − Q sh ) 4
V 0
r↓ r↑
r→ V4
V0 -ε V0 +ε
τ in = 20s τ ul = 10 s [0.99,1.01] pu
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Maximum deliverable power – 1.
Thinking on:
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EthV3 X2 1 1 V 2V 2
Ptot = P23 ± 1 − 2 132 Qtot + V32 ( + 2 − 22 32 − P232
X 13 EthV3 X 13 n X 23 n X 23
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V-Q curves.
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Example 2: Corrective controls –
LTC blocking.
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Example 4: Corrective controls –
generator voltage increase.
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Example 6: Corrective controls –
load shedding.
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Beyond ordinary (vanilla) power
flows.
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Continuation Power Flows
α β
f (x , µ ) = 0 V V
P = P0 ; Q = Q0
V 0 V0
αi
V
PLi = (1 + kLi µ )PLi 0 i
Vi0
βi
V
QLi = (1 + k Li µ )QLi 0 i
Vi 0
n
∆Ptotal = ∑ PLi − Ptotal 0
i =1
PGi = PGi0 + k Gi ∆Ptotal
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CPF – Mathematical formulation - 2
∆P H N ∆θ
∆ Q = k1
× ∆V
M L
rhs FF 1 kF 1 ∆λ
∆P H N k1 ∆θ
∆Q M L k2 ∆V
rhs1 = FF 1 kF 1 k 3 × ∆λ
rhs2 FF 2 0 FL
1
rhs3 FF 3 0 FL 2
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CPF – Example using IEEE-118 test
system.
f ( x, µ ) = 0 dx
SF =
dµ
n
dV J = WΛU T = ∑ wi µi v i
T
VSF = i=1
dµ
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Voltage Stability Indices
(indicators)
V-Q sensitivities:
∆P J Pθ J PV ∆θ
∆ Q = J J QV ∆ V
by letting: ∆P = 0
Qθ
∆Q = J R ∆V where: [
J R = J QV − J Qθ J P−θ1 J PV ]
dVi / Vi
>0 i ∈α L , j ∈αG
dQ / Q
Gj Gj P Li
= PLi 0
dQ
Also possible: Li > 0 i ∈α L , j ∈ αG
dQ
Gj P Li
= PLi 0
∑ Wi Qi ∆Qi
Index = 100 1 − where: Wi =
∑ Wi Qmaxi ∑ ∆Q i
∆Qi
Wi' =
and can be normalized as: ∆Q max i
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Voltage Stability Indices (VIP –
voltage instability predictor)
Z Thev
Z app = Z Thev E Thev
Thevénin equivalent Za p p
V of system
Z app =
I Load
(Vt − Z Thev I t ) 2
∆S =
4Z Thev
Static methods:
q Capture the loss of a long-term equilibrium,
q Based on algebraic equations that stem from the
equilibrium conditions of long-term dynamics,
q Cannot (easily) account for controls that depend on the
system time evolution
Time domain methods:
q Higher modeling accuracy,
q Possibility to study other instability mechanisms than the
loss of equilibrium,
q Higher interpretability of results.
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Approximation of long-term
equilibrium equations by standard
load flow equations
Standard Load flow True long-term equilibrium
calculation
loads
Constant power If controlled by LTC:
-if LTC not limited: constant power
-If LTC limited: consider short-term
characteristics
Load self-restoration
(consider long-term char.)
Other cases (consider short-term)
generators
Load evolution w = φ (t )
z&C = hC ( x, y, zC , zD , w)
Load frequency control Long-Term dynamics
Load tap changers
Overexcitation limiters
Automatically switched capacitors
z D (k + 1) = hD ( x , y , z C , z D (k ), w)
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QSS main features
qEDF (France),
qHydro-Quebec (Canada),
qELIA (Belgium),
qHTSO (Greece)
qCESI, GRTN (Italy, within the OMASES project)
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Voltage security analysis
ENDS MEANS
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An example of Modified Load Flow
Optimization methods
Solve: max µ
s.t . ϕ (u, p0 + µd ) = 0
- faster
- cannot (at least easily) incorporate controls that depends on the
system “path” between base case and max. loadability (bifurcation)
points
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Examples using QSS simulation:
Nordic – 32 test system.
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Load shedding: analysis procedure
∆
∆Plow ∆Pup
Binary search
Recent research conducted at University of Liege: Closed -loop SPS (load shedding)
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Automatic learning techniques for
voltage security assessment.
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Useful links.
www.montefiore.ulg.ac.be
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