Arijmhtik AnLush Ii: Εισαγωγικές ΄Εννοιες Στο Matlab

DianÔsmata-PÐnakec
Grafikèc Parastseic
Programmatismìc sto MATLAB
Arijmhtik Anlush II
Εισαγωγικές ΄Εννοιες στο MatLab
Αλεξανδρόπουλος Σταμάτιος - ΄Αγγελος

stamataggelos@hotmail.com
Tm ma Majhmatik¸n
Sqol Jetik¸n Episthm¸n
Panepist mio Patr¸n
26 Φεβρουαρίου 2014
Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc Arijmhtik Anlush II
Orismìc dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka
Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Anstrofoc, antÐstrofoc kai orÐzousa pÐnaka
Basikèc sunart seic pinkwn kai dianusmtwn
Majhmatikèc sunart seic
Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka
Perieqìmena
1 DianÔsmata-PÐnakec
2 Grafikèc Parastseic
3 Programmatismìc sto MATLAB

DianÔsmata - PÐnakec
Ορισμός διανύσματος
Ta dianÔsmata sto MATLAB eÐnai pÐnakec me mÐa gramm (dianÔsmata
gramm ) pÐnakec me mÐa st lh (dianÔsmata st lh). Ta dianÔsmata
gramm orÐzontai parajètontac ta stoiqeÐa touc mèsa se agkÔlec
qwrismèna me kìmma me kenì.
p.q. >> a =[5 7 -9] (dinusma gramm )
p.q. >> b =[-25 ; 4 ; 18] (dinusma st lh)
Enallaktik mporoÔme na orÐsoume dianÔsmata gramm orÐzontac ton

pr¸to stoiqeÐo tou to b ma metabol c twn tim¸n tou dianÔsmatoc kai ton
arijmì pou mporeÐ na eÐnai mikrìtero Ðso to teleutaÐo stoiqeÐo tou.
p.q. >> x =0:2:10
p.q. >> y =-10:2:0
Tèloc, mporoÔme na orÐsoume dianÔsmata gramm sunjètontac dianÔsmata

gramm .
p.q. >> z = [x y ]
Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II


DianÔsmata
Συναρτήσεις Διανυσμάτων
length(x) epistrèfei to pl joc twn stoiqeÐwn tou dianÔsmatoc x
size(x) epistrèfei to mègejoc tou dianÔsmatoc, dhlad to pl joc twn
gramm¸n kai twn sthl¸n tou x

Anstrofo dinusma tou x >> x 0
:
Πράξεις μεταξύ βαθμωτού και διανύσματος

'Estw l =5 , tìte orÐzontai oi prxeic thc prìsjeshc, afaÐreshc,
pollaplasiasmoÔ kai diaÐreshc tou stoiqeÐou me èna dinusma
Pollaplasiasmìc stoiqeÐou (èstw l =5 ) me èna dinusma:
>> t = l ∗ a
DiaÐresh stoiqeÐou me dinusma: >> t = a/l


DianÔsmata
Πράξεις μεταξύ διανυσμάτων

Prìsjesh, afaÐresh: >> c = x + y >> c = x − y
Pollaplasiasmìc: h prxh >> c = x ∗ y den mporeÐ na gÐnei, giatÐ ;
0
AntÐjeta h prxh >> c = x ∗ y ekteleÐtai kanonik
To ginìmeno dianusmtwn akoloujeÐ ton kanìna tou ginomènou
pinkwn, dhlad to pl joc twn sthl¸n tou dianÔsmatoc x prèpei na
eÐnai Ðso me to pl joc twn gramm¸n tou y

Pardeigma: >> v = [1 4 5] >> u = [2; 3; 6]
, tìte:
>> v ∗ uP epistrèfei to eswterikì ginìmeno twn dÔo dianusmtwn,
dhlad vi · ui
H prxh >> u ∗ v ekteleÐtai ; An nai poia eÐnai h apnthsh ;
OrÐzontai kai oi stoiqeÐo proc stoiqeÐo prxeic pollaplasiasmoÔ .∗
diaÐreshc ./ kai Ôywshc se dÔnamh .∧ p.q. >> x. ∗ y >> y ./x
, kai
>> y .∧ x


PÐnakec
Ορισμός Πίνακα
Oi pÐnakec dhmiourgoÔntai orÐzontac ta stoiqeÐa kje gramm c kai
kje st lhc qrhsimopoi¸ntac touc kanìnec pou eÐdame kai sthn
perÐptwsh twn dianusmtwn, dhlad
p.q. >> a = [3 4 5; 6 7 8] >> b = [1 : 3, 2 : 3; 1 : 5; 1 : 2 : 10]

Anafor se stoiqeÐo tou pÐnaka: >> b(2, 3)
MporoÔme na knoume anafor se stoiqeÐa pinkwn all kai
grammèc, st lec tm mata touc. Me th qr sh thc nw kai ktw
teleÐac : anaferìmaste se olìklhrec grammèc st lec
p.q. >> b(2, 1 : 4) >> b(1 : end, 3)

Mègejoc pÐnaka: >> [r , c] = size(b) . Poi ja eÐnai h apnthsh ;


PÐnakec
Πράξεις μεταξύ πινάκων

Wc prxeic pinkwn orÐzontai oi gnwstèc +,-,* efìson eÐnai dunatì
na gÐnoun
p.q. en>> c = [2 5 7; 3 9 10] tìte gÐnontai oi prxeic >> a + c

kai >> c − a
H prxh >> a ∗ c mporeÐ na ektelesteÐ ; An ìqi giatÐ, an nai poio
eÐnai to apotèlesma ;
Poi h diafor metaxÔ twn prxewn >> a ∗ c 0 kai >> a0 ∗ c ;
H arister diaÐresh A/B = A · B −1 kai h dexi diaÐresh A\B = A−1 · B
ekteloÔntai efìson orÐzontai gia pardeigma >> a\c >> a/c
kai
H Ôywsh tetragwnikoÔ pÐnaka se dÔnamh arijmì orÐzetai wc forèc
Ak = A · A . . . A , p.q. >> d 3
Tèloc, kai gia touc pÐnakec orÐzontai oi stoiqeÐo proc stoiqeÐo
prxeic pollaplasiasmoÔ .∗ , diaÐreshc ./ kai Ôywshc se dÔnamh .∧


PÐnakec
Anstrofoc enìc pÐnaka: >> a0

AntÐstrofoc pÐnaka, efìson uprqei: en >> d = [5 8; 9 4] tìte
>> inv (d)

OrÐzousa d >> det(d)
tou pÐnaka :
Oi >> eye(n) >> zeros(n)

, >> ones(n) kai dhmiourgoÔn n×n
monadiaÐouc, mhdenikoÔc kai pÐnakec me stoiqeÐa mondec antÐstoiqa
H >> rand(n, m) epistrèfei pÐnaka me (yeÔdo) tuqaÐa stoiqeÐa
distashc n×m
MporoÔme epÐshc na dhmiourg soume pÐnaka orÐzontac tic timèc mÐac
apì tic diagwnÐouc tou (kÔriac llhc) me th sunrthsh diag( ) . Wc
p diag¸nio enìc pÐnaka A orÐzoume ta stoiqeÐa tou (efìson aut
uprqoun) pou ikanopoioÔn Ai,i+p , en¸ wc diag¸nio −p aut pou
ikanopoioÔn Ai,i−p
>> diag ([5 7 − 8 9]) dhmiourgeÐ ènan 4×4 diag¸nio pÐnaka
>> diag ([5 7 − 8 9], −1) dhmiourgeÐ ènan 5×5 diag¸nio pÐnaka me mh
mhdenik stoiqeÐa ta stoiqeÐa thc pr¸thc diagwnÐou ktw apì thn
kÔria diag¸nio


Gia ta dianÔsmata h >> sum(a) epistrèfei to jroisma twn
stoiqeÐwn tou dianÔsmatoc a kai h >> prod(a) to ginìmeno
H >> sort(a) epistrèfei èna dinusma me taxinomhmèna ta stoiqeÐa
dianÔsmatoc kat aÔxousa ditaxh. Gia pardeigma, en
a = [2 − 3 − 5 1] >> sort(a) ja epistrèyei to dinusma [−5 − 3 1 2]

H entol >> −sort(−a) ti ja epistrèyei ;
H >> max(a) kai h >> min(a) epistrèfoun to megalÔtero kai
mikrìtero stoiqeÐo tou dianÔsmatoc a antÐstoiqa. Me thn kl sh touc
mporoÔme na proume kai th jèsh tou megalÔterou tou mikrìterou
stoiqeÐou, wc ex c: >> [value pos] = min(a) . H apnthsh ja eÐnai
value = −5 kai pos = 3
Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggelocstamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II


Oi max() min() sum() prod()

, , , mporoÔn na efarmostoÔn kai se
pÐnaka. Se aut n thn perÐptwsh epistrèfoun èna dinusma tou
opoÐou kje stoiqeÐo eÐnai to apotèlesma thc efarmog c touc se
kajemÐa apì tic st lec tou pÐnaka
En>> a = [1 : 3 : 9; 15 : −5 : 1] >> min(a) tìte ja d¸sei wc
apnthsh [1 4 5] >> max(a)

to dinusma [15 10 7]
, dÐnei , en¸ to
>> prod(a) [15 40 35]

dÐnei >> sum(a)
. To [16 14 12] epistrèfei
0
>> sort(a, ‘descend
) taxinomeÐ kat fjÐnousa
seir tic st lec tou
15 10 7
pÐnaka a . Ap:
1 4 5
0
>> sort(a, 2, ‘descend
) taxinomeÐ kat fjÐnousa
seir tic grammec
7 4 1
tou pÐnakaa . Ap:
15 10 5


Majhmatikèc Sunart seic sto MATLAB
Συνάρτηση Περιγραφή
>> abs(x) apìluth tim
>> sqrt(x) tetragwnik tim
>> sign(x) +1 en x > 0 −1 en x < 0
>> ceil(x) stroggulopoieÐ ston kontinìtero megalÔtero akèraio
>> floor (x) stroggulopoieÐ ston kontinìtero mikrìtero akèraio
>> round(x) stroggulopoieÐ ston kontinìtero akèraio
>> fix(x) stroggulopoieÐ ston kontinìtero akèraio proc to 0

Uperbatikèc Sunart seic sto MATLAB
>> sin(x) hmÐtono
>> cos(x) sunhmÐtono
>> tan(x) efaptomènh
>> asin(x) antÐstrofo tou hmitìnou
>> acos(x) antÐstrofo tou sunhmitìnou
>> atan(x) antÐstrofo thc efaptomènhc
>> sinh(x) uperbolikì hmÐtono
>> cosh(x) uperbolikì sunhmÐtono
>> tanh(x) uperbolik efaptomènh

Uperbatikèc Sunart seic sto MATLAB
>> asinh(x) antÐstrofo uperbolikoÔ hmitìnou
>> acosh(x) antÐstrofo uperbolikoÔ sunhmitìnou
>> asinh(x) antÐstrofo uperbolikoÔ hmitìnou
>> exp(x) ekjetik sunrthsh
>> log (x) logarijmik sunrthsh me bsh to e
>> log 2(x) logarijmik sunrthsh me bsh to 2
>> log 10(x) logarijmik sunrthsh me bsh to 10


Stjmec dianusmtwn
L2 norm ή Ευκλείδεια στάθμη

Ston n -distato EukleÐdeio q¸ro Rn , h ènnoia tou m kouc tou
dianÔsmatoc x = [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ] dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo:
q
||x||2 = x12 + x22 + . . . + xn2 (1)
Entol sto MATLAB >> norm(x)

: >> norm(x, 2)
Ευκλείδεια απόσταση δύο διανυσμάτων

'Estw x = [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ] kai y = [y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ] dÔo dianÔsmata ston
n -distato EukleÐdeio q¸ro Rn , tìte h Eukleideia apìstash metaxÔ
twn dÔo dianusmtwn dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo:
p
||x − y ||2 = (x1 − y1 )2 + (x2 − y2 )2 + . . . + (xn − yn )2 (2)
Entol sto MATLAB >> norm(x − y )

: >> norm(x − y , 2)


Stjmec dianusmtwn
L1 norm ή Manhattan στάθμη

Ston n-distato EukleÐdeio q¸ro Rn , h L1 norm Manhattan stjmh tou
dianÔsmatoc x = [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ] dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo:
n
X
||x||1 = |xi | (3)
i=1
Entol sto MATLAB: >> norm(x, 1)
Manhattan (City-block) απόσταση δύο διανυσμάτων

'Estw x = [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ] kai y = [y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ] dÔo dianÔsmata ston n-distato
EukleÐdeio q¸ro Rn , tìte h L1 apìstash metaxÔ twn dÔo dianusmtwn dÐnetai apì
ton tÔpo:
n
X
||x − y ||1 = |xi − yi | (4)
i=1
Entol sto MATLAB: >> norm((x − y ), 1)


Stjmec dianusmtwn
L∞ infinity στάθμη
Ston n -distato EukleÐdeio q¸ro Rn , h L∞ norm tou dianÔsmatoc
x = [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ] dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo:
||x||∞ = max(|x1 |, |x2 |, . . . , |xn |) (5)
Entol sto MATLAB >> norm(x,0 inf 0 )

:
Minkowski απόσταση δύο διανυσμάτων

'Estw x = [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ] kai y = [y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ] dÔo dianÔsmata ston
n -distato EukleÐdeio q¸ro Rn , tìte h Minkowski apìstash metaxÔ
twn dÔo dianusmtwn dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo:
n
X 1
||x − y ||p = ( |xi − yi |p ) p (6)
i=1
Entol sto MATLAB >> norm((x − y ), p)

:


Ergasthriakèc Ask seic
΄Ασκηση 1:
Na grafeÐ prìgramma se MATLAB to opoÐo na lambnei wc eÐsodo dÔo
dianÔsmata x kai y ston n-distato EukleÐdio q¸ro kai na upologÐzei tic
stjmec kje dianÔsmatoc ( L∞ L1 L2 Lp

, , , ), gia dojèn p me bsh touc
parapnw tÔpouc. EpÐshc, ja upologÐzei thn apìstash twn dÔo
dianusmtwn qrhsimopoi¸ntac tic parapnw metrikèc. Ta apotelèsmata
na apojhkeÔontai se arqeÐo.
΄Ασκηση 2:
Na grafeÐ prìgramma se MATLAB to opoÐo na lambnei wc eÐsodo k
dianÔsmata x1 , x2 , . . . , xk n
ston -distato EukleÐdio q¸ro kai na upologÐzei
tic apostseic tou kje dianÔsmatoc apì ta upìloipa qrhsimopoi¸ntac
tic parapnw metrikèc. Ta apotelèsmata na apojhkeÔontai se arqeÐo.

Perieqìmena
B mata dhmiourgÐa grafik c parstashc sunrthshc y = f (x)

1
OrÐzoume èna dinusma x pou perièqei èna uposÔnolo tou pedÐou
orismoÔ thc sunrthshc, dhlad perièqei timèc gia to x

2
UpologÐzoume apì to tÔpo thc sunrthshc tic timèc thc se kje
shmeÐo x y = f (x)
,
3
Qr sh thc sunrthshc plot() gia na knoume th grafik apeikìnish
Παράδειγμα
2
Gia na gÐnei h grafik parstash thc sunrthshc y = sin(x 3 ) sto
disthma [−2π 2π] ekteloÔme ta akìlouja b mata:
1
DhmiourgÐa tou dianÔsmatoc x >> x = −2 ∗ pi : 0.1 : 2 ∗ pi
:
2
Upologismìc tou dianÔsmatoc y >> y = sin(x.2/3 )
:
3
DhmiourgÐa tou graf matoc: >> plot(x, y ,0 r 0 )

Grafikèc Parastseic 3−D
B mata dhmiourgÐa grafik c parstashc sunrthshc z = f (x, y )

1
OrÐzoume èna dinusma x pou perièqei èna uposÔnolo tou pedÐou
orismoÔ thc sunrthshc, dhlad perièqei timèc gia to x

2
OrÐzoume èna dinusma y pou perièqei èna uposÔnolo tou pedÐou
orismoÔ thc sunrthshc, dhlad perièqei timèc gia to y

3
Metatrèpoume ton q¸ro pou kajorÐzetai apì ta dianÔsmata x kai y
stouc pÐnakec X kai Y oi opoÐoi ja qrhsimopoihjoÔn gia thn ektÐmhsh
twn tim¸n thc sunrthshc kai th dhmiourgÐa tou 3−D graf matoc.
Kl sh thc sunrthshc [X , Y ] = meshgrid(x, y )

4
UpologÐzoume apì to tÔpo thc sunrthshc tic timèc thc se kje
shmeÐo X , Y z = f (X , Y )
,
5
Qr sh thc sunrthshc surface(z) gia na knoume th grafik
apeikìnish

Παράδειγμα
Gia na gÐnei h grafik parstash thc sunrthshc y = sin( 31 x 2 ) + cos( 13 y 2 )
sto disthma [−2π 2π] ekteloÔme ta akìlouja b mata:
1
DhmiourgÐa tou dianÔsmatoc x >> x = −2 ∗ pi : 0.1 : 2 ∗ pi
:
2
DhmiourgÐa tou dianÔsmatoc y >> y = −2 ∗ pi : 0.1 : 2 ∗ pi
:
enallaktik >> y = x
3
DhmiourgÐa twn pinkwn X kai Y >> [X , Y ] = meshgrid(x, y )
:
4
Upologismìc tou dianÔsmatoc y >> z = sin(X .∧ 2/3) + cos(Y .∧ 2/3)
:
5
DhmiourgÐa tou graf matoc: >> surface(z)

Sq ma : Trisdistath grafik parstash ( >> surface(z) )

Grafik parstash me thn entol surfc

H entol >> surfc(z) eÐnai Ðdia me thn surface(z) me th mình diafor ìti
ktw apì th grafik parstash sqhmatÐzontai kai oi isoôy c kampÔlec
thc sunrthshc
Sq ma : Trisdistath grafik parstash (>> surfc(z) )

Perieqìmena

Entol eisìdou
H eisagwg dedomènwn apì to qr sth gÐnetai me th qr sh thc input( ). H sÔntax thc
eÐnai:
'Onoma metablht c = input( “ frsh ” ) ;
H ektèlesh thc entol c emfanÐzei th frsh sthn ojình kai anamènei tim apì to
plhktrolìgio pou thn apodÐdei sth metablht . Gia pardeigma:
>> a = input(D¸ste arijmì n)
Entol exìdou
H entol exìdou sthn ojình eÐnai h fprintf( ) me sÔntaxh:
fprintf( format, A,....)
H sÔntaxh thc morfopoÐhshc format akoloujeÐ ta ìsa isqÔoun sthn gl¸ssa

programmatismoÔ C. Gia pardeigma:
>> x = 0:.1:1; y = [x; exp(x)];

>> fprintf( “%6.2f, %12.8f \n”,y );

΄Ελεγχος Ροής Αλγορίθμου

Logik èkfrash eÐnai mÐa èkfrash h opoÐa mporeÐ na prei tim True
False. MÐa tètoia èkfrash pr¸ta apì ìla mporeÐ na eÐnai mÐa apl logik
sunj kh . Me mia apl logik sunj kh sugkrÐnoume, me th qr sh enìc
telest sÔgkrishc dÔo posìthtec ekfrseic kai apoteleÐtai apì trÐa
mèrh:
Skèloc A Telest c SÔgkrishc Skèloc B
Τελεστές Σύγκρισης
== Ðso ∼= diforo
> megalÔtero >= megalÔtero Ðso
< mikrìtero <= mikrìtero Ðso

Λογικοί ΄Ελεγχοι
MÐa logik èkfrash mporeÐ akìmh na eÐnai ènac logikìc èlegqoc . MerikoÐ
apì touc logikoÔc elègqouc eÐnai oi akìloujoi:
'Elegqoc Tim True an:
isequal(a,b) Oi pÐnakec ta dianÔsmata Ðsa
isempty(a) O pÐnakac den èqei stoiqeÐa
isnan(a) To ìrisma eÐnai NaN Not a Number

( )
isinf(a) To ìrisma Inf

eÐnai
Σύνθετες Συνθήκες
MÐa logik èkfrash mporeÐ tèloc na eÐnai sÔnjeth sunj kh . Oi sÔnjetec
sunj kec eÐnai logikèc ekfrseic pou apoteloÔntai apì aplèc sunj kec
kai logikèc prxeic pou mporoÔme na efarmìsoume se autèc.

Λογικές Πράξεις
Oi logikèc prxeic teloÔntai ìtan ènac logikìc telest c dra metaxÔ dÔo
logik¸n ekfrsewn ( pnw se mÐa gia th logik rnhsh). Oi kuriìteroi
logikoÐ telestèc eÐnai oi akìloujoi:
Telest c ErmhneÐa
& kai
Logikìc telest c
|
Logikìc telest c
∼ Logikìc telest c rnhshc
xor() Logikìc telest c Apokleistik c Dizeuxhc
all Alhj c an ìla ta stoiqeÐa tou dianÔsmatoc eÐnai mh mhdenik
any Alhj c an kpoio apì ta stoiqeÐa tou dianÔsmatoc eÐnai mh mhdenikì
Λογική Σύγκριση Πινάκων

Oi logikèc sugkrÐseic anmesa se pÐnakec (dianÔsmata) idÐou megèjouc
epistrèfoun ènan logikì pÐnaka (dinusma) me stoiqeÐa to apotèlesma thc
an stoiqeÐo sÔgkrishc. 'Enac tètoioc pÐnakac èqei tim alhj ìtan ìla ta
stoiqeÐa tou eÐnai mondec. Pardeigma:
>> A = [1, 2 ; 3, 4];

>> B = 2*ones(2);
>> A == B
ans=
0 1
0 0
Δομές Ελέγχου
H pio sunhjismènh dom elègqou eÐnai h if , me sÔntaxh:
if sunj kh1
Entolèc
elseif sunj kh2
Entolèc
else
Entolèc
end
Παράδειγμα:
>> x = 1:3; y = [1, -2, 1];
>> if (x > 0) | (y > 0), z=x+y, end
z=
204
Εντολές Επανάληψης
1
H entol for ekteleÐ diadoqik tic entolèc tou brìgqou gia kje tim
tou dianÔsmatoc, me sÔntaxh:
for metrht c = timèc dianÔsmatoc gramm

Entolèc
end
2
H entol while ekteleÐ diadoqik tic entolèc tou brìgqou ìso isqÔei h
sunj kh. H sÔntax thc eÐnai:
while sunj kh
Entolèc
end


Παραδείγματα εντολών επανάληψης
Pr¸toc trìpoc sÔntaxhc entol c for :
for k = 1 : 10
z(k) = 2 ∗ k
end
DeÔteroc trìpoc sÔntaxhc entol c for :
for k = [2, 5, 7]
2∧ k
end
Entol epanlhyhcwhile :
>> num = 0; x = 10;

while num < 500
x = x + 10;
num = num + 1;
end
Met thn ektèlesh twn parapnw entol¸n pìso ja eÐnai h tim twn
metablht¸n num kai x;

Αρχεία εντολών Scripts

Ta scripts eÐnai arqeÐa keimènou pou perièqoun entolèc tou MATLAB .
To ìnom touc prèpei na èqei epèktash .m (p.q. myscript.m ), to opoÐo
den prèpei na eÐnai ìnoma entol c llou arqeÐou.
EkteloÔntai eÐte mèsw tou parajurikoÔ peribllontoc tou editor tou
MATLAB (katlogoc epilog¸n Debug → Run ) eÐte apì command

to
window plhktrolog¸ntac apl to ìnoma touc (p.q. myscript ) kai
knontac klik sto koumpÐ enter .
To .m arqeÐo ja prèpei na brÐsketai ston energì fkelo. Me thn
kl sh tou script ekteloÔntai oi entolèc pou perièqei.
Ta scripts eÐnai katllhla gia epÐlush problhmtwn pou apaitoÔn
meglo arijmì entol¸n.

ArqeÐa sunart sewn functions

Oi sunart seic sto MATLAB eÐnai m-arqeÐa me pr¸th gramm :
function [y1, y2,...] = fname(x1, x2,...)
ìpou:
Ta y1, y2,... eÐnai oi tupikèc parmetroi exìdou

Ta x1, x2,... eÐnai oi tupikèc parmetroi eisìdou
fname eÐnai to ìnoma thc sunrthshc kai fname.m to ìnoma tou
arqeÐou sto opoÐo eÐnai apojhkeumènh h function.
H ektèlesh gÐnetai sto command window wc ex c:
>> [z1, z2,...] = fname(w1, w2,...)

ìpou h sunrthsh fname kaleÐtai me pragmatikèc paramètrouc eisìdou w1,w2,...
pou antistoiqoÔn stic x1,x2,... kai apodÐdei tic pragmatikèc paramètrouc exìdou
z1,z2,... pou antistoiqoÔn stic y1, y2,...
IsodÔnamh kl sh eÐnai h akìloujh:
>> [z1, z2,...] = feval(’fname’, w1, w2,...)


Αρχεία συναρτήσεων functions - Παρατηρήσεις:
'Otan h tupik parmetroc exìdou eÐnai mÐa den qreizontai oi
agkÔlec
'Otan oi pragmatikèc parmetroi exìdou eÐnai mÐa kamÐa (
ligìterec apì tic tupikèc) tìte h kl sh epistèfei tim sthn pr¸th
parmetro exìdou ( se antÐstoiqo arijmì tupik¸n)
Sqìlia eisgontai met to sÔmbolo %

Me thn entol help fname emfanÐzontai ta pr¸ta sqìlia pou èqoume
eisgei sto fname.m

Oi metablhtèc pou emfanÐzontai mèsa sth sunrthsh eÐnai topikèc
To ìnoma thc sunrthshc kai to ìnoma tou arqeÐou prèpei na eÐnai to
Ðdio
Kje sunrthsh mporeÐ na kaleÐ llec sunart seic ton eautì thc
Oi tupikèc parmetroi exìdou ja prèpei na paÐrnoun kpoia tim
mèsa stic entolèc thc sunrthshc diaforetik epistrèfoun kenèc timèc

Arijmhtik AnLush Ii: Εισαγωγικές ΄Εννοιες Στο Matlab

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Arijmhtik AnLush Ii: Εισαγωγικές ΄Εννοιες Στο Matlab

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DianÔsmata-PÐnakec

Programmatismìc sto MATLAB

Αλεξανδρόπουλος Σταμάτιος - ΄Αγγελος

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Orismìc dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Anstrofoc, antÐstrofoc kai orÐzousa pÐnaka

Basikèc sunart seic pinkwn kai dianusmtwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

3 Programmatismìc sto MATLAB

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

p.q. >> a =[5 7 -9] (dinusma gramm )

p.q. >> b =[-25 ; 4 ; 18] (dinusma st lh)

Enallaktik mporoÔme na orÐsoume dianÔsmata gramm orÐzontac ton

p.q. >> x =0:2:10

p.q. >> y =-10:2:0

Tèloc, mporoÔme na orÐsoume dianÔsmata gramm sunjètontac dianÔsmata

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

gramm¸n kai twn sthl¸n tou x

Πράξεις μεταξύ βαθμωτού και διανύσματος

pollaplasiasmoÔ kai diaÐreshc tou stoiqeÐou me èna dinusma

Pollaplasiasmìc stoiqeÐou (èstw l =5 ) me èna dinusma:

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Πράξεις μεταξύ διανυσμάτων

To ginìmeno dianusmtwn akoloujeÐ ton kanìna tou ginomènou

pinkwn, dhlad to pl joc twn sthl¸n tou dianÔsmatoc x prèpei na

eÐnai Ðso me to pl joc twn gramm¸n tou y

>> v ∗ uP epistrèfei to eswterikì ginìmeno twn dÔo dianusmtwn,

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

kje st lhc qrhsimopoi¸ntac touc kanìnec pou eÐdame kai sthn

perÐptwsh twn dianusmtwn, dhlad

p.q. >> a = [3 4 5; 6 7 8] >> b = [1 : 3, 2 : 3; 1 : 5; 1 : 2 : 10]

grammèc, st lec tm mata touc. Me th qr sh thc nw kai ktw

teleÐac : anaferìmaste se olìklhrec grammèc st lec

p.q. >> b(2, 1 : 4) >> b(1 : end, 3)

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Πράξεις μεταξύ πινάκων

p.q. en>> c = [2 5 7; 3 9 10] tìte gÐnontai oi prxeic >> a + c

H Ôywsh tetragwnikoÔ pÐnaka se dÔnamh arijmì orÐzetai wc forèc

prxeic pollaplasiasmoÔ .∗ , diaÐreshc ./ kai Ôywshc se dÔnamh .∧

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Anstrofoc enìc pÐnaka: >> a0

>> inv (d)

Oi >> eye(n) >> zeros(n)

H >> rand(n, m) epistrèfei pÐnaka me (yeÔdo) tuqaÐa stoiqeÐa

Arijmhtik AnLush Ii: Εισαγωγικές ΄Εννοιες Στο Matlab

Arijmhtik AnLush Ii: Εισαγωγικές ΄Εννοιες Στο Matlab

Arijmhtik AnLush Ii: Εισαγωγικές ΄Εννοιες Στο Matlab

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Anstrofoc, antÐstrofoc kai orÐzousa pÐnaka

Basikèc sunart seic pinkwn kai dianusmtwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

p.q. >> a =[5 7 -9] (dinusma gramm )

p.q. >> b =[-25 ; 4 ; 18] (dinusma st lh)

Enallaktik mporoÔme na orÐsoume dianÔsmata gramm orÐzontac ton

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

pollaplasiasmoÔ kai diaÐreshc tou stoiqeÐou me èna dinusma

Pollaplasiasmìc stoiqeÐou (èstw l =5 ) me èna dinusma:

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

To ginìmeno dianusmtwn akoloujeÐ ton kanìna tou ginomènou

pinkwn, dhlad to pl joc twn sthl¸n tou dianÔsmatoc x prèpei na

>> v ∗ uP epistrèfei to eswterikì ginìmeno twn dÔo dianusmtwn,

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

kje st lhc qrhsimopoi¸ntac touc kanìnec pou eÐdame kai sthn

perÐptwsh twn dianusmtwn, dhlad

grammèc, st lec tm mata touc. Me th qr sh thc nw kai ktw

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

p.q. en>> c = [2 5 7; 3 9 10] tìte gÐnontai oi prxeic >> a + c

prxeic pollaplasiasmoÔ .∗ , diaÐreshc ./ kai Ôywshc se dÔnamh .∧

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Anstrofoc enìc pÐnaka: >> a0

apì tic diagwnÐouc tou (kÔriac llhc) me th sunrthsh diag( ) . Wc

p diag¸nio enìc pÐnaka A orÐzoume ta stoiqeÐa tou (efìson aut

uprqoun) pou ikanopoioÔn Ai,i+p , en¸ wc diag¸nio −p aut pou

mhdenik stoiqeÐa ta stoiqeÐa thc pr¸thc diagwnÐou ktw apì thn

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Basikèc sunart seic pinkwn kai dianusmtwn

Gia ta dianÔsmata h >> sum(a) epistrèfei to jroisma twn

H >> sort(a) epistrèfei èna dinusma me taxinomhmèna ta stoiqeÐa

dianÔsmatoc kat aÔxousa ditaxh. Gia pardeigma, en

a = [2 − 3 − 5 1] >> sort(a) ja epistrèyei to dinusma [−5 − 3 1 2]

mporoÔme na proume kai th jèsh tou megalÔterou tou mikrìterou

stoiqeÐou, wc ex c: >> [value pos] = min(a) . H apnthsh ja eÐnai

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggelocstamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Basikèc sunart seic pinkwn kai dianusmtwn

pÐnaka. Se aut n thn perÐptwsh epistrèfoun èna dinusma tou

opoÐou kje stoiqeÐo eÐnai to apotèlesma thc efarmog c touc se

En>> a = [1 : 3 : 9; 15 : −5 : 1] >> min(a) tìte ja d¸sei wc

apnthsh [1 4 5] >> max(a)

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggelocstamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

n -distato EukleÐdeio q¸ro Rn , tìte h Eukleideia apìstash metaxÔ

twn dÔo dianusmtwn dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo:

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka

Alexandrìpouloc Stamtioc - 'Aggeloc stamataggelos@hotmail.com Arijmhtik Anlush II

Prxeic metaxÔ dianusmnwn kai pinkwn

Stjmec dianÔsmatoc kai pÐnaka