Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2005 Compilation North American Native Orchid Journal
2005 Compilation North American Native Orchid Journal
In this issue:
AN ALBINO ADDER’S MOUTH FROM
CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS
TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
DID YOU KNOW??
Some North American Orchid Factoids
JEWELS IN THE MOST UNLIKELY PLACES
And from the past…
SPIRANTHES PARKSII– NAVASOTA LADIES’-
TRESSES
The North American Native Orchid Journal (ISSN 1084-7332) is an
annual publication devoted to promoting interest and knowledge
of the native orchids of North America. A limited number of the
print version of each issue of the Journal are available upon request
and electronic versions are available to all interested persons or
institutions free of charge. The Journal welcomes article of any
nature that deal with native or introduced orchids that are found
growing wild in North America, primarily north of Mexico,
although articles of general interest concerning Mexican species
will welcome.
CONTENTS
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
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AN ALBINO ADDER’S MOUTH FROM
CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS
Paul Martin Brown
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TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
6
Paul Martin Brown
From the Past…
requested reprints
Differing from the species in that the entire plant, leaves, stem, and flowers, are
white
ENTYMOLOGY: Named for Emily Kellogg, who first observed the form
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Brown: AN ALBINO ADDER’S MOUTH
FROM CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS
The only genus and species in North America with normally white plants
lacking in all obvious chlorophyll is Cephelanthera austiniae of the Pacific
Northwest. After Kellogg’s initial observation additional plants were found by
Brian Cassie and Brian Podlisny and brought to the author’s attention. Unlike
some aberrant forms these white plants were pollinated and set seed. Plants of
Malaxis bayardii flower from late June into August, and appear to be in flower
much long as the floral parts do not with rapidly as do those on Malaxis unifolia.
Literature Cited:
Catling, P.M. 1991. Systematics of Malaxis bayardii and M. unifolia.. Lindleyana 6:3-23.
Light, M.S.. and M. MacConnail. 1989. Albinism in Platanthera hyperborea. Lindleyana 4(3):
158-60.
Acknowledgments:
In addition to Emily Kellogg, Brian Cassie, and Brian Podlisny , Kent Perkins (FLAS)
provide literature information.
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
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NEWFOUNDLAND
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NEWFOUNDLAND
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NEWFOUNDLAND
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NEWFOUNDLAND
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NEWFOUNDLAND
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NEWFOUNDLAND
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
are within the dense dwarf shrub layer. You will see great
variation within these plants. The extreme variation was originally
described var. planipetalum, having broad, flat petals rather than
slender twisted petals. Recent work has demonstrated that this
growth form is an extreme expression of habit and not consistent
from year to year or even with a given clump. Nevertheless it is
the most sought after form by most photographers. Nestled deep
within the shrub layer will be a few scattered plants of Platanthera
hookeri, Hooker's orchis, in its dwarf form, forma abbreviata.
Several species of orchids had named variations described from
Newfoundland, Some of these are extreme expressions as in the
flat-petalled yellow lady's-slipper while other are ecological
dwarves. This form of Hooker's orchid is one of the latter as is
Platanthera orbiculata, pad-leaved orchis, forma lehorsii to be found
primarily in the southwestern headlands.
Your next stop will be at Plum Point, Make
reservations early at Plum Point Motel and Cabins, for it is just
about the only place to stay in northwestern Newfoundland that is
suitable for your exploring purposes. Plan several days here, as
there are many full day trips to be made. After getting settled and
consulting the maps these are the places you will want to visit.
1. Port au Choix National Park for the hundreds of yellow
lady 'slippers and broad-lipped twayblades. It is here that
you will start to see one of Newfoundland's orchid
specialties, Pseudorchis straminea. One of the rarest orchids in
North America, it is locally abundant from here north to
Cape Norman. On The way back to Plum Point be sure to
stop off at Reef's Harbour and search for the many Malaxis
brachypoda, white adder's-mouth and the unusual forma
bifolia that abound in the grassy slopes by the boat
launching area.
• Cape Norman and Cook's Harbour on Route 435 is the
site of the northernmost lighthouse on the island the broad
open tundra-like flats often have a variety of orchids
nestled within them. Watch for the many other spectacular
wildflowers as well. Icebergs are regularly seen here.
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
Note; Three species are found in restricted areas and are not
particularly easy to locate.
Epipactis helleborine, broad-leaved helleborine, is starting to
show up in some of the more urban areas, particularly around
St. Johns in the east and Corner Brook in the west. Look
around some of the local city parks for this recent visitor from
Europe.
Goodyera oblongifolia, giant rattlesnake orchis, is known from
only one area near Serpentine Lake. It would flower in late
July, but the road in is difficult and often gated. Perhaps you
will be the one to find it elsewhere!
Piperia unalascensis (Platanthera foetida), Alaskan Piperia, was
recently discovered just north of Port aux Choix. This species
is a common plant of western United States with a few
disjunct localities in the upper Great Lakes and on Anticosti
Island as well as the Gaspe region of Quebec. It was not a
great surprise to find it in western Newfoundland.
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
eastern fairy-slipper
forma albiflora
forma rosea
5. Coeloglossum viride var. viride
northern bracted green orchis
5a. Coeloglossum viride var. virescens
long-bracted green orchis
6. Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata
spotted coralroot
forma flavida
forma rubra
6a. Corallorhiza maculata var. occidentalis
western spotted coralroot
7. Corallorhiza striata var. striata
striped coralroot
8. Corallorhiza trifida
early coralroot
9. Cypripedium acaule
pink lady's-slipper, moccasin flower
forma albiflorum
forma biflorum
10. Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin
northern small yellow lady's-slipper
10a. Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens
large yellow lady's-slipper
12. Cypripedium reginae
showy lady's-slipper
forma albolabium
13. Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa
southern marsh orchid
forma albiflora
14. Epipactis helleborine*
broad-leaved helleborine
15. Goodyera oblongifolia
giant rattlesnake orchis
16. Goodyera repens
lesser rattlesnake orchis
forma ophioides
17. Goodyera tesselata
checkered rattlesnake orchis
18. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var. ophioglossoides
northern club-spur orchis
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
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NEWFOUNDLAND
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
Western Newfoundland
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5 5
3
2
1
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Brown: TWO WEEKS AND 39 ORCHIDS IN WESTERN
NEWFOUNDLAND
http://www.nfcap.nf.ca/west/PlumPoint/Motel.htm
Baie Verte/Tilt Cove
http://www.centralnewfoundland.com/bview17.php3
Baie Vista Inn
P.O. Box 84
Baie Verte
Newfoundland, Canada
A0K 1B0
Phone: 709-532-8250
Toll Free: 1-877-532-8250
Fax: 709-532-8033
Email: baie.vista@nf.sympatico.ca
IF YOU GO:
Although it is summer the weather in July is highly variable
from very warm along the southwest coast to cold and possibly
sleet/light snow showers at Cape Norman and it is often very
windy. You need to bring layered clothing and a waterproof jacket
or poncho. At Plum Point Motel there are laundry facilities as well
as a general store nearby. Be sure to fuel up your vehicle each
evening as the gas stations tend not to open early in the
mornings (we have had to wait as late at 10AM to get gas some
mornings!).
It is best to pack a lunch, or have the restaurant do it, as
local restaurants are not easy to find and never seem to be where
you are. The Ocean View Motel in Rocky Harbour and Plum
Point Motel both have superior dining facilities. The little store in
Raleigh (Burnt Cape) has wonderful home made-pies for take out.
Don't miss them.
Two very good eating places along the road are the
Pasadena Family Restaurant in Pasadena just north of Corner
Brook (Pasadena is also an alternative to Corner Brook for
accommodations) and Maynard Motor Inn, PO Box 59, Hawkes
Bay, Newfoundland (709) 248-5225. They also have excellent
accommodations and are about 1 hour south of Plum Point.
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
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2
3
4
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
Rediscovery
On October 25th, 1978 the Navasota ladies'-tresses was
rediscovered in Brazos county by Paul Catling and K. L.
McIntosh in a Post Oak woodland northwest of the town of
Navasota (Catling and McIntosh 1979). They located 7 plants
along the banks of a temporary stream surrounded by scattered
oaks (post oak, Quercas stellata and blackjack oak, Quercas
marilandica) along with American beauty berry, Callicarpa americana.
Another site with 13 plants was also discovered close by in an
open oak woodland on the banks of another temporary stream.
They reported that Spiranthes parksii occurred both on the tops of
banks in open sand with a sparse cover of grass and on the sides
of banks in the shade of tress and thickets. Since that time it has
been documented in Lee, Leon, Freestone, Grimes, Burleson,
Madison, Robertson, Fayette, Washington and Jasper counties,
(Liggio 1999) and (Bridges and Orzell 1989). The Jasper county
site represents a small disjunct population within the Piney Woods
of Angelina County National Forest in East Texas 170 kilometers
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
Range/Habitat
Spiranthes parksii, with the exception noted above for Jasper
County, inhabits the Post Oak Savannah region of East Texas.
The Post Oak Savannah is a region located northwest and west of
Houston and occupies a space between the Blackland Prairies to
the west and the Piney Woods to the east. To the south the Post
Oak Savannah tapers out and mixes with the Blackland Prairies
habitat, (Figure 1). This unique habitat is made up of an area of
about 8,500,000 acres of gently rolling hills with elevations from
65 to 300 meters above sea level. It receives about 75 to 115 cm
of rainfall annually with the peak rainfall occurring during the
months of May or June. Vegetatively it consists of open fields
dominated by tall grasses and spots of woodlands that are
comprised mostly of post oak, Quercus stellata and blackjack oak.
Quercus marilandica. Soils consist of acid loamy sands in the upland
areas to acid loamy sands and clays in the bottomland areas.
(Correll & Johnston, 1970) The area was extensively cultivated
for grains, vegetables and fruit trees up through the 1940’s.
(Wilson, unpublished) This cultivation may explain the rarity of
S. parksii and the disjunctive nature of some of the populations.
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
Morphology
The genus Spiranthes is highly variable from the
morphological point of view and, at times, it is difficult to
differentiate between species in the field. The problem of field
identification is compounded for the species S. parksii because it
blooms at the same time and in the same range as two other
species, S. cernua (L.) L.C. Richard and S. lacera Raf. var. gracilis
(Bigel.) Luer, and is found in similar habitat as S. cernua mixed in
with blooming populations. However, once one establishes a
pattern of identification there is no mistaking S. parksii for either
S. cernua or S. lacera var. gracilis, though there are some plants that
seem to be intermediate between S. parksii and S. cernua and these
are not easily resolved in the field. While photographing these
plants with a 105mm macro lens many of the characters described
by Correll (Correll 1947 and 1950) are apparent. The line drawing
by G. Dillon that accompanies Correll’s description is extremely
accurate, and looks as if it was drawn form a live specimen rather
then an herbarium sheet.
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
References:
Ayenus, E.S. 1975. Endangered and Threatened Orchids of the United
States. Amer Orchid Society Bulletin 44(5): 384 – 394
Catling, P. M. and K. L. McIntosh. 1979. SIDA 8(2): 188-193
Correll, D. S. 1950. Native Orchids Of North America North Of Mexico.
Waltham, Ma. Chronica Botanica
Correll, D. S. 1947. A new Spiranthes from Texas Amer. Orchid Society Bull.
16:400
Correll, D. S. and Johnston, M. C. 1970. Manual of The Vascular Plants of Texas.
Texas Research Foundation,1970.
Bridges, E. L. & S. L. Orzell 1989. Additions and noteworthy Vascular Plant
collections from Texas and Louisiana, with historical, ecological and
geographical notes. Phytologia 66: 12-69
Houston Chronicle 1990, Kathy Huber. Lab Gardeners Try To Thwart
Orchid Pirates. Houston Chronicle, Saturday 2/10/1990, P.1, 2 Start edition.
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Pelchat: SPIRANTHES PARKSII CORRELL – NAVASOTA LADIES’-TRESSES
Liggio, J. and Liggio A.O. 1999. Wild Orchids of Texas. University of Texas
Press, 1999.
Luer, C. A. 1975. The Native Orchids of The United States and Canada Excluding
Florida. New York Botanical garden, New York.
Evans, Robert E. and MacRoberts, Michael H. and Barbara R. 1997. Notes
On Spiranthes parksii Correll (Orchidaceae) Deep In East Texas. Phytologia,
83(3) September 1997: 133-137
Sheviak, C. J. 1982. Biosystematic Study of the Spiranthes cernua Complex.
New York State Museum Bulletin No. 448 1982.
Wilson, H. D. unpublished. Spiranthes Parksii - Endangered Orchid of the Texas
Post Oak Savannah, Texas A & M Website.
EDITOR’S UPDATE:
Cliff also published two additional articles in the McAllen International
Orchid Journal about Spiranthes parksii.
Spiranthes parksii. McAllen International Orchid Society Journal 6(3): 9-15. 2005.
Spiranthes parksii – additions to last issue’s article. McAllen International Orchid
Society Journal 6(4): 9. 2005.
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Empiricist: JEWELS IN THE MOST UNLIKELY PLACES
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Empiricist: JEWELS IN THE MOST UNLIKELY PLACES
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Empiricist: JEWELS IN THE MOST UNLIKELY PLACES
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Empiricist: JEWELS IN THE MOST UNLIKELY PLACES
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Empiricist: JEWELS IN THE MOST UNLIKELY PLACES
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SOME NORTH AMERICAN ORCHID FACTOIDS
For the combined total of 251 species, subspecies, and varieties that have
been found growing in the wild in the North America north of Mexico plus
more than 200 named color and growth forms:
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SOME NORTH AMERICAN ORCHID FACTOIDS
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SOME NORTH AMERICAN ORCHID FACTOIDS
Also 8 new varieties have been described or revalidated at the varietal level
Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var. ozettensis E. Tisch
Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willdenow) Nuttall var. pringlei (Greenman) Freudenstein
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak
Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. arizonica (S. Watson) Catling & Engel
Epidendrum magnoliae Mühlenberg var. mexicanum (L.O. Williams) P.M. Brown
Piperia elegans (Lindley) Rydberg subsp. decurtata Morgan & Glicenstein
Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. novaescotiae Catling
Spiranthes ovalis Lindley var. erostellata Catling
Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg var. texensis P.M. Brown & R. Pike
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SOME NORTH AMERICAN ORCHID FACTOIDS
Florida, not surprisingly, has the most species that are restricted to 1 state (73).
425
SOME NORTH AMERICAN ORCHID FACTOIDS
• Deiregyne confusa
• Dichromanthus cinnabarinus
• Hexalectris grandiflora
• H. revoluta var. revoluta
• Malaxis wendtii
• Spiranthes parksii ENDEMIC
• Triphora trianthophora var. texensis ENDEMIC
Alaska 5
• Cypripedium yatabeanum
• Dactylorhiza aristata var. aristata
• Dactylorhiza aristata var. kodiakensis
• Platanthera tipuloides var. behringiana
• Platanthera chorisiana
Nova Scotia 1
• Spiranthes casei var. novaescotiae ENDEMIC
Greenland 1
• Platanthera hyperborea ENDEMIC?
436
Folsom: A CASE FOR EVOLUTION
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Folsom: A CASE FOR EVOLUTION
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Folsom: A CASE FOR EVOLUTION
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Folsom: A CASE FOR EVOLUTION
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Folsom: A CASE FOR EVOLUTION
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Folsom: A CASE FOR EVOLUTION
Literature Cited:
Catling, P. M. 1980. Rain-assisted autogamy in Liparis loeselii (L.) L. C. Rich.
(Orchidaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club107:525-529.
Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London. John
Murray. [1st edn].
-------. 1862. On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are
fertilised by insects. London. John Murray.
Hammer, R. 1996. A Week in the Fakahatchee. Orchids. 65(3): 252-261.
Sheviak, C. J. 1982. Biosystematic study of the Spiranthes cernua
complex. Bull. New York State Mus. Sci. Serv. 448.
------. 1984. Spiranthes diluvialis (Orchidaceae), a new species from the
western United States. Brittonia 36: 8–14.
------. 1991. Morphological variation in the compilospecies Spiranthes
cernua (L.) L.C. Rich.: Ecologically-limited effects of gene flow.
Lindleyana 6: 228–234.
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