Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

Login

5G LinkedI

Faceboo

Email

Home Blog 5G 5G-NR Frame Structure & Numerology

Blogger
/ / /

Gmail

AddThi
Search

Search … 
Search

Categories

4G

5G

NEWS

Latest Courses
5G-NR Frame Structure & Numerology
Posted by Categories Date Comments 5G Beginner
Abhijeet Kumar
5G
March 4, 2019
1 comment $199.00

NR Frame Structure &

                

Numerology NR Intermediate
$399.00
 

NR Frame structure defined in 3GPP specification (38.211), as we know that

3Gpp is designing 5G Release 15 and Release 16 for the first phase, you 5G-NR Advance
Learning
can find all of the details from 3Gpp documents.
$799.00

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

Let’s discuss the 5G frame structure.

NR supports operation in the spectrum ranging from sub-1 GHz to

New Articles  
millimeter wave bands.

  Two frequency ranges (FR) are defined in Release 15:

• FR1: 450 MHz – 6 GHz, commonly referred to as sub-6 GHz.
• FR2:  24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz, commonly referred to as millimeter wave

  

Scalable numerologies are key to support NR deployment in such a wide

range of spectrum. NR adopts flexible subcarrier spacing of 2⋅15 kHz ( = 0,
1, … , 4) scaled from the basic 15 kHz subcarrier spacing in LTE.
Accordingly, the CP is scaled down by a factor of 2− from the LTE CP length
of 4.7 μs.
Resent Comments
 

vineetgoyal01 on USER
This scalable design allows support for a wide range of deployment
PAYMENT
scenarios and carrier frequencies.
vineetgoyal01 on USER

1. At lower frequencies, below 6 GHz, cells can be larger and subcarrier PAYMENT

spacings of 15 kHz and 30 kHz are suitable. Chandan Bangalore on

2. At higher carrier frequencies, phase noise becomes more problematic and CHANNEL CODING IN
5G NEW RADIO
in FR2, NR supports 60 kHz and 120 kHz for data channels and 120 kHz
and 240 kHz for the SS/PBCH block (SSB) used for initial access. ABHIJEET KUMAR on 5G
NR THROUGHPUT
3. At higher frequencies, cells and delay spread are typically smaller and the
CALCULATION
CP lengths provided by the 60 and 120 kHz numerologies are sufficient.
4. A frame has a duration of 10 ms and consists of 10 subframes. This is the
same as in LTE, facilitating NR and LTE coexistence. Each subframe
consists of 2 slots of 14 OFDM symbols each. Although a slot is a typical
unit for transmission upon which scheduling operates, NR enables
transmission to start at any OFDM symbol and last only as many symbols
as needed for the communication. This type of “mini-slot” transmission
can thus facilitate very low latency for critical data as well as minimize
interference to other links per the lean carrier design principle that aims
at minimizing transmissions.
Latency optimization has been an important consideration in NR. Many
other tools besides “mini-slot” transmission have been introduced in NR
to reduce latency, as detailed throughout

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

The concepts of radio frames and subframes are kept from LTE, with 10 ms
and 1 ms duration, respectively.

One question in our mind why LTE just choose base numerology or 
SCS 15 kHz? 

Answer: There are a number of reasons for choosing LTE numerology as

base numerology. LTE Rel-8 was standardized after a thorough numerology
study the subcarrier spacing was set to deltaf1  = 15 kHz and the cyclic
prefix length to Tcp1= 4.69 µs. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that
similar values at LTE-like frequencies and deployments provide a good
tradeoff. Moreover, 3GPP has specified LTE numerology for narrow-band
Internet-of-things (NB-IOT). NB-IOT foresees different deployments,
among others in-band within an LTE carrier, which is enabled by the LTE
numerology. NB-IOT devices are designed to operate for decades. Once
such an NBIOT device is deployed it is likely that within the device lifetime
the embedding carrier (assuming in-band LTE deployment) gets referred to
new 5G RAT. The main reason for selecting LTE-based numerology for NB-
IOT was the option of in-band deployment; in-band 5G RAT deployments
after reframing LTE to 5G RAT would benefit from LTE-based numerology
even for 5G RAT.

The NR frame structure follows three key design principles to

enhance forward compatibility and reduce interactions between
different functionalities.

1. The first principle is that transmissions are self-contained. Data in a slot

and in a beam is decodable on its own without dependency on other slots
and beams. This implies that reference signals required for the
demodulation of data are included in a given slot and a given beam.
2. The second principle is that transmissions are well confined in time and
frequency. Keeping transmissions confined makes it easier to introduce
new types of transmissions in parallel with legacy transmissions in the
future. The NR frame structure avoids the mapping of control channels
across the full system bandwidth.
3. The third principle is to avoid static and/or strict timing relations across
slots and across different transmission directions. For example,

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

asynchronous HARQ is used instead of a predefined retransmission time.

4. The NR frame structure supports TDD and FDD transmissions and
operation in both the licensed and the unlicensed spectrum. It enables
very low latency, fast HARQ acknowledgements, dynamic TDD,
coexistence with LTE and transmissions of variable length (for example,
the short duration for URLLC and long duration for enhanced MBB
(eMBB)).
5. Considering the TDD operation, NR frame structure for different
scenarios. NR can also employ mini-slots to support transmissions with a
flexible start position and a duration shorter than a regular slot duration.
In principle, a mini-slot can be as short as one OFDM symbol and can
start at any time.
6. InRelease15, mini-slots are limited to2,4,and7 OFDM symbols.Mini-slots
can be useful in various scenarios, including low-latency transmissions,
transmissions in unlicensed spectrum and transmissions in the millimetre-
wave spectrum. In low-latency scenarios, transmission needs to begin
immediately without waiting for the start of a slot boundary (ultra-reliable
low-latency communications (URLLC), for example). When transmitting in
the unlicensed spectrum, it is beneficial to start transmission immediately
after the listen-before-talk (LBT) mechanism.
7. When transmitting in the millimetre-wave band, the large amount of
bandwidth available implies that the payload supported by a few OFDM
symbols is large enough for many of the packets.
8. This frame structure is also applicable to device-to-device (D2D)
communications. In that case, the downlink slot structure can be used by
the device that is initiating (or scheduling) the transmission, and the
uplink slot structure can be used by the device responding to the
transmission.

                                               Numerology: Numerologies of NR

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

           Numerologies defined in 3GPP Release 15 (TS 38.211) with

Subcarrier spacing identified by the parameter µ.

In NR, transmitters and receivers may enjoy a wider bandwidth at high-

frequency bands. In this case, the subcarrier spacing can be extended
(larger than 15 kHz as adopted by LTE/LTE-A, and potentially up to 480
kHz). In addition, high carrier frequencies are also vulnerable to the
Doppler Effect, and a large subcarrier spacing may facilitate inter-carrier
interference (ICI) mitigation. On the other hand, NR should also support a
small subcarrier spacing, such as 3.75 kHz as supported by the narrowband
Internet of Things (NB-IoT), to enjoy better power efficiency at low-
frequency bands. Consequently, subcarrier spacing’s in NR are scalable as a
subset or Superset of 15 kHz. Feasible subcarrier spacings can be 15 kHz
2m, where m can be a positive/ negative integer or zero. For each
subcarrier spacing value, multiple CP lengths can be inserted to adapt to
different levels of inter-symbol interference (ISI) at different carrier
frequencies and mobility

                                                    Scalable NR Numerology:

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

A flexible numerology has been agreed fulfilling where n={-2, -1, 0, 1,

2, 4, ..}
Higher “n” may be needed for >40 GHz

Phase noise sets minimum (& required CP sets maximum) subcarrier BW

for a given frequency
Allowed latency influences minimum subcarrier bandwidth

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

OFDM numerology design for a wide range of carrier frequencies,

deployment types, and application latency requirements using
regular slots.

Why different SCS Required in NR.

1. In an OFDM system, cyclic-prefix is chosen larger than delay spread to

avoid inter-symbol interference and complex equalization. This means
that for a given cyclic-prefix overhead, the channel delay spread sets a
lower limit on subcarrier spacing typically, the delay spread reduces with
cell-size as does the required cyclic-prefix duration, meaning that wider
subcarrier spacing’s (having shorter cyclic-prefix) are more suitable for
deployments with smaller cell-size.
2. Numerologies with wider subcarrier spacing’s are also suitable to support
low latency services, since slot duration, This implies that very low
latency can be achieved in small cells using numerology with a wider
subcarrier spacing
3. Low latency can also be achieved in larger cells using wider subcarrier
spacing. However, this may incur a performance penalty in terms of
reliability or throughput.

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

3GPP TS 38.104 defines SCS for different frequency bands.

SCS for bands below 1 GHz: 15 kHz, 30 kHz
SCS for bands between 1 GHz and 6 GHz: 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz
SCS for band 24 GHz to 52.6 GHz: 60 kHz, 120 kHz
240 kHz for data is not considered in Release 15.

Recommended SCS for different frequency bands (eMBB

services):

                 Frame Structure Architecture

 

Let’s discuss 5G NR frame structure and how it is different from 4G

Network & what is new in 5G Network.

Frame length: 10 ms  SFN range: 0 to 1023

Subframe length: 1 ms  Subframe index per system frame: 0 to 9
Slot length: 14 symbols

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

The subframe structure should be able to meet the requirements within the
limits set by numerology while taking the diverse propagation conditions,
different carrier frequencies, bandwidths and deployment scenarios into
account. The subframe structure design consists of placement and lengths
of UL and DL fields, control/data multiplexing, placement of guard periods
and demodulation reference signals (DMRS). One of the most important
KPIs from the subframe structure point of view is latency. Consider user
equipment (UE) initiated traffic: the UE sends scheduling request, the eNB
replies with scheduling grant, which is followed by UL data, and ACK/NACK
in the downlink. At a minimum this lasts four subframes and allowing
enough time for decoding, more realistically we need six subframes. The
subframe structure should allow the demanding 1 ms latency requirement.
Frame structure should allow a low complexity receiver. This is mainly done
by trying to minimize sample level buffering in channel estimation,
decoding and estimation of the interference covariance matrix. An equally
important principle is overhead minimization: control channels should be
dimensioned so that for example coverage requirements are met.

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

NR physical layer frame structure

I will update more about frame structure, slot structure, slot format, TDD
FDD slot  in the next blog,

Reference : 3Gpp Release 15, ITU, 5G Air interface books,

Tag: 4g, 5G, embb, LTE, mmtc, NR,

URLLC Share:    

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

Abhijeet Kumar

Previous post Next post

5G New Radio: Standalone 5G Reference

and Non-Standalone March 5, 2019
March 4, 2019

You may also like

5G NR PCI 5G NR Initial Access CSI-RS(C

10 June, 2019 19 May, 2019 Reference
31 March

1
Leave a Reply

Join the discussion...


1
 0
 0  

  1

  Subscribe    newest  oldest  most voted

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

Adarsh Kumar  

Hi Abhijeet,
Guest Nice article. Congratulations on your new website.

Can you describe the cell search process in NR in details. Specifically from the point of
Initial cell search when UE has been switched on for the first time.
How does UE know the SCS.
How does UE discover first SS Block in the Radio frame, because it cannot have
Subcarrier Offset or SCS from MIB yet.

Kindly explain from the perspective of NSA and SA both.

Thanks,
Adarsh

 0    Reply  3 months ago

Get Newsletter
Get new courses and class
Email

Subscribe

SOCIAL CONTACT

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]
Cafetele, 5gcourses, 5g, 4g, IOT, Blockchain

     

© 2019 cafetele All rights reserved 5G

4G
IOT
Blockchain

https://cafetele.com/5g-nr-frame-structure-numerology/#.XP8Z9-R7ntQ[06/11/2019 10:10:17]