DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE & TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE

(DCL & TCL)

DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE: This is the 3rd sub language available in T-SQL. It is
used to control the data between different user accounts. It includes the following
statements.

1. GRANT Statement
2. REVOKE Statement

Grant Statement: This statement is used to grant the permissions (INSERT, SELECT,
UPDATE, DELETE) on a specific table to different user accounts.

Syntax:
GRANT {ALL/SPECIFIC PERMISSIONS} ON TABLENAME
TO USER ACCOUNT (S) [WITH GRANT OPTION]

WITH GRANT OPTION: When any user got the permissions on a specific table from
other user with this option, then that user can grant the permissions on that same table to
another user account. At that time sub user acts as owner.

E.g.:
GRANT ALL ON EMP TO DURGAPRASAD WITH GRANT OPTION

From the above statement DURGA PRASAD user account got all permissions on EMP
table from SA user account. Mean time DURGAPRASAD can give the permissions on
EMP to another user account because he got the permissions WITH GRANT OPTION.

E.g.:
GRANT INSERT, SELECT ON EMP TO KARTHIK

Now KARTHIK can perform select and insert operations on EMP table.
But KARTHIK cannot perform update and delete operations on EMP table because he
does not have the corresponding permissions.

Revoke Statement: This statement is used to revoke the permissions (INSERT, SELECT,
UPDATE, DELETE) on a specific table from different user accounts.

Syntax:
REVOKE {ALL/SPECIFIC PERMISSIONS} ON TABLENAME
FROM USER ACCOUNT (S) [CASCADE]
CASCADE: Using this option we can destroy the communication link between user
accounts more over from the main user it self we can revoke the permissions from all sub
users.

E.g.:
REVOKE ALL ON EMP FROM BABBU CASCADE

The above statement revokes the permissions on EMP table from BABBU and
KARTHIK. Now BABBU and KARTHIK users cannot access EMP table.

TRANSACTIONS CONTROL LANGUAGE {TCL}

Transaction is nothing but a unit of work. We can control these transactions using the
following statements

1. ROLLBACK Statement
2. COMMIT Statement
3. SAVE TRAN [SACTION]

1. ROLLBACK Statement: This statement is used to cancel a particular performed

transaction. To perform this statement in SQL Server we have to follow any one
of the below 2 approaches.

Approach 1: SET IMPLICIT_TRANSATIONS ON: This approach is only to cancel a

single recently performed operation.

E.g.:
SET IMPLICIT_TRANSATIONS ON
SELECT * FROM EMP
DELETE FROM EMP
SELECT * FROM EMP
ROLLBACK
SELECT * FROM EMP

Approach 2: Explicit Transactions: To approach is to cancel recently performed multiple

operations.

Syntax: BEGIN TRAN

-------------
GO
-------------
GO
-------------

ROLLBACK TRAN
GO is query separator
E.g.:
BEGIN TRAN
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (50,’TRA’,’AUS’)
GO
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000 WHERE EMPNO=11
GO
DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SNO=101

Select the entire transaction and press F5 for one time

ROLLBACK TRAN

The ROLLBACK statement cancels INSERT on Dept, UPDATE on EMP and DELETE
on Student tables.

2. COMMIT Statement: This statement makes a transaction permanent. It is not

possible to rollback the committed transaction.

E.g.:
SELECT * FROM EMP
DELETE FROM EMP
SELECT * FROM EMP
COMMIT
SELECT * FROM EMP

The COMMIT statement deletes the data from EMP permanently. It is not possible to
ROLLBACK the delete operation.

E.g.:
BEGIN TRAN
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (50,’TRA’,’AUS’)
GO
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000 WHERE EMPNO=11
GO
DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SNO=101

Select the entire transaction and press F5 for one time

COMMIT TRAN

The above COMMIT TRAN makes all three transactions permanent. We cannot
ROLLBACK the transactions.
3. SAVE TRAN Statement: This statement is used to COMMIT/ROLLBACK a
particular performed transaction from the set of transactions. It is associated with
alphabets in order to save the transactions.

BEGIN TRAN
SAVE TRAN A
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (50,’TRA’,’AUS’)
SAVE TRAN B
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000 WHERE EMPNO=11
SAVE TRAN C
DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SNO=101

ROLLBACK TRAN C (The delete operation will be cancelled)

COMMIT TRAN B (The update operation performed permanently we cannot rollback)