Menang,Leomer R.

JR De Guzman
John Luis Blanco

Problem 1

Digital data is transmitted through a baseband system with , the received

pulse amplitude A=20mV. If 1 kbps is the transmission rate, what is probability of error?

Answer:

Problem 2

The digital transmission of packets is implemented with sending a sequence of ones (1) and zeros (0) bits
through a data stream. It is known that a zero is 5 times more common (in occurrence) than a one. Due to
lack of high-end transmission equipment and solution, the probability that a zero will be received as one
(corrupted) is 0,01 , while the probability that a one will be received as zero is 0,05 . Find the probability
that:

1. Zero is sent, if zero is received

2. One is sent, if one is received

Answer:

Since a zero is 5 times more common than 1, the format should look something like 000001 (one
way). This means that there's a 5/6 probability that a zero is sent, while 1/6 probability that one is
sent through the data stream.

Now, we find the complementary value to figure out the success rate of each bit. Zero bits have
0,01 chance to be received as one, which means it has 0,99 chance to go through successfully.
Same thing goes for ones, which have 0,95 chance to go through as one, and 0,05 chance to be
transformed to zero.
 1. Zero is sent, if zero is received

We have 2 in-depended and mutually exclusive events:

1. Zero is sent
2. Zero is received

5/6 * 0,99 (zero is sent and received as zero) / 5/6 * 0,99 + 1/6 * 0,05 (one is sent and received as
zero) =
0.99

1. One is sent, if one is received

Same logic:
1/6 * 0,95 / 1/6 * 0.95 + 5/6 * 0,01 = 0.95

Problem 3

Communication through a noisy channel. A binary (0 or 1) message transmitted through a noisy

communication channel is received incorrectly with probability and , respectively. Errors in
different symbol transmissions are independent. The channel source transmits a 0 with
probability p and transmits a 1 with probability 1− p .

Answer:

(a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen symbol is received correctly?
Problem 4

In data communication, messages are usually combinations of characters, and each character
consists of a number of bits. A bit is the smallest unit of information and is either 1 or 0. Suppose
that L, the length of a character (in bits) is a geometric random variable with parameter p . If a
sender emits messages at the rate of 1000 bits per second, what is the distribution of T, the time
it takes the sender to emit a character?

Answer:

Problem 5

Refer to problem number 2, If 10 kbps are transmitted, what must be the value of A to attain the
same probability of error?

Answer:
Problem 6

In transmitting dot and dash signals, a communication system changes 1/4 of the dots to dashes
and 1/3 of the dashes to dots. If 40% of the signals transmitted are dots and 60% are dashes, what
is the probability that a dot received was actually a transmitted dot?

Answer:

Problem 7

In data communication, usually messages sent are combinations of characters, and each character
consists of a number of bits. A bit is the smallest unit of information and is either 1 or 0. Suppose
that the length of a character (in bits) is a geometric random variable with parameter p. Suppose
that a message is combined of K characters, where K is a random variable with mean μ and
variance σ^ 2 . If the lengths of characters of a message are independent of each other and of K ,
and if it takes a sender 1000 bits per second to emit a message, find the expected value of T, the
time it will take the sender to emit a message.

Answer:
Problem 8

The simplest error detection scheme used in data communication is parity check-ing. Usually
messages sent consist of characters, each character consisting of a number of bits (a bitis the
smallest unit of information and is either 1 or 0). In parity checking, a 1 or 0 is appended to the
end of each character at the transmitter to make the total number of 1’s even. The receiver checks
the number of 1’s in every character received, and if the result is odd it signals an error. Suppose
that each bit is received correctly with probability 0.999, independently of other bits. What is the
probability that a 7-bit character is received in error, but the error is not detected by the parity
check?

Answer:

Problem 9

In data communications, a message transmitted from one end is subject to various sources of
distortion and may be received erroneously at the other end. Suppose that a message of 64 bits (a
bit is the smallest unit of information and is either (1 or 0) is transmitted through a medium. If
each bit is received incorrectly with probability 0.0001 independently of the other bits, what is
the probability that the message received is free of error?

Answer:
Problem 10

In data communication, one method for error control makes the receiver send a positive
acknowledgment for every message received with no detected error and a negative
acknowledgment for all the others. Suppose that (i) acknowledgments are transmitted error free,
(ii) a negative acknowledgment makes the sender transmit the same message over, (iii) there is
no upper limit on the number of retransmissions of a message, and (iv) errors in messages are
detected with probability p, independently of other messages. On average, how many times is a
message retransmitted?

Answer: