Uts Unit 1 2019 (New)

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS
HOW DO YOU ANSWER THE QUESTION:

PERSPECTIVES
PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY ORIENTAL/ The self in a philosophical paradigm
EASTERN
THOUGHT
Understanding the Self UNIT 1: The Self from Various Perspectives Understanding the Self UNIT 1: The Self from Various Perspectives Understanding the Self UNIT 1: The Self from Various Perspectives
1 2 3
Ancient Philosophy
1000 BC to 500 AD
Pre-Socratics (The Milesians)
Cosmo-centric
IN WHAT WAYS DO I GET There is a fundamental principle/
thing that underlies everything else,
TO KNOW MYSELF? Pre-Socratic
(The Milesians)
The Ancient Triumvirate
(Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
Post-Aristotelians
including the human self
Three Periods
Understanding the Self UNIT 1: The Self from Various Perspectives
4 5 6
1
Identify the characteristics of the following: Pre-Socratics (The Milesians) Pre-Soctratics (The Milesians)
Cosmo-centric Cosmo-centric
There is a fundamental principle/ thing that underlies There is a fundamental principle/ thing that underlies
everything else, including the human self everything else, including the human self
Earth Water Fire Air Democritus Heraclitus

Atom Fire
Thales Anaximander Anaximenes
Water Apeiron: Air
“Boundless” Anaxagoras Pythagoras
How would you classify yourself based on the four? Why? Nous: Mind Numbers
7 8 9
The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate

The Ancient Triumvirate Socrates Socrates
“Know thy self ” To find what?
▪ Man must live and stand according to his nature
▪ Man must look at himself ▪ Invitation to introspection: Platonic
theory of reminiscence
Socrates Aristotle Plato “An unexamined life is not worth living.” ▪ Knowledge is within, inherent in
man; not outside
▪ Two fundamental questions: ▪ Wisdom is learning to reflect
1. To find what?
2. By what means?
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2
The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate
Socrates Socrates Socrates
Physical World Our Soul (Self)
By what means? Changeable, transient, imperfect ▪ Strive for wisdom and perfection
World of Senses/Matter
▪ The Socratic Method: Dialogue ▪ Reason is the soul’s tool to achieve such state
between the soul and itself Two Aspects of Reality Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul ▪ A unified, indissoluble, immortal entity that
remains the same over time
▪ Between a student and his teacher
Spiritual World ▪ That is in the very likeness of the divine
Unchanging, eternal, perfect
World of Ideas/Form
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The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate

Plato Plato Aristotle
3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche) 3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche) ▪ The mind (self) is Tabula Rasa – a blank slate
▪ Reason: the divine essence that lets us think deeply ▪ The three are in a dynamic relationship with each other: in ▪Self is composed of matter and form
(wisdom), make wise choices, and achieve a true agreement or in conflict ▪ Matter is in a continuous process of developing and
understanding of eternal truths becoming
▪ But it is the responsibility of the Reason to restore harmony
▪ Physical Appetite: accounts for the basic biological needs among the three ▪The Process of Completion is through experiences
such as hunger, thirst and sexual desire
▪ Harmony: justice in the individual, social, and political levels ▪ Knowledge is acquired through the senses
▪ Spirit/Passion: accounts for the basic emotions such as
love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy
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3
The Ancient Triumvirate
Aristotle
The Post-Aristotelians The Post-Aristotelians
Stoicism (Zeno)
▪Self comes from a First Cause, the Apathy or indifference to pleasure
▪ Maintains the dualism between
source of all changes although
body and soul
unchangeable itself Hedonism (Aristippus)
▪ More ethical in the ideas
▪The goal of the human self is “Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, you will die.”
• Moral norms: attainment of
reached in happiness through happiness Epicureanism (Epicurus)
moderation or balance of things Moderate pleasure
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Medieval Philosophy Medieval Philosophy

500 AD to 1350 AD 500 AD to 1350 AD
IS THE SELF RELATED TO A Theo-centric

▪More imposing than informing,
▪From the scientific investigation on
SUPREME BEING/GOD? nature and search for happiness to the because it was trying to aim at
question of life and salvation in another paganism and barbarism
WHO AM I IN RELATION TO A realm, in a better world (i.e., the afterlife) ▪There was an aim to merge
SUPREME BEING/GOD? ▪Influence from ancient thought: philosophy and religion
• The (human) self endures through time (Christian, Jewish, Muslim)
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St. Augustine St. Thomas Aquinas
Theologian, Philosopher Theologian, Philosopher
St. Thomas Aquinas
▪Integrates Platonic ideas with the ▪Self-knowledge is dependent on our
experience of the world around us The labels we attribute to ourselves are
tenets of Christianity
(objects in our environment) taken from the things we encounter in
▪Platonic Realm of Idea = Christian ▪We don’t encounter ourselves as our environment
Philosophy of a Transcendent God isolated minds or selves, but rather ▪Examples: Gardener, Artist, Kind, Loving
▪The self strives to achieve union always as agents interacting with our
with God through faith and reason environment
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St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas

▪Experiencing that something exists
doesn’t tell us what it is
“The things that we love tell If St. Thomas tells us that our knowledge is based on our encounter of things,
▪Knowing and learning about a thing
Does this mean that we get to know requires a long process of
us what we are.” everything simply by experiencing it? understanding; same with the mind and
the self – with experience and reason
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5
Modern Philosophy Modern Philosophy
14th Century to the early 20th Century 14th Century to the early 20th Century
Anthropocentric
Genuine knowledge has to be based
▪Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’
HOW CAN I BE SURE THAT THE on independent rational inquiry and (medieval thinkers) excessive reliance on
real world experimentation, rather authority
SELF EXISTS? WHAT ARE THE than dependent on knowledge ▪Period of radical social, political and
PROOFS THAT THE SELF EXISTS? handed down by authorities intellectual developments
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Modern Philosophy Modern Philosophy

14th Century to the early 20th Century René Descartes 14th Century to the early 20th Century
Dualism
Pineal
Gland
RENE DESCARTES JOHN LOCKE DAVID HUME IMMANUEL KANT
“Cogito ergo sum” ▪ The self endures because of memory
Thinking ▪ Impressions – basic sensations of ▪ A priori concepts
(Spiritual) Self Physical Body experiences ▪ The self actively organizes all the
▪ “I think, therefore, I am” ▪ Conscious awareness and memory of
▪ Human identity: self-awareness previous experiences are the keys to Governed by laws of Governed by the ▪ The self is a “bundle or collection of sensations and thoughts into a picture
▪ The Self if a thinking thing which can understanding the self reason & God’s will laws of nature different perceptions, which succeed each that makes sense to each one of us
exist independently of the body other in an inconceivable rapidity, and are ▪ Self as subject, not object
in perpetual flux and movement”
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Contemporary Philosophy
Sigmund Freud Late 20th Century
Father of Psychoanalysis
WHICH AMONG THESE ▪Political Revolution
▪The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered: ▪Industrial Revolution
• Conscious – refers to those thoughts and feelings
that we are aware of
PHILOSOPHIES CAN YOU RELATE ▪Scientific advancements and growth of
materialism
• Preconscious – experiences that are unconscious WITH? HOW DO THEY AFFECT THE ▪Theory of Evolution
but could become conscious with little effort
• Unconscious – contains all drives, urges or instincts WAY YOU SEE YOURSELF? ▪More humanist as a response to the so-called
that are beyond our awareness but motivate our alienation of the human person
feelings, thoughts and behavior
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Contemporary Philosophy Contemporary Philosophy

Late 20 Century th
Late 20th Century
EDMUND HUSSERL
▪ We experience our self as “Lived Body”
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY GILBERT RYLE
▪ The self is defined in terms of behavior
PAUL CHURCHLAND
Eliminative Materialism
SOCIOLOGY
a unity which the in ▪ An entity that can never be objectified or known in a that is presented to the world ▪ Grounded in neuroscience The self as a product of modern society among other constructions
mental and physical are completely objective sort of way, as opposed to the ▪ The self is a pattern of behavior, the ▪ The mind/self is the brain
seamlessly woven “body as object” of the dualists tendency or disposition for a person to
together ▪ “There is no duality of substance but a dialectic of living behave in a certain way in certain
being in its biological milieu” circumstances
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The Self in the Sociological Perspective The Self in the Sociological Perspective The Looking Glass Self
(Charles Horton Cooley)
▪The self is socially constructed in the ▪A person’s self grows out of
Classical sociological perspective: sense that it is shaped through a person´s social
the self is a relatively stable set of interaction with other people interactions with others
perceptions of who we are in ▪As with socialization in general, the ▪The view of ourselves
relation to ourselves, others, and individual is not a passive participant in comes from the
to social systems this process and have a powerful contemplation of personal
influence over how this process and its qualities and impressions of
consequences develop how others perceive us
43 44 45
The Looking Glass Self Johari Window

(Charles Horton Cooley) (Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham)
▪ Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really Technique used to Known to the self Not known to the self
are, but rather from how we believe others see us
enhance the
individual's Known to
Open/Area Blindspot
others
perception on self PSYCHOLOGY
and others. The self based on psychoanalytic approach and cognitive construction
Not known
HOW MY HOW MY HOW MY EX- to others
Hidden/Facade Unknown
PARENTS GIRLFRIEND GIRLFRIEND

SEE ME SEES ME SEES ME
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Structure of the Self ID (Biological Self)
(Sigmund Freud) Pleasure Principle
▪ Natural part of the self

▪ Animalistic nature of man
THE SELF BASED ON ▪ Pleasure seeking part of the personality
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH ▪ Determined by the genetic code
ID EGO SUPEREGO ▪ Providing the raw materials
▪ Setting the boundary conditions for development
49 50 51
The id represents the basic need of man. SUPEREGO (Social Self) EGO (Psychological Self)
If it is not satisfied, it could result to stress and tension. Idealistic Principle Reality Principle
If satisfied, it could give you comfort and joy.
▪The only region of the mind that is in contact
The superego incorporates with reality; it operates to fulfil the reality
the values and morals of principle
society which are learned ▪The ego constantly tries to reconciles the
If the id is properly If the id is angered or provoked it from one's parents and irrational wants of the id and the superego
controlled it could bring or
could destroy not only himself with the realistic demands of the world
warmth and comfort others
but also his surrounding
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▪ When the scale is out of Ego Defense Mechanisms
balance, it is the ▪Repression: when the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets
responsibility of the EGO to or block unpleasant feelings
mediate the conflict between
the ID and SUPEREGO ▪ Displacement: redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening
▪ Weak ego will lead to people or objects
ANXIETY ▪Regression: the ego may revert back to an earlier stage during
▪ To protect the ego from times of stress or anxiety
anxiety, we use DEFENSE ▪Projection: attributing the unwanted impulse to another person.
MECHANISMS
▪Sublimation: suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it
with a creative cultural accomplishment
55 56 57
Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism

(William James) (George Herbert Mead)
▪ Focused on the operation of conscious activity

• Example: thinking and learning
“I and the Me” self
▪ Study of man’s adjustment to his environment THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE ▪Two aspects of self awareness:
▪ The “me” is the socialized aspect of the person
• Materials
• Capacities
CONSTRUCTION ▪ The “I” is the active aspect of the person
• Skills
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Imaginary Audience Self-Concept Real and Ideal Self
▪ Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching (Carl Rogers)
and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique ▪ Mental representation ▪ A person's ideal self may not be consistent with what actually
▪ What we look like happens in life and experiences of the person
▪ How we feel in different types of situation
▪ Hence, a difference may exist between a person's ideal
▪ How we behave towards others
self and actual experience
▪ What do we do at work
▪ Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization
▪ What are the roles we have in the family or society
they must be in a state of congruence
61 62 63
Real and Ideal Self Self as defined by Social Comparison How does the social comparison process work?
(Carl Rogers) (Leon Festinger)
TEMPORAL COMPARISON SOCIAL COMPARISON ▪Depending on the level of
▪ Considering your present ▪ Evaluating yourself in someone’s motivation, he/she
condition in relation to how you comparison to others – using may have the tendency to
were in the past others as a basis for evaluating
your attributes
compare himself/herself with
others either in an UPWARD or
DOWNWARD kind of
comparison
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Two Modes of Social Comparison Two Modes of Downward Social Comparison Self-Evaluation and Self-Enhancement
1. Upward social comparison 1. Passive downward comparison ▪ Motivation plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-
▪ When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us ▪ Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous condition in evaluation and self-enhancement
▪ Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability making comparison
▪ A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward comparisons, and usually assume
1. Self-evaluation occurs when someone looks for positive traits in
▪ Example: A low performing student comparing himself/herself with a worse
himself/herself as better or equal to the “best person”
off student
himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares
▪ Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make upward comparisons himself/herself with
instead of downward ones 2. Active downward comparison
2. Self-enhancement, on the other hand, occurs when the person
2. Downward social comparison ▪ Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning
▪ When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than ourselves or causing harm to them questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to
▪ Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities ▪ By derogating the target or causing harm to him/her, this person generates a reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing
▪ A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this to feel better about situation in which the target is worse off than him/her, therefore giving himself/herself with
himself/herself him/her the chance to make a downward comparison
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Self-Esteem Reference Group The Creation of Identities

▪ Used to describe a person's overall ▪ A group to which an individual ▪ One’s identity must balance the need to be
sense of self-worth or personal or another group is compared similar to one’s reference group with the
value need to be a unique individual
▪ Sociologists call any group that
• Children become aware of the need for a group
▪ In other words, it refers to how individuals use as a standard identity and are often afraid or acting
much you appreciate and like for evaluating themselves and differently
yourself their own behavior a • Teens often seem torn between the need to
reference group assert their own individual identity and the
▪ Self-esteem is often seen as a need to conform to their reference group
personality trait, which means that it • New identities are forged in relation to work,
tends to be stable and enduring parenthood, economic status, and ageing
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Western Self vs. non-western Self Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism Collectivism
▪ A human being has an ▪ A human being is an integral
ANTHROPOLOGY individualistic nature and is an
independent part of the
part of the universe and the
society
The self and person in contemporary anthropology Western Self Non-western self universe and the society ▪ People are fundamentally
& the self being embedded in culture ▪ autonomous and egocentric ▪ identity shared with others and connected
derived from a culture instead of
a “self” ▪ Duty towards all others is a very
important matter
73 74 75
Individualism Collectivism
Being dependent Social rules focus on
Individual rights take Independence is upon others is often promoting selflessness Working as a group and
center stage highly valued considered shameful and putting the supporting others is
community needs ahead essential
or embarrassing of individual needs
People tend to be
The rights of
individuals tend to
People often place a
greater emphasis on People are encouraged Families and
THE SELF IN ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT
self-reliant take a higher standing out and to do what's best for communities have a The self as embedded in relationships and through spiritual development in
precedence being unique society central role Confucian thought
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Asian Schools of Thought Buddhism Buddhism
(Siddhartha Gautama) (Siddhartha Gautama)
1 Buddhism Buddha discovered why life is filled with suffering Buddha denies the self: no self, no individual
and how humanity can escape from this unhappy
2 Hinduism existence No-self is the nature of an intuitive and subjective
perception toward oneself beyond the ordinary range
of human experience that is full of the anxieties and
3 Taoism Experience in the transformations of
defensiveness
consciousness and stages of meditation
To study the self is to deny the self
4 Confucianism When self becomes anxiety-free, one can act spontaneously
79 80 81
Buddhism Hinduism Hinduism

(Siddhartha Gautama) (Fusion of various Indian cultures and traditions) (Fusion of various Indian cultures and traditions)
Everything is impermanent in the continuous ▪ In simple terms, the law of karma suggests that
becoming of lived experience Hindus believe that an individual’s action a person's mental and physical actions are
(karma) – the bad or good actions that binding
the individual performed in a previous ▪ The law of karma is very much verifiable in real
Implies emphasis on compassion for others and
life determines his or her caste life
conduct ourselves with restraint out of a sense of
responsibility ▪ We all have seen in our own lives, and in
nature too, that we reap what we sow
▪ Our successes and failures are mostly products
of our own thoughts and actions
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Taoism Confucianism Confucianism
(Lao-Tzu) (Confucius) (Confucius)
Relativity of opposites (i.e., yin and yang) Who am I?
The Self in Confucianism is the starting
Self does not exist without the existence of the
other
point of a constructive process
For western philosophers, the concept of the self is the end Confucianism
of their searches
Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and
opposite sensation of otherness
Where am I Who will I
from? be?
85 86 87
Confucianism Confucianism Confucianism

(Confucius) (Confucius) (Confucius)
Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought
Confucian self is relational and interdependent of Confucius
It is only through the continuous opening up of
Belief that certain sets of human relationships are basis for moral ▪ to be good to one's parents
the self to others that the self can maintain its
community ▪ to take care of one's parents
wholesome personal identity
▪ to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also
Elder and Friend outside the home so as to bring a good name to one's
A person who is not responsive to others is self-centered Ruler and Father Husband
younger and parents and ancestors
minister and son and wife
brother friend ▪ to ensure male heirs
▪ display sorrow for their parents’ sickness and death
▪ to bury their parents and carry out sacrifices after their death
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☺ Thank you for listening ☺
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THE SELF FROM VARIOUS

HOW DO YOU ANSWER THE QUESTION:

Understanding the Self UNIT 1: The Self from Various Perspectives

Earth Water Fire Air Democritus Heraclitus

The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate

The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate The Ancient Triumvirate

Medieval Philosophy Medieval Philosophy

IS THE SELF RELATED TO A Theo-centric

St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas

Modern Philosophy Modern Philosophy

Contemporary Philosophy Contemporary Philosophy

The Looking Glass Self Johari Window

PARENTS GIRLFRIEND GIRLFRIEND

▪ Natural part of the self

Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism

▪ Focused on the operation of conscious activity

Self-Esteem Reference Group The Creation of Identities

Buddhism Hinduism Hinduism

Confucianism Confucianism Confucianism

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