MIT Department of Biology

7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005

7.014 Handout

Biochemistry I-III















































Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides:
CH2 OH


























CH2 OH
O H CH2 OH O OH
H O OH
H
OH H OH OH
OH CH2 OH
OH OH
OH OH
H OH

a-Glucose Fructose b-Galactose

Disaccharides:
CH2 OH
H O H CH2 OH H
O
H
OH H H OH
OH O CH2 OH
H OH OH H

Sucrose
(Glucose( a1 2)Fructose)

CH2 OH CH2 OH
OH O H O OH
H H
OH H O OH H
H H
H OH H OH

Lactose ( b-form)

















(Galactose( b1 4)Glucose)

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Polysaccharides:

CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 OH

H O H H O H H O H H O H
H H H H
OH H OH H OH H OH H
O O
O O O

H OH H OH H OH H OH

Starch

(Unbranched polymer of Glucose (a1

4) linkage)
(Amylose is an example of a branched starch molecule)

CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 OH

H O H H O H H O H
H H H
OH H OH H OH H
O O O

H OH H OH H OHO
CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 CH2 OH
H O H H O H H O H H O H
H H H H
OH H OH H OH H OH H
O O O O
O

H OH H OH H OH H OH

Glycogen
(Branched polymer of Glucose in (a1 4) linkage with (a1 6) branch points)

CH2 OH H OH CH2 OH H OH
H O H H O H
O O
H H
OH H OH H OH H OH H
H H O
O O H O
H H O H
H OH CH2 OH H OH CH2 OH

Cellulose
(Unbranched polymer of Glucose in (b1 4) linkage)

 Nucleic Acids

Nitrogenous Bases found in Nucleic Acids:

Pyrimidines Purines

O O NH 2 O
NH 2
CH3 N HN N
N HN HN N

O N N H2 N N N
O N O N N H H
H H H

Cytosine Thymine Uracil

Adenine Guanine
(in DNA) (in RNA)

Sugars found in Nucleic Acids:

HO CH2 OH HO CH2 O OH
O
H H H H
H H H H

OH H OH OH

Deoxyribose Ribose
( in DNA) ( in RNA)

A Nitrogenous Base plus a Sugar plus Phosphate forms a Nucleotide:

NH 2

N
N
O- N N
-
O P O CH2 Base
H O H
O

Phosphate group H H
HO H Sugar

Deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate = Deoxyribonucleotide

(found in DNA)

 Structures of Amino Acids at pH 7.0

Non-Polar
O O- O- -
O O- O O O
C H C H
C C
H C C CH2CH3 H C CH2 C CH3
H C CH3 H C CH2CH2 S CH3
NH3 CH3 NH3 CH3
NH3 + + NH3
+ +
ALANINE ISOLEUCINE LEUCINE METHIONINE
(ala) (ile) (leu) (met)

- H H - H H
O O O O
N O O- H H O O
-
C C
C C CH3
H C CH2 H H C CH2 C
H H C CH2 OH H C C
NH3 NH3 CH3
+ + NH3 NH3 H
H H + +
H H
PHENYLALANINE H H
VALINE
(phe) TRYPTOPHAN H TYROSINE (val)
(trp) (tyr)
Polar Special Cases:
O O- O O-
C C H
H C CH2 OH H C C CH3
NH3 NH OH O O-
+ + 3 - O O- C
O O
THREONINE C
SERINE C H C CH2
(ser) (thr) H C CH2 SH
H C H
CH2
H
- - NH3 N
O O O O NH + CH2
+ 3 H +
C O C O CYSTEINE GLYCINE PROLINE
H C CH2 C H C CH2CH2 C (cys) (gly)
NH2
(pro)
NH3 NH3 NH2
+ +

ASPARAGINE GLUTAMINE
(asn) (gln)

Charged -
O O O O-
C O C O
Acidic
H C CH2 C H C CH2CH2 C
-
NH3 O NH3 O-
+ +
ASPARTIC ACID GLUTAMIC ACID
(asp) (glu)
H
- - O O- +
O O O O C N H
C H C C
H C CH2
Basic H C CH2CH2CH2 N NH2 H C CH2CH2CH2CH2 NH3+ N
C NH3 C H
NH3 NH3 +
+ + NH2 + H
ARGININE LYSINE HISTIDINE
(arg) (lys) (his)

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Proteins

General formula for amino acids (the building blocks of proteins):

H
amino end H2N C COOH carboxyl end

R a carbon

side chain
Polymerization of amino acids to form polypeptides with amide (peptide) linkage
:

H R1 H
O
C O + N
H2 N C H H C C O H
R2 H
O
aa1 aa2

H2O
H R1 H O + aa3
C
H2 N C N C C O H
O R2 H H2O
peptide bond

H R1 H O H R3 + aa4
C C O
H2 N N C C N C C H
amino terminal O R2 H H O carboxyl end H2O
of polypeptide of polypeptide

Polypeptide

(Proteins are long polypeptides)



























Lipids

H H H H H H H O
H C C C C C C C C OH
H H H H H H H
A Fatty Acid

To make a Triacylglycerol (triglyceride):

O H
C OH
HO C H
O
C OH + HO C H
O HO C H
C OH 3 H2 O
H

3 Fatty acids 1 glycerol

O
C O CH2
O
C O CH
O
C O CH2

Triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

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 Phospholipids

General structure of a phospholipid:

O
HC (CH2 ) 9 C O CH
3
2
O

H 3C (CH2 ) C O CH
O
9
CH2 O P O-
O-
R

Common phospholipids:
O
Phosphatidyl choline: R O P O (CH ) N+ (CH3 )3
22
O-

O
+
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine: R O P O (CH ) N H 3

22
O -

OH OH
O

Phosphatidyl inositol: R O P O
OH
O- OH

OH