CONTENT

1. SINGAL LINE DIAGRAM 220/123KV 01

2. ABSTRACT 02
3. INTRODUCTION OF 220/132KV PTCUL RAMNAGAR ROORKEE 03
3.1-Object of study 03
3.2 -Input data /Structure / Questionnaire 04-05
3.3 -Analysis / Solution /Description 06-07
3.4 -Block diagram of SCADA 08
4. SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION 09
4.1 -Substation Automation 09
4.2 -System Architecture 09
4.3 -Common System Components 10
4.4 -System Description 11
5. SUBSTATION AUTOMATION ( SUBSTATION DEVICES ) 12
5.1 -Power Transformers 12
5.2 -Instrument Transformers 12
5.2.1 - Current Transformer 13
 5.2.2-Potential or Voltage Transformer 13
5.3 -Circuit Breakers 14
5.3.1- Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) High Voltage Circuit breakers 14
5.4 -Isolators 14-15
6. APPLICATION OF PLCs IN SUBSTATION AUTOMATION AND SCADA
15
7. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 16
8.FINAL RESULT 16
9. CONCLUSION 17
10.FUTURE SCOPE 17
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ABSTRACT

Electrical power systems are a technical wonder. Electricity and its accessibility are the
greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century. A modern society cannot exist without
electricity. Generating stations, transmission lines and distribution systems are the main components
of power system. Smaller power systems (called regional grids) are interconnected to form a larger
network called national grid, in which power is exchanged between different areas depending upon
surplus and deficiency. This requires a knowledge of load flows, which is impossible without
meticulous planning and
Monitoring .Also, the system needs to operate in such a way that the losses and in turn the cost of
production are minimum.
The major factors that influence the operation of a power system are the changes in load and
stability. As is easily understood from the different load curves and load duration curve, the connected
load, load varies widely throughout the day. These changes have an impact on the stability of power
System. As a severe change in a short span can even lead to loss of synchronism. Stability is also
affected by the occurrence of faults; Faults need to be intercepted at an easily stage and corrective
measures likeisolating the faulty line must be taken.
As the power consumption increases globally, unprecedented challenges are being faced,which
require modern, sophisticated methods to counter them. This calls “The Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)” for the use of automation in thepower system.
SCADA refers to a system that enables on electricity utility to remotely monitor, co-
ordinate,control and operate transmission and distribution components, equipment and real-time
mode from aremote location with acquisition at date for analysis and planning from one control
location. Task like Opening of circuit breakers, changing transformer taps and managing the load
demand can be carried outefficiently.

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3.INTRODUCTION

3.1 Objectives of study: - The Main Objective of this Project report are Study of SCADA
based Substation Automation" of 220/132 KV Substation Ramnager Roorkee. Due to the rapid
development in automation system, the remote operation, control and monitoring are necessary for
any modern system. The SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) facilitates this remote
operation, control and monitoring for industrial automation. The SCADA is also widely used for
overall operation of modern power system.

SCADA refers to a system that enables on electricity utility to remotely monitor, co-ordinate,
control and operate transmission and distribution components, equipment and real-time mode from a
remote location with acquisition at date for analysis and planning from one control location.
PLC is the brain of the system with the joint operation of the SCADA and the PLC, it is possible to
control and operate the power system remotely. This type of an automatic network can manage load,
maintain quality and detect theft of electricity and tempering of meters. It gives the operator an overall
view of the entire network. Also, flow of power can be closely scrutinized and Pilferage points can
be located. Human errors leading to tripping can be eliminated. This directly increases the reliability
and lowers the operating cost.
 In short our project is an integration of network monitoring functions with geographical
Mapping, fault location, load management and intelligent metering.
As the use of PLCs in substation automation applications increases, and the demand for
substation and distribution automation increases, utility engineers are seeking ways to implement
applications. With deregulation, utilities are decreasing engineering staff levels.

Methodology:- The study of methodology completes with study of following point

1). Measurement of all control Panel & Relay Panel for connect to PLC for work SCSDA Software.

2). Measurement of all Switchyard Equipment according to new Software System

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3.2- Input data/Structure/Questionnaire:-

132KV substation was commissioned in the year 1956. 220KV Substation switchyard is merged with
this 2005.

Lines at 220/132kV substation Ramnager, Roorkee

Lines Voltage Year of Connected with Import/Export
Name in KV commission grid/Substation

Nara 220 2005 220KV Nara Substation Import to UP

Mujajfernager
Railway 220 2005 Muradabad Railway Zone Export

Puhana 220 2005 Power grid Puhana Import to Power grid

Substation
Jwalapur 132 1965 132KV Jwalapur Only Charge
Substation
SIDCUL 132 1965 220/132KV Substation Import

Laksar 132 2006 132KV Laksar Substation Export

Manglore 132 2006 132KV Manglore Export

Substation
Laxmi Suger 132 2012 Iqbalpur Suger Mill Import When Suger
Mill mill start gen.
Chudiyala 132 2014 132KV Chudiyala Export
Substation
Transformers at 220/132kV substation Ramnager, Roorkee
 TRANSFORMER RATING MAKE DATE OF
COMMISSIONING

160MVA-1 220/132 BHEL 2005

160MVA-2 220/132 BHEL 2005

40MVA-1 132/33 BHEL 2002

40MVA-3 132/33 ALSTOM 2007

20MVA-1 132/66 HITACHI 1965

50MVA-1 220/33 EMCO 2011

50MVA-2 220/33 EMCO 2011

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Technical Details of 160MVA 220/132KV Power Transformer

Name of Manufacturer- M/s BHEL

Noramal Rating - 160MVA HV,IV, Tertiary LV

Normal no load voltage- 220/132/11KV

Rated Frequency- 50Hz

No. Of Phase- 3

Cooling of Rating- ONAN 50% 80MVA

ONAF 75% 120MVA

OFAF 100%160MVA

Normal Currents- ONAN ONAF OFAF

HV: 210.19 315.29 420.39

IV: 350.32 456.24 700.65

LV: 1182.34 1773.49 2364.6

Winding Connections- HV/IV Auto star, LV Delta

Vector Group – Ynya0d11

40MVA 132/33KV POWER TRANSFORMER

Make BHEL
Type of cooling ONAN ONAF
Rated MVA HV & LV MVA 24 40
 Rated KV HV 132 132
LV 33 33
Rated line current in
amp. HV 104.97 174.97
LV 419.9 699.84
No of phases HV 3 3
LV 3 3
Impedance volts
HV/LV % tape 1 15.08
tape 5 13.4
tape 17 9.5
Temperature rise
Centigrade tape oil 50 50
Avg wdg 55 55

Date of commissioning 17.10.1997

Year of manufacturer 1997
Vector group Ynyn0
Frequency 50Hz
Makes sl no. 2010286

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3.3- Analysis/Solution/Description

Why are SCADA Systems Important?

Electrical distribution systems involve many remote applications and sites, and monitoring
and controlling these sites has often been difficult. To solve this problem, utilities began installing
remote terminal/telemetry units (RTUs) at substations. Early RTUs were initially custom-made units,
but later versions relied on standard hardware such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or
industrial PCs. Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are a more recent technology development, and
these devices are now installed at most substations to some extent. These IEDs generally
communicate with the substation RTU.
Power distribution to various electrical loads at substations is controlled by switchgear
feeders. Sensors mounted on the switchgear collect various data on current, voltage, power and
switchgear status. This data is transferred to the RTU, which is in turn polled by a SCADA system.
The SCADA system consists of a master control station with one or more PC-based human
machine interfaces (HMIs). The SCADA system may also contain other secondary control stations
with HMIs, and large substations may also have local HMIs.
The energy of switching devices (relays/contactors) tooperateGenerators in the substation are
measured using an energy meter. Energy received in the field is measured by another energy meter.
The measured energy of the substation and field are communicated to PLC and monitored by
SCADA. Based on the difference in energy PLC actuates the switching devices in the substation.
The purpose of the project is automating a substation. The aim is to detect energy losses during
transmission of electricity between substation and field. This loss of energy may be due to theft or
any other reason resulting in energy loss.
SCADA
The combination of telemetry and data acquisition is referred as SCADA(Supervisory Control And
Data Acquisition system).The SCADA encompasses the collecting of information via RTU(Remote
Terminal Unit) relocating it back to central site carrying out decisive rehash and control and then
displaying that information on a number of operating screens or displays. SCADA systems are highly
distributed systems used to control geographically dispersed assets, often scattered over thousands of
square kilometers, where centralized data acquisition and control are critical to system operation.
They are used in distribution systems such as water distribution and wastewater collection systems,
oil and gas pipelines, electrical power grids, and railway transportation systems.

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A SCADA control center performs centralized monitoring and control for field sites over long-
distance communications networks, including monitoring alarms and processing status data. Based
on information received from remote stations, automated or operator-driven supervisory commands
can be pushed to remote station control devices, which are often referred to as field devices. Field
devices control local operations such as opening and closing valves and breakers, collecting data from
sensor systems, and monitoring the local environment for alarm conditions. A SCADA system gathers
data from sensors and instruments located to remote sides. Then, it transmits data at a central site for
controller monitoring process. Automation systems are used to increase the efficiency of process
control by trading off high personnel costs for low computer system costs. These automation system
are often referred to as process control system (PCS) or supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems, and the widespread use of such systems makes them critical to the safe, reliable,
and efficient operation of many physical processes.
Master Terminal Unit (MTU) – allows operators to view the state of any part of the plant equipment
and drives most operator interaction with the by alarms. It provides displays of process status
information, including alarms and other means.
Interfacing – allows communications equipment from different manufacturers to be connected
together. The RS 232 or RS-485 interface is designed for the connection of two devices. Two devices
called: DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) communicates with a DCE device and transmits data and
receives data and DCE (Data communications Equipment) transmits data between the DTE and a
physical data communications link.
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) – means a microprocessor to connect data input streams to data output
streams. RTU may include a battery or charger circuitry. It is accomplished by using an isolated
voltage or current source. In SCADA system, RTU is a device that collects data, codes the data into
a format that is from the master device and implements processes that are directly by the master.
RTUs are equipped with input channels for sensing or metering, output channels for control.
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) includes electronic meters, relays and controls on specific
substation equipment. It has the capabilities to support serial communications to a SCADA sever and
reports to modern RTU via communication channels. It performs all functions of protection, control,
monitoring, metering and communication.
Here we use the SCADA systems for monitoring and controlling the power. Traditionally, SCADA
systems have made use of the Public Switched Network (PSN) for monitoring purposes.

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SERVER

ETHERNET SWITCH

C LIENT 1 CLIENT 2 CLIENT 3

MTU

INTERFACING

RTU

DEVICES

3.4- BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SCADA

A programmable logic controller, PLC, or programmable controller is a digital

Computer used for automation of typically industrial electromechanical processes, such as control of
machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many
machines, in many industries. PLCs are designed for multiple arrangements of digital and analog
inputs and outputs, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to
vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-
up or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a "hard" real-time system since output results
must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended
operation will result.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the control portion of the PLC. Memory in the system
is generally of two types; ROM and RAM. Input units Discrete and analog signals. Discrete signals
behave as binary switches, yielding simply an On or Off signal (1 or 0, True or False, respectively).

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4 - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

System Architecture
SCADA
System Description
User Friendly Software
Data Acquisition of full range of parameters
Real Time Trends
Historical Trends
Alarms
Security
Detailed Reporting
4.1-Substation Automation
Substation Devices
Applications of PLCs in Substation Automation and SCADA

4.2-System Architecture
 As Energy Management System (EMS) handles these by balancing the demands of the
transmission system, generating units, and consumption.
Monitoring and controlling of substations are essential task for supplying healthy power to
the consumers in this automated era. Depending on the voltage levels and end users, there
aretransmission or distribution substations those supply electrical power to various loads. Remote
monitoring and control make these substations to be operated through wireless communication
technologies like GSM, GPRS, Ethernet, etc.

SCADA
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a systemoperating with coded signals
over communication channels so as to provide control of remoteequipment (using typically one
communication channel per remote station). The control systemmay be combined with a data
acquisition system by adding the use of coded signals overcommunication channels to acquire
information about the status of the remote equipment fordisplay or for recording functions. It is a type
of industrial control system (ICS). Industrialcontrol systems are computer-based systems that
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monitor and control industrial processes thatexist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically
distinguish themselves from other ICSsystems by being large-scale processes that can include
multiple sites, and large distances. Theseprocesses include industrial, infrastructure, and facility-
based processes, as described below:
Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation,fabrication,
and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
4.3- Common system components
A SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems:
Remote terminal units (RTUs) connect to sensors in the process and convert sensorsignals to
digital data. They have telemetry hardware capable of sending digital data to thesupervisory system,
as well as receiving digital commands from the supervisory system.
RTUs often have embedded control capabilities such as ladder logic in order to accomplish boolean
logic operations.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) connect to sensors in the process and convertsensor
signals to digital data. PLCs have more sophisticated embedded control capabilities than RTUs.PLCs
do not have telemetry hardware, although this functionality is typically installedalongside them. PLCs
are sometimes used in place of RTUs as field devices because they are more economical, versatile,
flexible, and configurable.
 A telemetry system is typically used to connect PLCs and RTUs with control centres, data
warehouses, and the enterprise. Examples of wired telemetry media used in SCADAsystems include
leased telephone lines and WAN circuits. Examples of wireless telemetrymedia used in SCADA
systems include satellite (VSAT), licensed and unlicensed radio,
cellular and microwave.
A data acquisition server is a software service which uses industrial protocols to connectsoftware
services, via telemetry, with field devices such as RTUs and PLCs. It allowsclients to access data
from these field devices using standard protocols.
A human–machine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device which presents processeddata to a
human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and interactswith the process. The
HMI is a client that requests data from a data acquisition server.
A Historian is a software service which accumulates time-stamped data, boolean events, and
boolean alarms in a database which can be queried or used to populate graphic trendsin the HMI. The
historian is a client that requests data from a data acquisition server.
A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending
commands (control) to the SCADA system.
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4.4-System Description
User Friendly Software
Software Screens are very user friendly.
All Screens will be customized as per plants requirement.
Data Acquisition of full range of parameters
All Parameters which are being measured will be stored in Configured Database.
Parameters may be Line voltage, Line current, Line Frequency, power factor, KW, V-THD, ITHD,
KVA, KWH etc.
Real Time Trends
All Parameters which are being measured can be monitored in real time trends.
Trends can be standard as well as customized.
Data can be exported to various formats.
User can select parameters to be displayed in live trend for monitoring.

Historical Trends
Historical Data for all parameters can be monitored in Historical trends.
Data can be exported to various formats.
User can select parameters to be displayed in live trend for monitoring.
Alarms
If any parameter exceeds normal range of value then alarm will be generated.
User can select low and high set point of alarms and customize alarm.
Security
There will be multiple levels of security for different types of operations.
Complete data is fully secured by High level of encryption technology.
Detailed Reporting
Reports can be generated for selected parameters or for group of parameters.
Reports can be used for observation of Losses considerations.
All Reports can also be exported to various formats including Excel, Word, PDF, HTML etc.

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5. Substation Automation
Substation Devices

5.1-Power Transformer

Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective. Hence
electrical power is generated in low voltage level. Theoretically, this low voltage level power
can be transmitted to the receiving end. But if the voltage level of a power is increased, the
current of the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic or I2R losses in the system,
reduction in cross sectional area of the conductor i.e. reduction in capital cost of the system
and it also improves the voltage regulation of the system. Because of these, low level power
must be stepped up for efficient electrical power transmission. This is done by step up
transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As this high voltage power may
not be distributed to the consumers directly, this must be stepped down to the desired level
at the receiving end with the help of step down transformer. These are the uses of electrical
power transformer in the electrical power system.
 Figure.1 Power taransformer

5.2-Instrument Transformers

These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points where standard
voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two types:-

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5.2.1-CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents.

When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a
current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current
in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments. A current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may
be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.

Figure.2 Current Taransformer

5.2.2-POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

 Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT)) are a parallel
connected type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in high-
voltage circuits or phasor phase shift isolation. They are designed to present negligible
load to the supply being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to enable
accurate metering. A potential transformer may have several secondary windings on
the same core as a primary winding, for use in different metering or protection circuits.

Figure -3 Potential Taransformer

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5.3- CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced,
a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit
breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household

appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

5.3.1-Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit breakers- A sulfur hexafluoride circuit

breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often
used for transmission-level voltages and may be incorporated into compact gas-insulated
switchgear.
 Figure-4 Circuit Breakers

5.4- ISOLATORS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that
an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often
found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of
driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical
substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission
lines, for maintenance. The disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of

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the circuit, but only for safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or
automatically (motorized disconnector).

Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers, disconnectors lack a mechanism for suppression
of electric arc, which occurs when conductors carrying high currents are electrically interrupted.
Thus, they are off-load devices, intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some
other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the
disconnector while it supplies a circuit. Standards in some countries for safety may require either
local motor isolators or lockable overloads (which can be padlocked).

Disconnectors have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible (lockout-
tag out). In high-voltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped-key interlock
system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs, the isolator switch has the additional
ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would
apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both ends of the circuit need
to be isolated.
 Figure-5 Isolater
Applications of PLCs in Substation Automation and SCADA
There are many applications for PLCs in substation automation, distribution automation
and SCADA systems. As utility engineers become more familiar with the capability of PLCs and
PLC manufactures develop new substation specific products, the number and type of potential
applications continues to increase.

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Statement of the Problem:- To connect the 220/132KVsubstation Ramnager Roorkee

with Scada is not so easy due to following reasons-

1). 220/132KV substation Roorkee is very old. All control panel & Relay panel are the old &
obsolete. So replace new Numerical Relays to all Feeders.

2). Substation Roorkee is very huge. Large no. of HV & LV Voltage Lines from 11KV to 220KV.
Since 11KV, 33KV, 66KV, 132KV, 220KV.

3). All System will be updated to Modernised System to connect Scada Software.

4). Control rooms made the fully AC to properly work Numerical Relay & Scada Software.

5). Switchyard Equipment of 220/132KV Substation Roorkee will be fully Replaced according to
new Software System.
 Final Result
After study of SCADA based Automation Substation of 220/132Kv Substation Ramnager

Roorkee provides management with real time data on production operations, an implement more

efficient control paradigms, improves plant and personnel safety, and reduces costs of operation. The

proposed model that illuminates the categories of data, functionality, and interdependencies present

in a SCADA. The model serves as a foundation for further research on how to best apply technical

controls in substation and domestic distribution areas.

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Conclusion
The SCADA system helps in monitoring and controlling of the overall electricity network of
Roorkee city which provides uninterrupted electricity supply to the consumer. It keeps record of the
system operation which is helpful for getting a clear picture of the overall status of the system. Since
the status of the overall system network can be understood within few seconds, the daily load demand
can determine according to the requirement. The application of SCADA has simplified the managing
of the electricity network of Roorkee city with minimum human interference. From this study it can
be said that in order to improve theoverall system performance, reliability and stability it is necessary
to implement the SCADA system for controlling the whole electricity network of Uttrakhand The
manual operation of power system in Uttrakhand requires huge manpower which increases the overall
system cost. Moreover quick decision making becomes difficult in manual system during system
failure or unbalanced situation. For proper operation, control and monitoring of the overall power
system of Uttrakhand it is necessary to implement the SCADA system.
Future Scope
Reduced manpower.
Time delay is reduced.
In control room itself monitor the plant and give commands through user.
Economical and safe operation
Is there any modification and future extension, we can easily update in PLC & SCADA.
In substation, many switches are used, if there any one of the switch is trip means we can easily
identify the particular area.