a.

𝒖 𝒙 𝒗 = −(𝒗𝒙 𝒖)
b. 𝒖𝒙(𝒗 + 𝒘) = (𝒖𝒙𝒗) + (𝒖𝒙𝒘)
c. (𝒖 + 𝒗)𝒙 𝒘 = (𝒖 𝒙 𝒘) + (𝒗 𝒙 𝒘)
d. 𝒌(𝒖 𝒙 𝒗) = (𝒌𝒖) 𝒙 𝒗 = 𝒖 𝒙 (𝒌𝒗)
e. 𝒖𝒙𝟎 =𝟎𝒙𝒖= 𝟎
f. 𝒖 𝒙𝒖 = 𝟎

Bukti :
a. Mis u = (𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3) 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3), 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎:
𝑢. 𝑣 = (𝑢2𝑣3 − 𝑢3𝑣2, 𝑢3𝑣1 − 𝑢1𝑣3, 𝑢1𝑣2 − 𝑢2𝑣1)
Karena
𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3, 𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑣3 𝜖 𝑅, 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑢
𝑢2𝑣3 − 𝑢3𝑣2 = 𝑣3𝑢2 − 𝑣2𝑢3 ... sifat komutatif perkalian bilangan
= −𝑣2𝑢3 + 𝑣3𝑢2 ....sifat komutatif penjumlahan bilangan

𝑢3𝑣1 − 𝑢1𝑣3 = 𝑣1𝑢3 − 𝑣3𝑢1 ... sifat komutatif perkalian bilangan

= −𝑣3𝑢1 + 𝑣1𝑢3 ....sifat komutatif penjumlahan bilangan

𝑢1𝑣2 − 𝑢2𝑣1 = 𝑣2𝑢1 − 𝑣1𝑢2 ... sifat komutatif perkalian bilangan

= −𝑣1𝑢2 + 𝑣2𝑢1 ....sifat komutatif penjumlahan bilangan

Sehingga :
𝑢. 𝑣 = ((−𝑣2𝑢3 + 𝑣3𝑢2), ( −𝑣3𝑢1 + 𝑣1𝑢3), (−𝑣1𝑢2 + 𝑣2𝑢1))
𝑢. 𝑣 = (−(𝑣2𝑢3 − 𝑣3𝑢2, 𝑣3𝑢1 − 𝑣1𝑢3, 𝑣1𝑢2 − 𝑣2𝑢1))
𝑢. 𝑣 = −𝑣 𝑥 𝑢

b. Mis 𝑢 = (𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3), 𝑣 = (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3), 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑤 = (𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3) 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎

𝒖 . (𝒗 + 𝒘) = (𝒖𝟏, 𝒖𝟐, 𝒖𝟑) . ((𝒗𝟏, 𝒗𝟐, 𝒗𝟑) + (𝒘𝟏, 𝒘𝟐, 𝒘𝟑))

𝒖 . (𝒗 + 𝒘) = (𝒖𝟏, 𝒖𝟐, 𝒖𝟑). ((𝒗𝟏 + 𝒘𝟏), (𝒗𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐), (𝒗𝟑 + 𝒘𝟑))
𝒖 . (𝒗 + 𝒘) = (𝒖𝟏(𝒗𝟏 + 𝒘𝟏), 𝒖𝟐(𝒗𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐), 𝒖𝟑(𝒗𝟑 + 𝒘𝟑))
Karena 𝟏, 𝒖𝟐, 𝒖𝟑, 𝒗𝟏, 𝒗𝟐, 𝒗𝟑, 𝒘𝟏, 𝒘𝟐, 𝒅𝒂𝒏 𝒘𝟑 𝜖 𝑅, maka berlaku

𝒖𝟏(𝒗𝟏 + 𝒘𝟏) = 𝒖𝟏𝒗𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏𝒘𝟏

𝒖𝟐(𝒗𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐) = 𝒖𝟐𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐𝒘𝟐
𝒖𝟑(𝒗𝟑 + 𝒘𝟑) = 𝒖𝟑𝒗𝟑 + 𝒖𝟑𝒘𝟑 …sifat distribusi perkalian bilangan
Sehingga

𝑢 . (𝑣 + 𝑤) = ((𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑢1𝑤1), (𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑢2𝑤2), (𝑢3𝑣3 + 𝑢3𝑤3))

𝑢 . (𝑣 + 𝑤) = ((𝑢1𝑣1, 𝑢2𝑣2, 𝑢3𝑣3) + (𝑢1𝑤1, 𝑢2𝑤2, 𝑢3𝑤3)) ..penjumlahan
vector
𝑢 . (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢 . 𝑣 + 𝑢. 𝑤

c. Mis 𝑢 = (𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3), 𝑣 = (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3), 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑤 = (𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3) 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎
(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑥 𝑤 = (𝑢 𝑥 𝑤) + (𝑣 𝑥 𝑤)
 = ((𝒖𝟏, 𝒖𝟐, 𝒖𝟑) + ((𝒗𝟏, 𝒗𝟐, 𝒗𝟑)) 𝒙 (𝒘𝟏, 𝒘𝟐, 𝒘𝟑)
= (𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏, 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐, 𝒖𝟑 + 𝒗𝟑) + ((𝒗𝟏, 𝒗𝟐, 𝒗𝟑)) 𝒙 (𝒘𝟏, 𝒘𝟐, 𝒘𝟑)

d. Mis 𝑢 = (𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3)𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3)𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 ∶

𝑘(𝑢 . 𝑣) = 𝑘 (𝑢1, 𝑣1 + 𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑢3𝑣3)

Kareana 𝑘, 𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3, 𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑣3 𝜖𝑅 , 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑢
𝑘(𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑢3𝑣3) = 𝑘𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑢3𝑣3

𝑘𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑢3𝑣3 = (𝑘𝑢1)𝑣1 + (𝑘𝑢2)𝑣2 + (𝑘𝑢3)𝑣3

Sehingga :
𝑘(𝑢 . 𝑣) = (𝑘𝑢1)𝑣1 + (𝑘𝑢2)𝑣2 + (𝑘𝑢3)𝑣3
𝑘(𝑢. 𝑣) = (𝑘𝑢1, 𝑘𝑢2, 𝑘𝑢3). (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3)
𝑘(𝑢. 𝑣) = (𝑘(𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3)). (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3)
𝑘(𝑢. 𝑣) = (𝑘𝑢). 𝑣
Demikian juga
e. Mis 𝑢 = (𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3)𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3)𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 ∶

𝑘(𝑢 . 𝑣) = 𝑘 (𝑢1, 𝑣1 + 𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑢3𝑣3)

Kareana 𝑘, 𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3, 𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑣3 𝜖𝑅 , 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑢
𝑘(𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑢3𝑣3) = 𝑘𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑢3𝑣3
𝑘𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑢3𝑣3 = 𝑢1𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑢2𝑘𝑣2 + 𝑢3𝑘𝑣3
𝑘𝑢1𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑢2𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑢3𝑣3 = (𝑘𝑢1)𝑣1 + (𝑘𝑢2)𝑣2 + (𝑘𝑢3)𝑣3
Sehingga :
𝑘(𝑢 . 𝑣) = 𝑢1(𝑘𝑣1) + 𝑢2(𝑘𝑣2) + 𝑢3(𝑘𝑣3)
𝑘(𝑢. 𝑣) = (𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3). (𝑘𝑣1, 𝑘𝑣2, 𝑘𝑣3)
𝑘(𝑢. 𝑣) = (𝑢1, 𝑢2, 𝑢3). (𝑘(𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3))
𝑘(𝑢. 𝑣) = 𝑢 . (𝑘𝑣)

f. Untuk 𝒖. 𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒋𝒊𝒌𝒂 𝒖 = 𝟎
𝒖. 𝒖 = (𝒖𝟏, 𝒖𝟐, 𝒖𝟑) (𝒖𝟏, 𝒖𝟐, 𝒖𝟑)
𝒖. 𝒖 = (𝒖𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟑)

𝒖. 𝒖 = (𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐𝟑 )

𝒖. 𝒖 = (𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 )
𝒖. 𝒖 = 𝟎