I N T R O D U CT I O N

P A NC A R A T R A
A N D THE

A H I R B U D H N YA SA M H I T A

eB
’
K

‘
, \

F . O TT O S CH R A D E R , PH . D .

H
DI R EC T O R , A DY A R LI B RA RY

A DY A R LI B RA RY , A DYA R , MA DRA S, 8 .

1
-

9 16
 her e w i t h pl a ced befor e t h e p u b l ic h a s b e e n wri t ten by a
,

p r i soner of w a r d ur i ng h is c a p t i v i t y at A h m edn aga r ,

t hough so m e o f t h e m a t e r i a l s on wh i ch i t i s b a sed h a d ,

f or t un a t e ly been collec t ed by h i m b e fo re t h e Wa r brok e

,

out . O nly t hr e e f t h e S a mh i t a M S S of t h e A dy a r
o .

L i br a ry n a me l y t hos e o f nos 8 7 0 an d 1 9 5 of t he
, .
,

sy nops i s on pp 6 . wh i ch wer e acqu i red rece n t ly h a v e ,

re m ai n e d e n t i rely unkno w n t o Dr Sch r ader

. .

T h e burd e n of see i ng t h e work t hrough th e

press h as f a ll e n on t h e u n d e rs i gned who t hough ,

h av i ng done a l l i n h i s power t o a cqu i t h i m s e lf hon

o u rab l o f h i s t a sk i s fully a w a re of i t s d i fficul t i es
y ,

an d of t h e i n adequ acy o f h i s knowl e dg e of S a nskr i t

to cop e w i t h t hes e wi t h c o m p l e t e s uccess I t w a s .

i m poss i ble un der s uch c i rcu m s t a nces t o prod uce

an a bsol u t e ly f a u l t less work ; s t il l a gl a nce at t h e
,

l i s t o f A dd i ti on s an d C orrec t i ons wi ll sho w t h a t

t h e p urely t ypogr a ph i c a l errors foun d by t h e A u t hor i n
th e pr i n t ed shee t s a r e o f a t r i fl i ng n at ure T wo.

o m i ss i on s i n t h e M S however h ave c a used a few word s

.
, ,

o f i m por t a nc e t o f a ll o u t wh i ch m us t be res t ored at once .

These o m i ss i ons ar e g i ven i n t h e E rr at a for p 1 6 , l 1 2 . .

fro m bo t t o m p 3 2 l 6 fro m bo t t o m an d p 4 2 l 1 0 T h e
, . .
, . .

re a der shoul d a lso correc t i m m ed i at el y t h e e rr at u m

f or p 2 4
. .

T h e A u t hor h a s u ndoub t e dly doubled t h e v a l ue o f h i s

m onogr a ph by a dd i ng t o i t cop i ous I ndex e s a n d a de t a i l
ed synops i s f t h e con t e n t s Tog e t h e r t hey render t h e
o .

B
 vi

w h ole o f t h e subjec t m at t er of t h e book i n al l i t s

-

c a t egor ies i ns t a n t a n e ously a v ai l a ble f o r r e fe r e nc e T h us .

t h e work m ay prel i m i n a r i ly serv e a s a conc i se b u t e n c y c l o

e d ic reference book on h P a i i zl t r a un t i l i t
'

p a t e l c a
'

s h al l be superse d ed by subsequen t m ore exh a us t i v e

p ubl i c at i on s The Nu m er a l I ndex con t a i n s so m e i t e m s
.

n o t found els e where i n t h e book .

A p e rson al word i n concl us i on T h e p ubl i c a t i on .

of t h i s l i t t l e work co i nc i des w i t h t h e sever a nce o f t h e

connec ti o n w i t h t h e A dy a r L i br a ry —t hough f o r wholly
-

—
d i fferen t re ason s o f bo t h Dr Schr ader a n d m yself . .

I may be per m i t t ed t o express h e re m y gre a t s at i sf a c ti on

at h av i ng h ad t h e pr i v i l e g e of w at ch i ng over t h e
bookle t on i t s w ay t h r ough t h e press a l a s t s e rvi ce ,

rend e red t o t h e A d y a r L i br a ry i n close an d p l e a s a n t

c o op e r a t i on
-
w i t h Dr Schr ad e r wh i c h p u t s a t er m t o
.
,

a per i od o f over seven ye a rs d a i ly coll a b or a t i on w i t h t h e

’

s a me ai m s i n t h e s a m e sp i r i t a n d i n co m ple t e h a r m ony ,
,

f o r t h e s am e obj ec t .

M ay D r Schr a der s l a s t offic ia l work perfor m e d f o r

’
.

the L i br a ry enh a nce t h e ren ow n o f t h at I ns t i t u t i on ,

and m ay i t b e j udged t o cons t i t u t e a fi t conclus i on t o

hi s eleven ye a rs t en ure o f office as D i rec t or o f t h e
’

A dy a r L i br a ry .

The p ubl i c at i on of t h i s book a lso as t h a t of t h e ,

two volu m es o f t h e t ex t ed it i on of A h i r b u d h n y a
S a mh i t a h as been gre at ly f ac i l i t at ed by t h e cour t esy o f
,

t h e m i l i t a ry cen sors a t A h m edn ag a r t o who m o u r s i ncere ,

t h anks ar e d ue .

A D YA R , J OH A N VA N MA N E N,
A u
g us t 1916 . A s s i s ta n t D i re ctor , A d ya r L ib r a r y .
 L I ST OF CO N T EN T S

I N T R O D U C T O R Y R EM A R K
I . TH E L I TER A TU R E or TH E P A N C A R A T R A s
In s p ir e d an d n o n - in s p ir e d l i t e r a t u r e
Th e n am e S am h i t a a n d i t s s y n on ym s

K n ow e l dg e of t h e P i fi car at i a m th e W e s t , e tc

Li s t s of S arnh i t a s .

S y p
no s is of fi v e li s ts

S am h i t as n ot m e n t io n e d i n t h e li s ts

S a m h i t as p r e s e n t i n L i br a r i e s
E d i t i o n s o f S a m i t as h
E x te n t of h
Sam it a i t e r a t u r e l .

C hr on o o l gy .

P rov e n i e n c e an d d iff u s i o n
Te r mi n m d oe m o f o r i i n a l S am h i t z l s
'

ri
p
(
g
T h r e e c l a s e s o f S am h i t as
s

C h r o n o l o g ic a l t a b l e o f c h i e f S a m h i t as
La t r a d d it i o n s m t h e l i s t s
e .

Div i s i o n i n t o P ad a s B at r a s a n d K and a , ,
s

Th e na m e Panc a r at r a .

Te n p r i n c i p al su bj e ct s .

II TH E P H I L OS OP H Y o r TH E P A X C A R A TR
'

. A S
I . N I oH Ts A ND DA YS or N K R K YA YA

2 . H I G H ER on
“
P UR E CR E A T I ON

La k s m i an d Vi s n u
K r iy a S a k t i an d B h u t i S a kt i
Th e Six A t ti i b u t e s (G u n a s ) o f God
Tw o s ets , t o t a it l y t hr , ee
p r
a i s of A t t r ib u t e s
Pro ce s s of e m a n a t i on
Th e t e r m r
y ak a ; na mes of t h e V y ul i as .

'

Th e S a k t i s of t h e Vy fi h as

Tw o ac t i v it i e s of e a c h V y uh a
T h e i r c r e a t iv e a ct i vit i es .
 vi ii
Th e ir et hi l ca ac t i vit i es

I n w h at s e n s e th e y r pr e es e nt th e l
s ou , t h e m ii
and th e A h am k a a r
T w e lve S u b Vy fi h a s
-
d e s c e n d in g fr o m t h e m .

A n oth r e s e t of tw e lv e

Th i r t y i -
n ne V ib h av as (A v a t ar a s
)
P r im r y d d a ry A v at zi r as
'

a an s e con

O rig i n of th e A v a t ar a s fr om t h e V uh a sy
Plan ts an d i n a n im at e o b j e ct s as A v a t ar a s

A r ea A v at a a , r A y am i A a t ar a
n t ar v
H ig h tH v es ea en (Va i k u n th a
)
Wi t h dr w t i th g r
a n , or n o , n e e at D is s o l i
ut on

H v ly
ea P r
en m tt r u e a e

Th p e f rm f G d
ar a o o o

I ts o r n am e n t s an d w e ap on s
Th e P a r a an d t h e Vy uh a Vas u d e va
S ak t i s (w i v e s ) of Vi s n u
Th e an g e s l N i
( yt a s or S ur i s )
Th e lib e r at e d
I N T E R M E D I A T E C R E A T I ON
T h e G r ou p -
s ou l or K fi t a s t h a P ur u s a
Th e ei h
g t M an u s

M aya S
'
Th e ak t i

B e g in n i n g of e v l o u ti o n d e sce nt of tl

Man u s
S h e at h of M aya ; N iy a t i
K aa l (T i m e )
G r o s s , Su b t l e , and H ig h e s t T im e
Th e G u na B o d y , an d th e A v y ak t a

4 . L OW ER P RI M A R Y C R E A TI O N
M a t t e r , T im e , a n d So u l
O r ig i n of M ah a t it s s y n on ym s

M a h a t t h r e e fo l d an d ei
g h t f l d o

Soj o u r n of th e M a ri u s i n M a h a t
Wh at is Ma h at ?

Th e th r f l d A h m k ar
ee o a a.

Th e i d iv id
n l A h mka ua a r a , an d t h e M a n as
 l ib r e l
at e d s ou

I d t i t y wi t h
en t h e L o rd , h o w un d e r s t oo d

H E A H I R B U DH N Y A SA M H I T A
TH E MA N USC RI P T M A T E R I A L
NA ME OF TH E SA M H IT A

PR O VE N I EN OE A N D A GE

N N
CO T E T S O F TH E SA M H I T A
' ’

G e n e r al d e s c r i p t io n
Th e r e at p ro b l e m ( t h S u d a r s an a )
’
e
g
E x p l a n a t i on of th e na m e S d ar s an a
u
’

'
T h e Su d ar s a n a ’
as th e K ri
y a S ak t i
I n vo l u t i on an d e v lo u t io n

Var ie t y of vi ews a b o u t c r e at i o n
T h e Su d a r s a n a the p p or t ( d h )
’
’
as su a ri r a

Th e S u d a r s a n a th e
“
m e as u r e (p r a mcm a )
'

’
as

R l
at i o n a e o f th e A v a t ar a s

Th e or i g in al S as t r a ’

Th e fi v e S i d d h an t a s
Fa ll a ciou s s y s te ms

Th e o b j e ct s of l if e

B o n d ag e an d L ib e ra t i on
Wh a t s ys t e m to f ll
o ow
B ah s as an d Y an t ra s
Wo r s h i p Y og a
O r ig i n of th e A st ras
A ra Man t ras ;
st d e s c r i p t i on of th e A s t ras
S t o ry o f M a d h u an d K a i ta b h a

D e s c r i p t ion a n d r
wo shi p o f t e S d a r s a n a Y an t r a
h n
’

\Vor s h ip
’
of the s ix te e n -
a r me d Su d ars a n a ’

N y as a t ak t i

O rig in an d c u re of d is e a s e s .

Th e G r e a t B ap tism
O r i g in , e t c . f t h e A ng a M a n t r a s
, o

H ow to v
r e s is t d i in e w e a p on s a n d b l a c k m a g ic
H o w t o m a k e t h e S u d ar s a n a '
P u ru s a ap p e a r
Th e f r ou (fi v e ) f rm
o s Of t h e Su d a r s a n a P u r u s a
’

l
T h e i d e a P u r o h it a ; th e M ah as a n t i K
'
a r man
St o r y of Ma n i '
s e kh ara pr ay e r , e t c )
(e ff e c t o f .

K j h
I s i ra a (
E ’
o s t il e m a i c n e u t r a l i e d )
g z
’
S r u t ak i r t 1
K d h v aj a (1 17 6 1 7 1 t
us a
'
a a n n ih i at e l d)
M u k t ap i d a (t h e m a g ic a l s e at
)
Vi s al a’
(t h e m a g i c a l r in g )
fin g er -

S u n an d a (t h e m a g i c a l m i rr o r )
C it r a s e k h a r a (t h e m a g i ca l b a n n e r )
’

h i r t i m al i n ( e
t h m ag ica l aw n in
g )
M an t ra s e x pl a in e d fr o m t hr e e s t an d p o in t s .

Th e T ara [ k a ] M an t r a
E x p l a n a t io n of the wo rd 7 1 a m a5

G r os s an d su btle s e n s e , ot h rde es i
g n at i o n s

of .

T h e N ar a s i m h an u s t n b h a M a n t r a
T h e P u r u s a S uk t a
l . T h e D i in e 2 4v fol d \I a c h in e r
y o f E x is t e n c e
2 . Fo u 1 k i n d s
'
o f W O I S h ip
5 . D e s c r i p t io n of t h e fo u l Vy uh a s f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f
m e d it a t io n

I N D E X ES

1 . S u b j e ct I n d e x
2 . In de x of au t h r o s an d r
w o ks

3 . Inde x p rop e r n am e s
of

4 . I n d e x o f S a n s kr i t t e r m s
5 . N u m e r ical I n d e x
6 . I n d e x o f i m a g e s (s i m i l e s )

A D D I T I O N S A N D C O R R E C TI O N S

1 . A d d i t io n s an d C o rr e c t io n s t o t h e I n t r o d u c t io n
2 . Su pp l e m e n ta ry l i s t of e rr a t a fo u n d in th e e d i t i on o f

A h ir b u d h n y a S a m it a h
 I NTR ODU CTI ON
‘

TO TH E P A NCA R I I TR A A ND THE
'

A HI R B U DHNYA SA MH I TI I
I NTR O D U C T O R Y R E M A RK

T H E p ubl i c at i on o f t h e A h i r b ud h n y a S a mh i t a by t h e ,

A dy a r L i br a ry h as b e e n under t a ken w i t h a v i e w t o
1

s t a r t i ng i nves t i g at i o ns i n a b r a nch of S a n skr i t l i t e r at ure

wh i ch w as o nce cul t i v at ed i n coun t r i es as f a r d i s t a n t
fro m e ach o t h er as K as mi r O r i ss a a n d Mysore b u t i s '
, ,

n ow pr ac t i c ally e x t i nc t e xc e p t i n a very f e w pl aces o f

Sou t he n I nd i a w h e re cons i der a ble re m n a n t s o f i t a re
r

s t i ll be i ng p r e served a n d p a r t ly even s t ud i ed So m e .

sc an t y i nfor m at i on a bou t i t h a s i ndeed re ached t h e , ,

Wes t , an d a f e w of t h e S a m h i t as o f t h e P an c a
r at r a s h av e been p ubl i shed s t i ll when a sked a bou t t h e ,

l at t er m os t or i en t al i s t s w i l l even now be l i kely t o

,

con fess t h at t hey h ave so fa r s e en only t h e N ar ad a “

a T an t r i c work o f l i t t l e i f a n v a lue
2
P afi ca r at r a y ,

w h i le a s t o t h e p h i l o s o p h y O f t h e P aI i c a r at r a
,
’

t h e t heory o f t h e A v at ara s i n i t s co m m on Vai s n a v i t e

for m a n d a very ele m e n t a ry concep t i on of t h e d oc t r i ne o f
t h e Vy fi h a s ( d e r i ved fro m t h e co m m en t a r i e s on B r ah m a
S ut r a I I 2 , ) w, i ll
42 be found t o be a l l t h a t i s known .

A n at t e m p t w i ll b e m a de i n t h e fol low i ng p a ges t o

prov i de t h e fu t ure s t uden t o f t h i s u nexplored fi e ld w i t h
a p rov i s i on a l found a t i on .

1
Two v ol umes , A d y ar L i br a r y , A dy a r M adr as S 1 9 1 6
, , .
, .

A u - d e s s ou s l
( a m ed i ocr e , i s t h e fi al j d g m e t f t h e R
n u n o ev A
R
. .
‘

M é l a g e d H l z p 2 65
’
ou s s e l s E tu d e d a P a fi ca r atr a , f
n s e ar e , . .
I . TH E L I T E R A TU R E O F T H E P A NC A R A T R A S

The l it er at ure of t h e P afi c a r at r as l i ke o t her ,

sec t a r i a n l it erat ur e s f a lls i n t o t w o bro a d d i vi s i ons

,

co m pr i s i ng respec t i v e ly works of i n sp i red o r d i v i ne or ig i n

a n d such a s a r e of h u m a n a u t horsh i p The l at t er cl a ss
.
,

en t i rely dependen t o n t h e for m er cons i s t s ch i e fly of wh at,

ar e c alled ai d /I i a n d p r a yog a d i ges t s co m m en t a r i es , ,

e x t ract s a n d s t ud i es on sp e c i a l s ubj e c t s a n d t h e l i k e , .

T h e for m er cl a ss w i t h wh i ch a lone w e a r e here concern e d

, ,

cons i s t s o f t h e S am h it as or co m pos i t i ons (co m pend i a ) ,

t h a t i s m e t r i c a l works d e a l i ng i n so m a ny ch a p t ers
, ,

( y y p
ad h a a , a t al a
) w i t h,a n u m ber -
o f t op i cs i f n ot t h e ,

whole o f t h e P anc a r at r a sys t e m The n a m e S a m h i t a as

, .
,

i s well known i s a l so a p p l i e d t o t h e L a w books

, M an u -

S am h i t a e t c ) a n d ne e d n o t t herefore i nd i c at e an y
.
, ,

i n t e n t i on t o i m i t a t e or repl a ce t h e V e d i c S a m h i t as wh i ch ,

a r e co m p i l at i ons of a very d i ffere n t ch a r a c t er I ns t e a d .

of S am h i t a t h e n am e T a n t r a i s of t en used ev i den t ly i n ,

e x a c t ly t h e s am e s e n s e a n d bo t h t hese word s a s a lso

, ,

t h e word K au d a ar e a lso a p pl i ed t o e a ch of t h e m a i n
,

t op i cs o f a ph i losoph i c a l or rel i g i ous sys t e m For i ns t a nce .

,

i n t h e t welf t h ch a p t er o f A h i r b u d h n y a S a m h i t a we re a d
of th e B h ag av at S am h i t a K a r m a S am h i t a Vi dy a
, ,

S a m h i t a a n d s e ven o t her S am h i t as a n d equ ally of t h e

, ,

P at i T a n t r a P a s u T a n t r a P as a T a n t r a e t c cons t i t u t i ng
,
'
, , .
,

r e spec t i ve ly t h e S att v at a an d t h e P as u p at a sys t e m s .

I t i s a s t r a nge m i sfor t un e t h a t o f a l l t h e works be a r i ng

t h e n a m e o f t h e P ai i c a r at r a (P a fi c a r at r a ) ex a c t ly t h e on e
' 1

1
B ot h y f r
t h e s s t e m a n d i t s o l l o w e s ar e u s u al l c al l e P d fi ca r a y d
y
l m , b u t f or t h e s s t e m t h e n a m e P a fi ca r az‘ ra an d f or it s ol l o w e s f r
P a u ca oat r m (P d fi ca r atr i ka ) a r e a l s o u s e
'

d .
 3

S a m h it a c alled J fi an am r t as ar a o r N {t r ad i y a w as des t i n e d
t o surv i ve i n Nor t h e rn I nd i a i n order t o b e publ i shed b y
the A s i a t i c Soc i e t y o f B e ng a l under t h e n a m e o f
N ar ad a P a fi c a r at r a For i t w a s t a k e n for gr a n t e d
a f t e rw a rds t h a t t h i s prod uc t i on t h e l a t e or i g i n a n d ,

a pocry h a l ch a r a c t e r of wh i ch h a s n o w be e n exposed by
p
S i r R G B h a n d ar k a r a n d wh i ch i n t h e Sou t h of I n d i a
l
. .
,

h a s ever s i nce been rej e c t e d as sp ur i o u s w a s a f ai t hf u l r e ,

flec t i on o f t h e re al P anc ar at r a ; a n d t hus i t h app e n ed

t h a t a n al t oge t her wrong i m press i o n of t h e l at t er ob t a i n

e d u n t i l qu i t e recen t ly bo t h i n E uro p e a n d W it h t h e ,

exc e p t ion of t h e s m all Va i s n a v i t e c i rcle m e n t i oned a bove ,

e ven i n I nd i a .

I t w as a l so u n k nown u n t i l recen t ly t h a t o t h e r , ,

S a m h i t as ar e e x t a n t a n d eve n S i r R G B h a n d a r k a r
, . .
,

i n h i s a r t i cl e on The P anc a r at r a or B h ag a v at a
“

sys te m p ubl i sh e d i n s t i ll s pe a ks of only 2

the S at t v a t a S a m h i t a be i ng av ai l a ble (bes i d e s t h e

spur i ous N ar ad a t hus i gnor i ng t h e p a per on the
“

P afi ca r at r a s or B h a g a v at by A G ov i n d ac ar y a .

Sv am i n p ubl i shed i n 1 9 1 ] i n t h e Journ al of t h e Roy a l

,

A s i at i c S oc i e t y of G re a t B r i t ai n a n d I r e l a n d
3
.

To ob t ai n a gener a l v i e w how e ver i m perf e c t of t h e , ,

m a t e r i a l t o be t a k e n i n t o a cco u n t i s e v i den t l y t h e firs t ,

t h i ng requ i r e d of a nyon e a p p ro ach i ng a n u nkn own

l i t er at ur e N o w i n t h e c a s e o f t h e P anc a r at r a t r ad i t i on
.
, ,

m e n t i ons o n e h und red a n d e i gh t S a m h i t as a n d i n a f e w ,

t ex t s a bou t t h i s n u m be r a re a c t u al ly en u m e r a t e d S uch .

l i s t s coque t t i ng w i t h t h e s acred n u m b e r 1 0 8 ar e of cours e

, , , ,

open t o S I I S p ic i o n Th e f ac t however t h at none of t h e

.
, ,

1
E y l p di
nc c o ef [ d A
a o y Ra o h -
III 6 p r4 0 41
an e s ea r c -

—41
, , . .

2
L oc . ci t , pp . 38 .

3
I Vh i c h a l s o m e n t i o n s , 0 11 p . 95 6, our e d it i on of A h ir h u d h n y a
S a mh i t a (t h e n i n t h e ess ) pr .
 4

v ai l a ble l is t s of S a m h i t as i ncl ud i ng t hose wh i ch pre t end

,

3 g i ve 1 0 8 n a m es a c t u a lly confor m s t o t h i s n u m ber b u t

,

11 of t h e m e n u m er a t e e i t her m or e n a m es or l e ss i s o n e ,

hi ng t e ll i ng i n t he i r f a vour ; an d when as i s t h e c a se , ,

c a n fur t her b e shown t h a t a respec t a ble n u m ber o f

he t e x t s e n u m e r a t e d a r e s t i ll a v a i l a ble w h i le n o t a f e w
,

f t h e o t h e rs a r e found t o b quo t e d or s u m m a r i s e d i n
e

he l a t e r l i t e r at ur e a n d t h at a n u m ber of S a m h i t as wh i ch
,

n o t i ncl ud e d i n a n o f t h e l i s t s a r e e i t h e r e x t a n t or
re
y ,

no te d t hen t h e v a lue of t h e l a t t er c a n no longe r

e den i ed We h ave co nse q uen t l y coll at ed t hose

.
, ,

sts , four i n a l l a n d w i t h t he m a fif t h l i s t foun d

,

1 the A gn i Pur an a , an d as a resul t o ff e r t h e

allow i ng t a ble i n wh i ch a l l t h e n a m e s occurr i ng i n t h e

s ts h av e been a rr a ng e d i n alph abe t i c a l order Th e .

gures add e d t o t h e r i gh t o f t h e n a mes i nd i c a t e t h e

l ac e e a ch S am h i t a occup ie s i n t h e s ai d l i s t s : t h i s as ,

r
i ll b e se e n i s o f so m e i m por t a nc e for de t e r m i n i ng t h e
,

I n t u a l r e l a t i on of t h e l i s t s e t c
, . T he followi ng a bbrev i a
.ons ar e used (i n add i t i on t o K P V H A referr i ng .
, .
, .
, .
, .

J t h e l i s t s t h e m selves )

p . p ub l i shed [ a n d preserved i n M S
] .

l . n ot p ubl i shed b u t p r e s e rve d i n M S i n a .

p ubl i c l i br a ry [ an d p r i v at e ly ] .

n e i t h e r p ubl i shed nor i n a n y p ubl i c l i br a ry ,

b u t known t o be pr e serve d p r i v a t ely i n ,

so m e v i l l ag e e t c
, .

r(D a g g e r b e fore n a m e ) quo t e d i n so m e work of

J

t h e pos t S a m h i t a l i t er at ure
-
.

A L . . A dy a r L i br a r y .
 Gr an t h a t yp e . E d it or and publ i sher
'
S ankh ap u r a m R ag h a v ac ar y a .

R U . P a fi ca r atr ots a va s a mg r a ha , M S . of A dy a r
L i br a ry .

Ne i t her t h e n u m ber of d aggers n o r t h at of v s m ay b e .

’

s ai d t o be e xh a us t i v e The K a p i fi j a l a l i s t (firs t col u m n )

.

co m pr i ses 1 0 6 n a m e s t h e l i s t of P ad m a T a n t r a (secon d ,

col u m n ) 1 1 2 t h at of V i n u T a n t r a (t h i rd colu m n ) I LI
1
, s L
2

t h a t o f H ay a s i r s a S a m h i t a (four t h col u m n ) 84,a n d t h a t

found i n t h e 3 9 t h ad h y aya of A gn i (A g n e y a ) Pur an a
only 2 5 .

A s t i ll shor t er l i s t n a m ely t h at of t h e a pocryph a l ,

N ar a d i y a m en ti on e d a bove h a s n o t been t a ken i n t o ,

a ccoun t ; i t co m p r is e s t h e follo w i ng s e ven n a m e s

B r ah ma S ai v a K a u m ar a Vas i t h a K ap i l a G au t a m i y a
,
' 3

, ,
s
, , ,

an d N ar a d i y a .

in th e
G ov i n d ac ar y a ,
s tfir h a l o f s f
Z
o o.

k
ci t , p
9 5 4 , o m i t s t h e o u S a m h i t as n a m e
.

l o a 1 0 5 of t h e e d i t i o n , e h a s e c a u s e t h i s l i n e
’
f r
p r p b
d
w a s n o t i n h i s M S , w h i c h , h o w e e , m ay b e a c a s e o f h a l o g a h
. v r p r p y
cau s e d by d d
t h e i e n t i c al e n i n g (i n Vam a n d h r a y a m ) o f t h i s a n d t h e
pr e ce i n gd l in e For , a s
. o e ou r pr v d by b
t a l e , t h e e w e e at l e a s t r r
t w o V é m an a S a mh i t as , a n d t h e s e c o n d p d
a a o f t h e om i t t e l i n e , d
n am e l
y J a i m i n a rp V d m a n d h c a ya m , i s o u n i n n ea l t h f d
e s am e o m ry f r
(VI m a n a rgz Ja
i
-

i m z n i y a k a m )
‘
i n an h
ot e w i s e r
i e e n t s l o a of t h e
’
d ff r k
K ap ifi j a l a l i s t S t i l l , a s i t c an b e
. o e t h at t h e pr v d
a m a l is t i s P d
co rr p u t in a t l e as t o n e p
l ace (K aos zz g/ a m f or K fi z wa m , s e e e m a r rk
b
i n ou r t a l e ) , i t w o u l n ot be s u d rpr
i s i n g t o fi n d t h at t h e s t or fir
s e c on Vam a n ah va y a m i s a m i s e a i n g f or Vci s a v d h va y a m (Z V as u
d r d
S a mh i t a) .

2
W e d o n ot e a
g p a d m r
a t a n tm m m a h rd
d t an t a a m i n s
’
l o a 26 as
'

k
the n am e s of t w o S a m h i t as b u t s u l an z ti etw e e n th e t wo pp y '

b
wo rd s cf t h e w o
.
‘
rd
m a h d ta m r a m i n t h e n e t t h e e l i n e s x r .

‘
T l i is n 1 a I 1e t l 1 e S v '
rv
Vi a S a a o r A h i r b u d h n a of o u r s j n o s i s '

p .
 S y n ap s is f th e S a mh i ta l is ts f l m K i al a,
'

o oam a fi
p y
P ad ma , Visz m , an d H a ya s i r sa S a mh itas
'

an d i n th e A g n i P a r ana .

K .

l l 1
‘
A g as ty a, A g as ty a 84 Thr ee wo rk s of th i s n am e

xt t
.

ar e e an

(I ) A g a s t y a 8 a t i k§na -
s a 7n

d
~

‘
Ta a

(2 ) A g a s ya N d r a d a s a rgzt - -

vd d a

(3 ) A w o of 6 or m o rk r e

p a t a l as
A n
g i r
a, A ng l i asa (1 ) A n g i a, r P
A ng ir iy a , V
II
. .

(10 .
( ) A ng l r a s a .

A d h o k saj a
t A n an a, A
‘
t n an t a (I ) A n an t akh y a t
( h rou g h ou t )
t K A t mu
.

do (I I ) A n an a, n an a rt i ,

V Th S S mh i t a
. .

' ”
e esa a

pr rv d i A L m
.

ese e n see s

m d r t b r f rr d
. .

t oo o e n o e e e e
toi t h P ad m l i t
n e a s

I
.

8 1 A iru d d h a
‘
n

br
. .

9 Am a a
tr d
.

”
10 A s t ak s ar a v i d h é n a A l is ea s A s t f mg a
p
. . .

11 f A h i rb u d h n y a
’
’
Cf I s fi n a a n d S i a v
t
. . . .

A g n eya A g m p r okta P cw? ca r a ? a B B

‘

12
p
. .

( 14 l . cf P ava k a , . .

V ah n i k a .

A n g ira s a , s e e A n g i r a.

A tr e ya 99 49
t
A n an a , s e e A n a n a t
d t
.

A n an a E rr r o f or A n an a 5”

Tl
‘
s fi n a Cf . A l i i r b ud h n y a , Sa
’
rv a,

Si
'
v a .

l I
“'
s v ara
U t t ar a g ar g y a G ar g y a , K .

U d a uk a
Up dren a, A u pe n d ra 5209 m us t be a

la t r rk t
e wo h an P . 45 .

U m fi m ah e s va r a
'

A u p ag zx y a n a
'

A ’
u s a n as a

K v Ka v
an a, n a P ed r d ea s K av su ya , b u t
I V,
. .

see I bid .

t K p i ii j a l a
a

K a l i r ag h a v a
71 1 N ar a—
'
(N r ) s i m h a
N
.

1 ar at y a n a , n i y a
’ -

N air r ta
Pk
a si

g ena ra.

t P a fi c ap r a s n a
’

P a d m an a h a b
l P ad m o d b h av a
“”

p hrusa S am e as M a h ap u r u s a
t P a r am a
80 . P a r {1 s a r
'
a, F ar as ar'

y a (I ) P ar fi s a a
'
ry (th r ou g t
h ou )
pb d
.

i do (1 1 ) P a r fi s ar a Th e u l is h e
“
’

P
.

t xt t
.

e c an n o be 05 , b u t
K
.

m ay b e 60 . .

P i n in iy a
1 a ma
‘
Pd
l P ar a m c s v a r a
“'

P ar av a t a
P fir fis ar y a , s e e P ra a

P ar i s a d a
P av a k a A g n e y a , V il l m i k a

P n n d a r i k ak s a
P a r an a
P u r u s o t t am a
P u l a s t y a , s oc P au l as

Pl hu a a, s e e P aul ah a
P ti
.

us ,see
B h fi m i .

P a i ng a l a
P a u l as t y a
P a u l ah a -

l P au s k ar a
‘‘

t P rad yu m n a
P r as n a ,
’
see P a ii c a
’

pra s n a
’
an d S ri

t P r a h l ad a
P r ac e t a s a
B a l ab h ad ra
B ar h a s p a t y a
B r h a d r ag h av a
B o d h ay a n a
t Br a h ma, ah m a Br
B r a h m an fir a d a
B h ag a a a vt
T B h fl r a d v fij a
 R EMA R K s

““

l
B l i fir g a v 1 , v i y a
P t
-
.

B h fin i i , us i
M a d h u s ud a n a
M a h ft p u r u s a
M a h ap r fij ii a
M a l i zt l a k sm i
'

L k mi
a s .

l M a h fis a n a t k u m ar a
" “

M ah e n dr a, s oe

M fih e n d r a .

M frt s y a
M I lh tc ava

Ma v na a

M ari i c

Sam e
t M ft y fi v a ib h a v a
‘‘
i M ft r k a ndo y a ( ) I D bt ouh h f as to w ic o t he
do ( ) II t pr rv d
wo 13 ese e

td
.

q uo e

M ah dr M dr
.

en a, ah e n a

M ul a 89
M e d in ip at i 105
M i tr ya e a 75
1 M a ud g a l a
”

Y a m a , Y am y
9 1 30 P os s i bl y :
Yd ) fao va l /t y a
pr rv d
.

t a ya ese e i n S ri
I a ng a n n

Y og a
Y o g a h rd ay a
R ag h a v a , v i y a -

f a sm i Lk Cf . M a l i f da k s n i i .

L a k s m i n ar ft y a na
La k sm i p a t i
L i ng ‘a l a
Vrb
a a a, s e e a ab a Vr
V asu

Va h n i , s e c V ah n i k a .

Vf t s a ’
Cf . I l ay a s i rs a
'
.

V am a d e v a
l V am a n a (I )
‘
D bt ou hi h f as to w c o th e
t h r i pr rv d
'

do (I I ) ee s ese e an d
td
.

(1 1 1 )
do q uo e

Vy V ay
.
.

a u ,V ay a v va , a

VIya
t Vit r ah a Cf Y a j ii am fl r t i
‘
.

V fir u n a
V al m i k a
l V as i s t h a
‘ '

i
”
Va d v su e a

V ah n i k a Cf . A g n e y a , P av a k a .

Vi r i fi c i
2
 10

R E MA R K S

P . V . H . A .

15 24 25 C al l e d , i n I L, s r d r a td r a
'

Pr b b l y
.

‘
o a sa m e a s V i s ve s

vr a a m en t i on e i n P d U . .

I . 1 54 .
1 Vi s
‘ '
v am i t I a

Th e t h r ee wo rk x t t s e an

p at a l as

(2 ) one
‘’
I Vis n n T tr an a

I 1 55 Vi snu
(I )
I
.

sam r d d a
. ’
S aun a ka -

. 1 56 . do .
(1 1 )
l . 1 57 . do .
(1 1 1 )
(3 ) on e I Vi
“”
sn u S a m b i ti
b e in g a Va s z sgh a

G
O f th di
.

e se th e s e co n s th e
on e con t he l is t ai n i n g t
o f S a m h i as w i h i s e l t t t f
L as N O 1 . .

1 Vi sn u t a t t v a
“

l V i n ut i l a k a
‘‘
s Pr e ten d s to be p rta of

K h a g e s v ar a S
Vi y
.

snu og a E v i d e n t l y z Y og a .

‘‘
l Vi s n u ra h a s y a
V is n u v ai b h av a Pr b b l y
o a Va i b h a v a .

Vi sn u s a d h h av a
Vi s n u s a m b h a v a
Vi s n u s ar a
Cf S i d d h zm t a P fi fic a r at ra
'

f V i s n us i d d h an ta 37
p ,
.

P . R ( 4 , II 1 5 ,
. . .

‘’
l V i s v ak s e n a 52
‘
t Vi h ag e n d r a ,T ar k § y a 49
Va i k u n t h a
Va i kh an a s a , s e e Va i
h a as a y .

Va i b h a v a C} . Vi s nu v a i b h a v a .

l Va i y y as a , Vy as a
' '

1 Va i h fl y a s a
“
Cf T ar k s y a , e t c ; V IIst
r d
. . .

e a s Va i k h fin a s a

V t r d
.

Sa
'
rv a
’
(S a kr a If ) . l is ea s Sa
’
kr a. Fo r
Sa
’
rv f I
a c . s an a , S i
’
v a.
’
S ak at ay an a
’
S a al e e ,k y ’
S Il k a l y a
’
k
S a al ah v ay a 76
71
’ '

l S an d il y a , S fin di l i y a
'‘

t S at at a p a 10 1
'

’
S an i t
Sfiv a
'
0 0 0 Cf . I ‘
s fi n a , Sa
'
rv a.

S u k ar u d ra
S’u a kr
’
S e sa , s e e A n an a t .

t S a u n a a , k 1y a
‘ '
k -
 11

R e mA R x s

S’r i k r sn a , s e e
'
K rs n a .

S r i d h ara

'
l S ri p r as n a ’
““

’
S r i v a l l ab h a
’
S v e t ak e t u
l S a m v ar t a ,
““

‘
l Sa m kar s a
‘

Sa a ty S fittv a t a 9

S a d av i sn u
Sa n a a k
l S a n a t k u m ar a
‘’

S an a n d a , S an a n d a
S a r v a m a ng a l a
1 S at t v a t a
’
Sa ty a

S ft m zm y a
'

S ar a s v at a
1 S o m a, S a u m y a (I ) D bt
“

ou as t o p l ac e
(I 1 )
S au a, S u ar ry
k
S i m(l a , K a u m fi r a
S v ay a m b h u v a
T H ay as i r s a V . l is t r d ea s H a yn g r i m .

Ha i r
H ar i t a
1 H i r an y ag ar b h a
‘’

H r si k e s a '

bove 2 1 0 n a m es h a ve t o be added t h ose o f

To th e a

a f e w S a mh i t as wh i ch a r e ex t a n t b u t a pp a ren t ly n o t

i ncluded i n an y Of t h e l i s t s t o w i t : ,

21 1 A th r U p d r S m h i t b i g no Up dm K m
e
n e n a a a , e n an en - a a sa i

r t p rh p t h w k m t i O d i V l i t (f
.

va d a e ce n e a r m rk i t h
s e ei en ne n s c o ur e a n e

p i ) M S 5 209 f M G L
, , . .

Sy no s s . . n o. o . . .

212 Ka p tt S m h i t a f wh i h M G L h '
s y a l th o a r a a o c as n o ess an
r pi ( 52 1 5
. . .

f ou Co es n os .

213 P m t tt i n y p ka S m h i t
a r a tiig
a a v a n r a a r a s a a a , c on a n n

Br h m a by S i h m
.

t h ie tr t i ns f th g d uc on o th ri g i f t h e o a n
’
r a sa on e o n o e

i m p rt t th g h t e t w rk f w h i h fi tt ‘
W IdOI , an i o an dhy y
ou no v an c e n o o c een a a as
o f th fir t p i h d
e s r pr t d i M S i M G L ( 5 3 0 ) d t i
ar c c e 0 an w ce
i A L
a are e e se n e , n . n . . n o .

n .

2 14 P d m m h i ta T t M G L 5 2 96 w h i h h w v r
a a s a a n i a , c o e e

f d t b p r t i f S t k m S m h i t (f l p h i B r
. . .
, , ,
m y b a e o un o e a o on o an a u ar a a a c . eo o o 1 In ese .

C at .

215 Brh d Br a a h m a S a m h 1 t a, a n o th r r e e ce n t w rk p b l i h d
o u s e

b
,
tw i
.

ce (s e e e l ow ) .
 12

Th e re ar e fur t her a n u m ber o f S am h i t as quo t ed or

m en t i on e d by n a m e wh i ch see m t o be d i ffe ren t fro m
t hose o f t h e l i s t s We m en t i on t h e follow i ng b u t a
.
,

co m ple t e l i s t shoul d so m e d ay reve al m a ny m ore n am es

C i t r a s ikh a n di , a n an a M k
V ai s a m p ay an a , S u k ap r a s ’ '
na,
’
S r i k fil ap ar a ,
m
S u d ar s an a , S au an t av a , H a m s a , H a m s a p ar a m e s v ar a ‘ .

A m ong t h e
few S am h i t as found i n l i br a ri es ou t s ide
t h e M a d r a s Pres i dency (i n I n d i a o r E urope ) t here i s

none wh i ch i s n ot a lso represen t ed i n o n e o f it s t h re e gre at

publ i c l i br a r ies n am ely t h e T anj ore P a l a ce L i br a ry t h e
, ,

M adr as G overn m en t O r i en t al M an uscr i p t s L i br a ry ,

an d t h e A dy a r L i br a ry o f t h e Theosoph i c a l Soc i e t y .

The firs t of t hese (possess i ng b u t a f e w of t h e

P S a m h i t as ) h as m ade n o n e w acqu i s i t i on s s i nce B ur
.

nell s t i m e ; t h e P ancar at r a MS S o f t h e second a r e

’
.

descr i bed i n vol X I of i t s Descr i p t i ve C at a logue ; t h e

.

A dy a r L i br a ry coll e c t i on n ot d e scr i bed so f a r a n d ,

grow i ng c o n s t an t l y co m p r i ses at pres e n t t h e follow i ng

g

n os o f our Sy nop s i s : I
. 7 8 1 1 4 8 7 0 81 83 84 1 0 6 , , , , , , , , , ,

113 ,1 3 4 1 4 9 n o s 1 an d 2 of t h e V i s n u S a m h i t as 1 5 4
, , .
, ,

1 58 , 1 6 8 1 7 6 1 87 1 9 5 a n d 2 0 6 ; fur t her n
, , 2 13 , , o . .

The ed i t i o n s o f S am h i t as m os t of wh i ch a r e n ow ,

n o t e a s i ly o b t ai ne d a r e t h e follo w i ng el e v e n
3

For S u k ap r as n a cf t h e c o l o p h o n of M G L 5 3 66 (t h i rd
’
’
. . . .

V '
i s n u S a m h i t a) : z t i S u kap d fz ca r d tr e
'

e t c , a n d f or .

t h e l a s t t w o n a m e s S a mh i t a n o 2 1 3 a b o v e
’
S r i k al a p a r a , p r e s u m
. .

a bl y i d e n t i c al w i t h S r i k al ot t ar a q u ot e d I n
'

an d

H a m s ap ar a m e s v a r a a r e b ot h q u o t e d i n S p a az d ap a d ip z kd (e d p 3 3 )
’
’
.

k
.

M a n a n a i s m e n t i o n e d i n V e d an t ad e s ik a s R a h a s g/ a m ks a t h e o t h e r
’ ’

n a m e s ar e fr o m P d fi ca r d tr a r a ks d .

2
It b e in
g on e of our s p e cial aim s to m a k e t h is c ol l e ct i o n as

c om pl et e as p os s b
i le .

3
d r r f r
T h e s e c on e n t y e e s t o t h e s c i t u s e , t h e l a s t g i e s t h e rp d v
n am e o f t h e e i t o rd
(w h o i s al s o t h e u l i s h e , i f t h e e s s i s n ot t h e p b r pr
p b
u l is h e r p r
) A o t i o n of A h i r b u d h n y a S a mh i t a, i n t h e T e l u g u c h a r ac
.

t e r , i s n ot o th r d
e s c i t ion rp .
 13

1 . I '
s v a r a Sa mh i t a Telugu , Sad v i d y a Press ,

Mysor e , 1 89 0 , Y og i P ar t h a s ar a t h i A i a
yy gn ar .

2 K a p i fi j a l a S a I n 11 i t a, Telugu ,
. K aly an a
k u m ar av il as a Press , T i r u k k o v al ur , n o y e a r Yog i e t c , , .

(s e e
3 P a r as a r a S a m h i t a T e l ugu
.
, , V ag i s v a r i '

M u d r ak s h a r a S al a Pr e ss B a n g a lor e 1 89 8
'

, , . I yy u n n i
R ag h av ac ar y a .

4 P ad m. T a n t r a T e l ugu 1 89 1 res t a s i n 1
a , , , .

5 6 B r h a d B r a h m a S a m h i t a : (5 ) T e lugu
, . .

S r i ve nk at e s va r an i l ay a Pr e ss T i r u p p a t i 1 9 0 9 n o n a m e ;
'
'
, , ,

()
6 Dev a n a g a r i A n an d as r a m a Press
, Poon a H N A p t e , , . . .

7 B h ar a d v a j a S a m h i t a T e l u gu n o y e a r
.
, , ,

res t as i n 1 .

8 L a k s m i T a n t r a Telugu 1 888 r e s t a s i n 1
.
, , , .

9 Vis n util aka

. T e lugu B ang a lore 1 89 6 , , .

R ag h av ac h ar y a .

10 S r i p .
'
n a S a m h i t a G ra n t h a M ang al av il as a
ras '
, ,

Press Ku m b a kon a m 1 9 0 4 J R am as v am i B h at t ach ary a

, , , . .

1 1 S at t v a t a S a m h i t a D e v a n ag a r i S ud a r
.
, ,

s a n a Press Conj e ever a m

' 1 9 0 2 P B A n an t h a C h ar iar
, , , . . .

W i t h t h e e xcep t i o n of B r h ad B r a h m a S am h it a
a l l o f t hese need r e ed i t i ng a cr i t i c a l ed i t i on o f 4 8 a n d
-
, .
, ,

1 1 be i ng p ar t i cul a rly des i r a bl e .

Th at occ a s i on ally th e s am e n am e h as be e n g i ven t o

t w o o r e ven m ore d i ff eren t works i s no t h i n g unus u a l i n ,

t h e Ag am i c l i t e r a t ur e For i n s t a nce a m ong t h e S ak t a ’

.
,

T a n t r a s t h e re a r e ac c o r d i n g t o D u t t s l i s t t hr e e P r ap a fi c a
,
’ 1
,

T a n t r a s t w o H ar i g au r i T a n t r a s t hr e e K u b j i k a T a n t r a s
, , ,

t w o Y og i n i T a n t r a s a n d t w o Mrd a n i ( , P) T a n t r a s I t is .

q u i t e poss i bl e f o r t h i s re a son
, t h at t h e a bove Synops i s i s
,

wrong h e re an d t here i n ref e rr i ng t h e s am e n am e i n

Tr l ti
an s a f M h a i an T
on o atr I t r d t i pp VII —1 X
n rv a an a, n o uc on , . .
 14

d i fferen t l i s t s t o t h e s a m e work V i ce vers a t h e i den t it y .

,

of A n a n t a a n d S es a Vi h ag e n d r a an d T ar k s y a e t c
’
, , .
,

s ugges t s t h e p oss i b i l it y t h at i n a f e w c ases t w o o r t hree

d i fferen t n a m es m ay h ave bee n erroneou sly reckoned i n
o u r t a bl e a s r e ferr i n g t o s o m a ny d iffer e n t works .

A t a n y r at e t h i s m uch m ay be s ai d w it h cer
,

t ai n t y t h at t h e l i t er at ure we a r e concerned w it h i s a
,

huge o n e For even s uppos i n g t h ere were o n ly 2 00

.
,

S am h i t as an d t ry i n g t o c alcul at e by m e a n s of t h e
, ,

ex t a n t works t he i r t o t a l ex t e n t we fin d t h a t t h e
, ,

S am h i ta l i t er at ur e of t h e P ancar at r as m us t h ave once

a m ou n t ed t o n o t l e s s b u t prob a bly m ore t h a n 0 n e an d a

half million s l okas Trul y t h e S a m h i t as h av e

'
.
1

,
”
so m e r i gh t t o spe a k o f t h e oce a n o f t h e P anc ar at r a ! “

The c h r o n o l o g y o f t h e S a m h i t as w i ll of necess i t y , ,

r e m ai n a proble m f o r so m e t i m e t o co m e N o t un t i l t h e .

ex t a n t S am h it as as well a s t h e l at er l i t er a t ure h ave

been t horough ly ex a m i ned w i l l i t be p oss i ble t o ,

fix a p prox i m at ely t h e cen t u ry Of e ach of t h e for m er an d

of so m e even of t h e los t S a m h i t as However a .
,

f e w gener a l re m a rks on t h e subj e c t m ay a l re a dy be

h a z arded n o w .

O ur e a rl i es t sourc e of i nfor m at i on on t h e
P anc ar at r a i s bel i eved t o be t h e s o c a ll e d N arad i y a -

”
sec t i on o f t h e S an t i P a rv a n o f t h e M ah abh ar a t a
'

.
l

Th i s vi ew see m s t o rece i v e fur t her sup por t fro m

t h e f a c t t h a t a pp a ren t ly a l l of t h e ex t a n t S a m h i t as

ar e full of t h e s o c a lled T an t r i c ele m en t wh i ch -

i n t h e M ah abh ar at a i s o n t h e con t r a ry con sp i cuous by , ,

t
It r
i n t e e s t i n g t o n ot e i n t h i s c o n n e ct i o n t h at a c co i n g t o
is rd
’
S r i p r a s n a (I I ,
’
V i s n u t il a k a ( , 1 40 a n d I
a n d ot h e te ts , r x

Z
r x
t h e o i g i n a l P afi ca r at r a h ad a n e t e n t o f o n e a n d a h al c o e s f r r .

2 I t h as o ft en be e n an a l ys d e m os t re ce n t l y by B h a n d a r k ar , oc
—
, .

ci t , pp . 4 8 .
 16

bec au se a S a m h i t a i s m en t i oned an d quo t e d

S a m k a r san a 1

b u t m Os t of a l l b e c a us e i t i s a ccord i ng t o t h e sys t e m , ,

S a m k a r an a s f u n o t i O 11 t o procl a i m t h e S as t r a wh i ch
’ ' 2
s
,

m e a n s a ccord i ng t o A h i r b S a m h i t a (1 1
, t h at al l .
,

knowl e dg e co m e s ul t i m at e ly fro m h i m who i n t h e beg i n ,

n i ng s t a r t ed t h e gr e a t un i ve rs a l sys t e m fro m wh i ch al l
,

s i ngl e sys t e m s i ncl ud i ng t h e P ancar at r a h a ve e m a n at ed

, , .

T h e P aii c a r at r a m us t h a v e or i g i n at ed i n t h e Nor t h
of I nd i a a n d subs e que n t ly sp re ad t o t h e Sou t h .

H ad t h e op pos i t e t a ken pl a ce m os t O f t h e ex t a n t ,

S a m h it as would so m e how b e t r ay t h i s f ac t wh i ch i s n ot ,

t h e c a se Th e s t ory o f S v e t a d v i p a see m s ev e n t o p o i n t t o
’
.

t h e ex t r e m e Nor t h a n d so do so m e S a m h i t as a m ong t h e m
, ,

A h i r b u d h n y a a s w e sh a ll s e e , T he t h es i s m ay t her e .

for e be adv a n c d t h a t a l l S a m h it as be t r ay i ng a Sou t h

e

I nd i a n (Dr av i d i a n ) or i g i n belong t o t h e l at er s t ock of

t h e l it e r at ur e .

O f those Sou t h I nd i a n S a m h i t as t h e oldes t o n e

now av ai l a bl e s e e m s t o b e t h e I s var a S a m h it a I t e nj o i ns '
.
,

a m o g o t her t h i ngs t h e s t udy of t h e s o c a ll e d T a m i l V ed a

n ,
-

‘
( d r am a/ E s u z i
) an d con t a i n s a M ah at m a
'
r
y Of M e lko t e

in Mysor e I t i s quo t e d t hr i c e by Y am u n ac ar y a
.

t h e t e acher of R am an u j a who d i e d i n t h e firs t h a lf of ,

t h e el e v e n t h c e n t ury (ca Y am un a cl aim i ng for t h e .

A g a m a s t h e a u t hor it y o f a fif t h V e d a t h e s ai d S a m h i t a ,

m us t h a v e b e e n i n ex i s t e nce a t h i s t i m e for a t l e a s t t w o
c e n t ur ie s T h i s would br i ng us t o a bou t t h e t i m e of
.

S a nk a r a w ho m t h e n w e m ay prov i s i on ally reg a rd as

, ,

t h e l a nd m a rk be t w e en t h e nor t hern a n d t h e sou t h e rn

Sy n op s is , b o ve q ’
1
See ou r a the u o t at i o n i s i n V e d an t a d e s ik a
’
s

P u ac a r at r a r u ks d , ed . p . 67 , l in e 5 .

2
See b el ow : Th e P h il os o ph y f t h e P afi c ar at r a s
o s e c t io n 2
l
a s o ou r s umm a ry , in p r t III
a , o f a d h y ay a 1 1 .

3
I n h is z i g a m ap r am d a ya , e d . p . 72 .
 17

P afi c ar at ra S a m h i tas b e a r i n g i n m i nd however t h at
, , ,

t h e co m pos i t i on o f S a m h i t as d id n o t necess a r i ly c e a se i n
t h e Nor t h j us t wh en i t b e g a n i n t h e Sou t h an d re ,

m e m b e r i n g a lso t h at i n t h e sou t h e rn m os t provi nce o f

Ary a n I nd i a (t h e M a r at h a coun t ry ) so m e t h i ng l i ke
P afi c ar at r a worsh i p see m s t o h a v e ex i s t e d a s e a rly as
t h e fi rs t cen t ury b e for e Chr i s t
1
.

T o t h e Sou t h I nd i a n cl a ss o f S a mh i t as wh i ch i s ,

very m uch s m aller t h a n t h e nor t hern o n e belongs ,

a lso t h e a bove m e n t i oned U pendr a S a m h i t a e n j o i n i ng

-

p a r t i cul a rly t h e l e ad i ng of a v i r t uous l i fe i n S ri r ang a m '

an d fur t her t h e volu m i nous B r h a d Br a h m a S a m h i t a ( no .

2 1 5 a bove ) w i t h prophec i es a bou t R am an u j a t h e o nly

2

, , ,

So ut h I nd i a n S a m h i t a a s i t s e e m s wh i ch h as m ad e i t s
, ,

way t o t h e nor t h wes t a n d con sequen t ly m e t w i t h a f a t e

-

s i m i l a r t o t h at o f t h e spur i o u s N ar ad i y a i n B e ng al i n ,

t h a t i t i s n ow p opul a r l y known i n t h e G uj er at coun t ry

a s t h e N ar a d a P a fi c a r at r a
3

Y am un a s work b e i ng t h e Oldes t on e ex t a n t by
’

a S ou t h I n d i a n a u t h or quo t i n g fro m t h e S am h i t a
l it er a t ure i t i s n o t ewor t hy t h at i n a dd i ti on t o I s v ara
,
'

S a mh i t a he quo t es t h e P a r a m a S an d i l y a S an at ,
’
,

ku m ar a I n d r ar at r a ( t h ir d R at r a of M ah as an at k u m ar a
,
z

S am h i t a) an d P a d m od b h av a S am h i t as Y am un a s
, .
’ ’

successor R am an u j a quo te s a lso P a r a m a S a m h i ta

, , ,

fur t h e r P au s k ar a S a m h i t a a n d S att v at a S a m h i t a .

B h an d ar k ar , l oc c i t , p 4 . I t r e m a in s t o b e
. , s ee n wh e th e r
t h e w o r s h i p of o n l y t h e fir s t t w o V y fi h as (f or w h ich the r e

ar e s t il l m o r e a n c i e n t t e s t i m on i e s , i bi d p 3 ) w as . . n ot p e rh p s a a

p r e 0 u r s o r o f t h e P afi ca r at r a of t h e S a m h i t as .

2
Wh i ch is t oo r e ce n t to b e m e n t i on e in t h e d
a m a l is t an d P d
t h e r e f re
o

G o v i n d ac ar y a
n ot k
l i el y to
i s i n cl in e d t o b
d
b e i e n t i cal w i t h
v
e l i e e ( oe c i t , Z .
ah m a N a a a, as
p .
Br r d
3
G ov i n d ac ar y a , O ct o b e r 1 9 1 1 , p . 95 6, n ot e 4 .

A g a m ap r d m d p y a
f
ed . pp . 7 , 69, 7 0, 7 1 , 7 2 .

3
 18

In four t een t h cen t ury t h e f am ous V ed an t a

th e
d e s i k a wro t e a spec i al work o n t h e P ancar at r a i n wh i ch
h e m en t i ons p a r t i cul a rly J ay akh y a (9 t i m e s ) P ara me s ,

v a r a (6 t i m es ) P au sk a r a (5 t i m es ) P ad m a (4 t i m es )
, , ,

N ar ad i y a S r i kar a S at t v at a (e ach t hri ce ) A h i r b u d h n y a

,
'

, , ,

B h arg av a Va r ab a Vi h ag e n d r a an d H ay ag r i v a (e a ch
, , ,

t w i ce ) ; m oreover t h e S am h i t as figur i ng i n o u r Synops i s

a s n os 1 7 2 8 3 1 4 1 49 5 3 7 1 7 2 7 5 7 7 9 7 10 6
.
, , , , , , , , , , , ,

1 2 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 49 , 1 66 (P) , 195, 20 1 (
or

see
Ci t r a s i kh and i , e t c
( p 1 2 no t e an d fi n a lly . .
, , ,

a fe w doub t ful n a m es such as T a n t ra s a m j ii ik a ( T an z

t r a s ag ar a P) , A g am ak h y a , e t c .

In Nor t h o f I nd ia t h e oldes t work quo t i ng t h e

th e
P afi ca r at r a wh i ch we c a n l ay h a n ds on see m s t o be t h e
, ,

S p a n d ap r a d ip i /ca o f U t p a l av ai s nav a who l i ved i n K a s m i r ,

I n t h e t en t h cen t ury A n abo ut o n e g e ner at i on b efore a

Yam un a The S am h i t as m e n t i oned by n am e i n t h i s work

.

J ay ak h y a (S r i j ay a J a y a) H a m s ap ar am e s va r a
"
ar e : , , ,

Vai h ay as a a n d S r i k al a p ar a ; wh i le t w o m ore n a m es
'

, ,

n am ely N ar ad a Sa m g r ah a a n d S r i S at tv at ah m ay b u t ,

need n ot be con nec t ed w it h so m e p a r t i cul ar S am h i t a

, .

O f e i gh t o t her q u ot at i o n s w h i ch a r e v a guely
a
al l of ,

s t at ed t o be i n t h e P afi c ar at r a or P S ru t i o r P
“
.
'
.

”
U p a n i sad on e i s found i n a sl i gh t ly d i fferen t for m
, , ,

i n A h i r b ud h n y a S am h i t a U t p al av ai sn av a quo t es a lso .
6

P d fi ca r atr a r a ks a, of w h ic h the r e is an e diti on in Gr an t h a

r
c h a a ct e r (s e a b v e ) p 4
s e o . .

2
J C C h at t rj i K
. . l im i e , as r S h a i c i s m , pp 1 3 , 1 6 . .

3
S e e p ag e 9 1 1 3 4 3 3 3 3 s - -
, , , 33 of th e Vi z i a n ag a r am e d it i on .

4
Pp 5 4 a d 2 0 i b i d
. n , .

1 1 d pp 2
5
n . 22 2 9 .
, , , 3 9, 3 9 .

“
, 71b : P r a i fi d p r as fi d a m ,
-
etc , . r pr d
e o u ce d by U t p a l a (e d .

p . 41 ) XV
P r aj fi d p r d s d d a m fi r u h y a a s’ocy u l i s’oca to j a n u n l
-

’
B h am i s gh an i va S a i l as th a h s a r v an p n yfi o n a p a s' y a ti !
'
'

I
 19

the P a r a mar th a s ar a i n i t s
‘
or i gi n a l Vai s n av i t e for m (n ot
the S ai v i t e rec as t by A b h i n av ag u p t a )
'
.
1
A ll t his ,

as a lso h i s n a m e an d t h a t o f h i s f a t her (T r i v i k ra m a ) ,

pro ves t h at U t p al a t hough a S a i v it e a u t hor m us t h av e ,

’
,

bee n or i g i n a lly a Vai s n av i t e A n d i t fur t her see m s t o .

en a bl e u s as s i nc e t h e r i se of t h e S ai v i t e sys t e m (T r ika )
,
'

ph i losoph i c a l Vai s n a vi s m i s pr ac t i c ally ex ti nc t i n

K as m i r a n d a s t here i s no l i kel i hood o f a n y P afi car at r a
, .

S a mh i t a (excep t t h e few spur i ous works ) h av i ng be e n

co m posed i n A ry a n I nd i a a f t er t h at t i m e t o fi x t h e ,

eig ht h c e n t u r y A D a s t h e t ermi nu s ad quem . .

’
o f t h e o r i g i n a l P afi c a r a t r a S a m h i t a s
3
.

Fro m t h e a bove i t follows t h at t h e S a m h it a

l i t e r at ure f a lls i n t o t h r e e c I a s s e s : (1 ) t h e or i g i n a l
S am h i t as t o wh i ch belo n g m os t of t h e ex t a n t
,

works ; (2 ) t h e m uch s m aller Sou t h I nd i an cl as s

co m pr i s i ng t h e leg i t i m at e descen d a n t s of cl a ss 1 ; a n d
() 3 t h e s t i ll s m a ller cl a ss No r t h an d Sou t h I n d i a n of , ,

a pocryph a l or s ur i ous S a m h i t as To t h e t h i rd cl a ss m us t
p .

be a ss igned al l S a m hi t as wh i c h ar e sp e c i a lly con n e c t ed

w i t h so m e cul t o r t e ach i ng o f m od e rn grow t h such as t h e
exclus i ve worsh i p of R am a R adh a e t c an d (or ) wh i ch , ,
.
,

h ave g i ven u p so me essen t i a l d og m a of t h e P afi c ar at r a ,

’
such as t h at of t h e V yuh as f
1
Of . C h at t e r j i, Pr of B a r e t t i s i s t s t h at
l oc ci t , pp . 10 14 -
. . n n

A b h i a ag p t a s w o r k b e i g pr of e s s e d l y a
.

”
e x t r a ct (S am )
’ “
n v u n n ,
,
can ot b e b a e d o
n a w or k f l s s e x t e t t h a i t s e l f s ch a s t h e V i s
s n o e n n u a

n v it e P
a am a t h a s a
ar B t s r e l y A d o e s ot m e a t o s y t h at h e
r ra . u u . n n a

h as m e r e l y e x t r act d b t r at h e r t h t h e h a s e l a b o r a t e d t h e
e , u a

e s s e c e n f t h e w or k p o w h i h h e b e d h i s o w
o u n c as n .

i d i cat e d b o v e a m i i m m of t w o e t r i e s t o
2
A l l ow i g n , as n a , n u c n u

p as s b f r e S a mh it a ca b e c m e S r t i (as w h i ch t h e P afi ca at a
e o a n o
’
u r r

i s r e g rd e d by U t p a l )
a a .

i s t a ce w i t h t h e s p u r i o s N a ad i y a A l o
3
B ot h i s t h e as e f c , or n n , u r . s

t h A g s t y a S mh i t a m e t i o
e a ad by B h a d a k a l c c i t p 6 7 t 2
n ne n r r, o .
, . no e ,

if a P afi ca at S mh i t a w
r ra l d be l
a g t o t h is l , as dou t h e fir s t on c as s , oe s

of our t h r e A g as t y a S a mh i t as
e .
 20

The n u m ber of Ol d e s t S a m h i t as m en t i oned i ncre ases

t h rough i n t e rn a l ref e renc e s : A h i r b u d h n y a (5 ) m e n , 5 9

t i ons S at t v at a a n d t h e l a t t er (9 , ) P a u s ka r a V ar ah a , 1 3 9 , ,

an d P r aj ap a t y a (B r ah m a) D i rec t ref e rence o f on e .

S a m h i t a t o a n o t her w i ll a lso b e foun d o f gre a t v al u e for

d e t e r m i n i ng t h e m u t u al ch ro nolog i c a l rel at i on s o f t h e
S a m h i t as Fo r i ns t a n c e t h e f a c t t h at A h i r b u d h n y a
.
,

m en t i ons S at t v at a (5 ) a nd J a ak h a
y y ( 1 9 ) ,
5 9
, 94

shows o f cours e t h a t t h e s e t wo m us t be older So

, , .

a lso t h e h i n t i n I s v a r a S (l h h ree 1

, ) t at t'
h e t . . 94
,

ch i e f S am h i t as ar e S at t v at a P a u sk ar a an d J ay a a n d , , ,

t h e i r respec t i ve exp a n s i ons I s var a P ara m e s va r a a n d '

,
'
,

P ad m a i s w e l l wor t h n o t i c i ng ; a n d a lso t h e s t at e m en t i n
,
2

P ad m a T a n t r a (IV 2 3 ) t h a t we should cons i der a s

, . 1 9 7
3

t h e Si x G e m s : P ad m a S a n at k u m ar a P a r a m a P a d m od , , ,

bh av a M ah e ndr a an d K an v a Th e se few d at a en a ble u s

, , .

t o fix a l r e a dy p rov i s i on a l ly t h e ch ronology of t h e m os t

i m por t a n t o f t h e a nc i e n t S a m h i t as i n t h e f o l l o w m g w ay ,

1 P au s k ar a V ar ab a
. E a rl i er t h a n 5 ord e r u n
, , ,

B r ah m a (or d e r uncer t ai n ) c e r t ai n : J ay a (befor e 3 ) .

2 S at t v a t a
. S an a t k u m ar a Para ma , ,

3 A h ir b u d h n y a
. P a d m od b h a v a M ahen dr a , ,

4 P ar a m e v ar a
. K an v a
s
'
i‘

5 P ad m a .

(before 80 0 A D )
5
6 I s v ar a

Z
. . .

G o v i n d ac ar y a ,p 956 oe . ci t , . .

A d c rt i l y
2
n t d w i t h t h e f c t t h at t h
e a n l y S mh i t a
c on n e c e a e on a

co m m e t ri s e x t a t b s id s o e
n a e B h a a d aj a S a m h i t a a pp e a r
n , e e n on r v ,

b e t h e f l l o w i g t h r e e pr e s e rv d i S r i r ng m
'

to o n e S at t a t a
, e n a a : on v

h i t a B h a y by A l i ng a a b h att a s of Y o a d ab h a tta ; o e
'
s a as r on n an n
sa in g ,

I a s m h i t a V y ak h y a by t h e s m a d o Pa me v s m h it a
’ '
s v ar -
a a e n ne ra s ar a - a

V y ak h y a by N rs i mh fi i f S a m p t k m a s am i
as r , s on o a u ra v n .

G i d a a ya l
ov n ci t p 95 5 fi l
c r , oc .
, . .

Me ti d i t h P ad m a l i t t h e r e f or e r l i r b t l t e r t h
n on e n e s , ea e , u a an

A h i b d h y a t j d g fr m t h t e x t pr e s e rv d i A L
r u n , o u e o e e n . .

b e d i t i g i h d fr m t h e e m e ti d i t h P ad m
5
T o s n u s e o on n on e n e a

l is t ; e e b l w
s e o .
 1

I t a ppe ars to be a f ac t t h a t
of t hese works out

t h e t r i ad P a u s k a r a S at t v a t a a n d J a y a h a s o n
, ,

t h e whole be e n con s i d e red t h e m os t a u t hor i t a t i v e p a r t

o f t h e P al i c ar at r a scr i p t u re
’

The five l i s t s co m p a r e d i n our Synops i s a r e n at u r a lly

of l i t t le v a lu e f o r chronolog i c a l p urposes o n a ccoun t o f
t he ir co m p a r a t i v e ly l a t e or i g i n a n d bec a use al l o f t he m , ,

e xcep t t h e o n e of A gn i Pur an a h a ve a l m os t c e r t ai nly ,

be e n i n t e rfer e d w i t h by l a t e r h an ds The A g n e y a l i s t .
,

beg i n n i ng a s i t do e s w i t h H ay as i r s a a n d a gr e e i ng
, ,

a l m os t co m pl e t e l y w i t h t h e firs t t wen t y fi v e of t h e -

n am es e n u m er at ed i n t h at S a m h i t a m us t h a ve been ,

cop i ed fro m i t fro m wh i ch f a c t i t m ay b e fur t her

,

deduced t h at t h e re m ai n i ng n a m es (n o s 2 6 t o 3 4) w er e .
1

n ot i n t h e or i g i n a l S a m h i t a L i kew i se i t h e V i s nu l i s t
. n

t h e t h i r t y t w o n am es fol lo w i n g t h e 1 0 8t h a r e i n a l l
-

prob a b i l i t y a l a t er am p l i fic at i on T h i s would a cco u n t for .

t h e f ac t o f a S a m h i t a b e i ng m en t i o n ed i n t h at l i s t t o w i t ,

K a p i ii j a l a (n o . wh i ch i t s e lf m en t i on s t h e V i s n u
T a n t ra . K a pi ii j a l a at an
y , r at e does n ot cl ai m ,

t o be o n e o f t h e 1 0 8 S a m h i t as b u t only a n a bs t r a c t ,

con t ai n i n g al l t h at i s essen t ia l (S ar a ) i n t he m The .

P ad m a l i s t also see m s t o h a ve or i g i n a lly con s i s t ed of

1 0 8 n am es only t h e four a dd e d ones be i ng p oss i bly
,

n os . 3 3 t o 3 6 con t ai ned i n t h e s e cond h alf of s lok a 1 0 0 '

.

F o r I s v ar a S a m h i t a (no
, as i t m en t i ons P ad m a
.

T a n t r a a n d t h at a s we h ave seen i n qu i t e a cred i ble

, , ,

w ay , c an no t wel l be m e n t i oned i n t h e l at t er w h i ch ,

for o t her r e a son s t o o m us t be o l d e r t h an i t , .

O r wer e t here t w o I s v a r a S a m h i t as ? T h i s hyp o

'

t hes i s woul d perh a ps bes t a ccou n t f o r t h e m en t i on

1
A m on g w h i ch
“
P rau na an d “
S am an y a
’
ar e d e id d l y
c e

d ou b f t ul .
 22

of an I s v ar a S am h i t a a lso i n t h e H a y a s i r sa an d A g n eya
li st s .
1

Wh at a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l s u b j e c t s t r e at ed i n
t h e S a m h i t as ?

The i de a l P aii c a r at r a S am h i t a l i ke t h e S a i v a ,
'

”
Ag am a s , i s s aid t o cons i s t of four qu a r t e rs (p ad a ) “

t e a ch i ng respec t i ve l y (I ) JarTa u Knowledge ; (2 ) Yog a / , ,

Con cen t r at i on ; (3 ) K r i y a M ak i n g ; a n d (4 ) Oa r ya Do i ng , , .

By M a k i ng i s m e an t ev e ry t h i ng con nec t ed w i t h t h e
cons t ruc ti on a n d con secr a t i on o f t e m ples a n d i m ages ,

an d by Do i ng t h e rel i g i ous a n d soc ia l O bserv a nces

,

( d a i ly r i t es f e s t i v a ls c a m as r a m a
, V ery
, f e w '

S a m h i t as s e e m t o h ave a c t u a lly cons i s t ed o f t hese four

s e c t i ons : m os t o f t h e m d e a l t a pp a ren t ly w i t h o n e o r
two only of t hese subj e c t s negl ec t i ng t h e o t hers ,

a l t oge t her or n e a rly so The propor t i on of i n t eres t .

shown for e ach o f t h e four br a nches s e e m s t o be w e l l

i llus t r a t e d by P ad m a T a n t r a i n t h e ed i t i o n of wh i ch t h e
J nan a p ad a occup ie s 4 5 p ages t h e Yog a p ad a 1 1 p ages
-
,
-
,

t h e K r i y a p ad a 2 1 5 p a ges -
an d t h e C a ry a p ad a 3 7 6 ,
-

p ages T h e pr a c ti c a l p a r t K r iy a an d C a ry a i s t h e
.
, ,

f avour i t e subjec t t h e r e s t be i ng t re at e d a s a rul e by w ay

,

of i n t rod uc t i on or d i gress i on The d i vi s i on i n t o P ad as i s so .

,

f a r a s I know observed i n only t w o of t h e e x t a n t

,

S am h i t as n a m e ly P ad m a T a n t r a an d Vi s n u t at t v a S a m h i t a
, .

A d i v i s i on i n t o five R at r a s (N i gh t s ) of m i xed con t en t s

(f
c . t h e n am e P a fi ca r at r a ) i s found n ot only i n th e

a pocryph a l N arad i y a b u t al so i n a g e n u i n e a n d older

1
A h ir b u d h n y a b e i g a s om e w h a t
n un w ie l dy wo rd , Is
m ay ’
v ar a

ha ve m e tr z ca a s
,
‘
'

fi, b e s b s t it t e d f
e n u u or i t i n t h o s e l i s t s , b u t , of

r
c ou s e , n ot in th e P ad m a l i t w h i s , ch oe sd c on t ai n t h e n am e
A h ir b u d h n y a .

2
F or a f ul le r d e r ip t i
sc on of these f r br a
ou nc h es s ee G vi d a
o n

ca ry a s
’
a rt i cl e in 1 9 1 1 , p 95 1 fi l
. .
 24

I t m ay besup posed t h at t h e n a m e P afi c a r at r a
po i n t s t o f i v e
p r i nc i p a l subjec t s t r e at ed i n t h a t sys t e m .

S O i t i s i ndeed u nd e rs t ood i n t h e a pocryph a l N ar ad i y a

, , ,

wh i ch s ays t h a t t h e fi v e k i nds of r atr a knowledge z

“

ta ttva , m u kti p r a d a , bh a kti p r a d a ,ya u g i ka ,a n d c a i s es i /ea ,

-
'
ar e
-

t h at i s t o s ay t h at t hey ar e concern e d resp e c t i vely w i t h (1 )

on t ology (cos m ology ) (2 ) l i ber a t i on (3 ) d e vo t i on (4 )
, , ,

yog a a n d (5 ) t h e obj e c t s Of sen s e Tho ugh t h e five books

,
.

o f t h e s ai d S a m h i t a a ccord b u t very i m perf e c t ly w i t h

t h i s d i vi s i on a n d t h e five B at r a s o f M a h as a n a t k u m ar a
,

S am h i t a s t i ll less a n d t hough t h e N ar ad i y a a s a whole

,

ca n cer t ai nly n ot be use d as a P aii c ar at r a a u t hori t y t h e ,

a bove s t at e m en t m ay n one t h e less res t o n good

”
t r ad i t i on .I n t h i s c a se r atr a or i g i n al ly n i gh t, ,

would h ave co m e t o m e a n how we do n ot k now ,

1

bo t h a c a rd i n al doc t r i ne o f a s y s t e m a s well as
t h e ch a p t er o r work de a l i ng w i t h t h at d oc t r i n e t h at i s : i t ,

b e c am e syn ony m ous w it h tan t ra a n d s a mhi ta so t h a t g

P afi c ar at r a woul d b e a des i gn at i on of t h e a nc i en t
V ai s n av i t e sys t e m i n ex a c t ly t h e s am e m a n n e r a s ,

a ccord i ng t o t h e t welf t h ch a p t er o f A h i r b u d h n y a S a m h i t a ,

S a s t i T a n t r a w as o n e of t h e S am khy a Yog a Th i s .

expl a n at i on t h ough perh a ps at va r i a nce w i t h t h e ch a p t er

,

j us t m en t i oned s t at i ng (i n s l 4 5 — 48) t h at t h e P afi c ar at r a
'
.

cons i s t s of t e n c a rd i n a l t e a ch i ngs (s am h i t as ) i s at 3

le a s t n ot so f a nc i ful a s t h e n i g h t = ob s c u r at i o n o f t h e
“
,

fi v e o t her sys t e m s or t h e s y s t e m c ook i n g d e s t r oy i n g,

z
,

th e ni ht — i gnor a nc e or t h e at t e m p t s t o conn e c t
g
r

t h at n a m e w i t h t h e five s acr a m en t s (br a nd i ng e t c ) o r , .

th e five d ai ly Obs e rv a nces (a bhi g a m a n a e t c ) o f t h e , .

1
F or th e
it i o n t ra
th e m e an i n g of
ns
“
T h ou s a n d an d on e

N i g h t s =as m an y s t o i e s , m ay e h a s b e c o m
r p r p p re d
”
a .

2 Se e a o e 2 b v p . .

3
Se e ou r s u m m a ry of the ch a p t e r be l ow
, , l as t p a rt o f t h is b k oo .
 25

P afi c a r at r a s Howev e r it s e e m s t o u s t h at t h e
,

o r i g i n a l u s e of t h e n am e i s only connec t e d w i t h t h e
firs t o f t h e t e n t op i cs referr e d t o (Bh ag a v a t ) n am e l y t h e ,

pecul i a r G od conc e p t i on o f t h e P aii c ar at r as a n d

-
,

t h at i t c a n be d i sco v e r e d i n t h e P a ii c a r at r a S at t r a

spoken of i n S a t ap at h a B r ah m a n a X II I 6 1 wh i ch
'
.
,

i s m or e over t h e e a r l i e s r p a ss a g e i n wh i ch t h e word
, , .

av i ca r atr a occurs I n t h t p a ss a g e P u r u a N ar ay a n a
p a
. s

i s m en t i oned a s h a v i ng conce i ved t h e i de a o f a

P a ii c a r a t r a S a t t r a (c o n t i n u e d s a c r i fi c e f o r
f i v e d a y s ) a s a m e a ns o f ob tai n i ng s up e r ior i t y ov e r
”
a l l be i ngs a n d b e co m i ng a l l b e i ngs a n d t h e p r e c e d i ng
1

ch ap t er (X I I 3 4 ) n a r a t es i n de t ai l h o w H e b y
.
r
,

s a c r i f i c i n g H i m s e l f a c tu a l l y b e c a m e t h e ,

w 11 o l e w e r l d N ar ay a n a i s t hus con n e c t ed w it h ,

an d eve n m a d e t h e a u t hor of t h e P u r u s a S ak t a w h i c h ,
2

t oge t her w i t h t h e S a h as r as i r s a sec t i on o f M al i an ar ay a n a

'

U p a n i s a d pl a ys such a p ro m i nen t p a r t i n t h e c os m o l o g
,

i c a l a ccoun t s a n d M a n t r a e xeges i s o f t h e P a ii c a r at r i n s
3
.

I t a ppe a rs t h e n t h a t t h e s e c t t ook i t s n a m e fro m i t s

, ,

cen t r al dog m a wh i ch w as t h e P aii c ar at ra S at t r a o f

N ar ay a n a i n t erp re t ed p h i losoph i c ally a s t h e fiv e fold "

s e l f m a n i f e s t at i on of G od by m e a n s o f H i s P a r a Vyuh a
-
, ,

Vi bh av a A n t ar y am i n a n d A r e a for m s
, , T h i s would .

wel l agree w i t h t h e s t a t e m en t of A h i rb S a m h at t h e e nd . .
,

of t h e elev e n t h ad h y ay a t h a t t h e Lord H i m self ,

fr a m ed o ut of t h e or i g i n al S as t r a t h e sys t e m (ta n tr a ) '

c all e d P afi ca r at r a d e scr i b i ng H i s [ fivefold ] n at ur e

B h a n d a r k ar , l oc . ci t , p . 31 s pa c in g
-
ou t o u r s .

2
I bi f l e m
J N ot e al s o t h e im p rt
o a n c e at ta ch e di n A h ir b . S a m h (c h a p t e r 3 7 )
.

to the m e d it at i on on G od a s a s ac rifi ce (y j fi u r ap a
a -
d h a ra d e r a , s ] .

4
W i th , or
w i t h ou t , t h e h e l p of B h ag a v a d -
G i t a II , 69 .
 26

[ known ] as P a ra V y fi h a V i b h av a, e tc an d t h at , , .
“

h i gh e s t Wi ll o f Vi s n u c a lled S u d ar s an a t hrough wh ich

”
He spl i t i n t o five a p pe a r i ng fi v e m ou t hed
,
-
.

T o re t urn t o t h e ques t i on Of t h e p r i n c i p a l subj e c t s

t re at ed i n t h e P afi c ar at r a t h e sc i en t i fic s t uden t w i ll ,

prob ably fi nd i t bes t t o d i s ti ngu i sh t h e follow i ng t e n 2

()
1Ph i losophy ;
()
2 L i ngu i s t i c occul t i s m ( m a n tr a

()
3 Theory Of m a g i c a l figures
(y a n tr a

Pr ac t i c a l m ag i c (m aya yog a ) -

()
5 Yog a ;

()
6 Te m p l e bu i ld i ng ( m a n (ti r a n i r ni fi z a
z )
Z
- -

age m a k i ng ( N Wt i s t l z i vi d h i
()
7 I m -

) ( -

()
8 Do m es t i c Obs e va n c e s
(s a m s kar a al i n i l ca ;
r
) ,

(9 ) S oc i a l r u les ( c a m aS r a m a
'

( )
1 0 Publ i c fes t i v al s
( n i s ava
) .

E ach of t hese i t i s hope d w i ll i n t h e course of ,

t im e b m a de t h e subj ec t o f a m onogr aph b a sed on t h e

e

a v a i l a ble S a m h i t a m at er i a l as well a s on s uch m ono r a ph s

g
av a s am g ra h a s etc ) a s t h e P a fi c a r at r i n s t he m selves
( U t s , .

h ave wr i tt en I n t h e follow i ng t h e second p a r t o f o u r

.
,

I n t ro duc t i on a n ou t l i n e w i ll b e at t e m p t ed o f t h e firs t
,

subj ec t only as t h e o n e o n wh i ch a l l t h e o t hers m ore o r

,

less depend .

T eh fi v e o m s f r
a r e a l s o e e e t o i n t hr f rr d
e e s t s l o a of o u r
’
v ry fir k
d ’
S a m h i t a “ 1t h t h e i e a o f N ar ay a n a s s e l s a c r i fi c e i s a
7
. a en tl f
al s o
-
pp r y
c on n e c t e d
th e s to of t h e ryS a cr i fi c i a l ot u s L
(y aj ii a p a fi kaj a ) s i n g -
pr
in g from t h e n a e l of v P d
a m an a h a ( a s m i T b L k
V, 2 2 , a n d e l s e w h e e ) . r .

2
W h i ch ar e , of cou rs e , n ot th e
. s am e as t h os e en umer t d a e in
adh y ay a 1 2 o f A h i r b . Sam h .
; s ee ou r s um ma ry of t h e l at t r e in
the fi
n a l s e ct i on e l ow b .

A n d , in add i t i p e rh p s the bj of rs h ip
3
e ct in a
“
on , a su wo

g r
en e r
al t e at m e n t co m bi n i n g t h e m a t e i al s f o r itr d is t ri b t du e a m on
g
se ve r a l of t h e a ob ve su bj e ct s , n o t a l by
8 an d 1 0 .
II . TH E P H IL O S O PH Y O F T H E P A NC A R A T R A S

T H E t h e ore t i c a l ph i losophy o f t h e P anc ar at r as i s i h

sep a r a bly bo u n d up w i t h t h e s t or y of cre at i on a n d c an ,

t herefore h a rdly b e t re a t e d m ore conv e n i e n t ly t h a n i n

t a k i ng t h e l at t e r t hrougho u t a s o u r s t a r t i ng po i n t In .

do i ng so we sh a ll m ai n ly follow t h e A h i r b u d h n y a S a m h i t a
( p a r t i cul a rly ch a p t ers 4 t o b u t a lso h a ve recourse ,

w h ere v er t h i s see ms d e s i r a bl e t o o t her sources , .

1

1 . N IG HTS A ND DA YS or N A R A YA N A

T here w a s a n d i s s t i ll a b e l i ef i n I nd ia t h a t t h e
, ,

h i gher a be i ng cl i m b s on t h e l a dd e r of exi s t e nc e s t h e ,

qu i cker t i m e p a sses for h i m un t i l when he re aches , ,

L i b e r at i on t i m e i s n o longer a m agn i t u de for h i m

,

at al l T hi s i de a i s con t ai n ed i n t h e doc t r i n e t h a t a
.
2

s i ngle d ay o f e a ch B r a h m an or rul e r of a Cos m i c E g g

1
T h e w it e e r
g e ts r r r
ee n l k yh a i n g h ad v
a ct i c a l l n o ac c e s s , pr y
w h il e w i t i n g t h i sr I rd
n t o u c t io n , t o t h e r
i ch c o l l e c t i o n s o f P afi c a r at r a
M SS s to e . u
p r d
i n th e A a dy r
an d M a as i a ie s dr L br r
S t il l h e e e l s . f
con fid e n t t h at t h e ol l o w i n f
g a c c o u n t w il l n ot s h o w a n y s e i o u s g a p r
x p p r p P Pr k
.

A bbr v e i at i o n s w il l b e e a s il yr
e co n i s e , e c e t
g e ha s d a as a .
'

S
”
. w h i c h i s n o 2 1 3 m e n t i on e o n . d 11 a o e p
Th e e i t i o n u ot e
. b v d q. d
of P ’
i l l ai L ok acar y a s T a t te a t r a y a i s t h e o n l e is t in
g on e o f y x
t he
S an s kr r
it t a n s l a t i o n , u l i s h e p b d
a s n o 4 o f t h e C a u kh am b a S an s. it kr
Se i e sr w h i l e t h e e i t io n use d d
of S r i n i v as a d as a s
_
’
Ya t i n d r a m a t a
D ip i kd i s N o 50 o f t h e A n an d as ’r a m a S e i e s
. T a ttva tr a y a ( o ur . f r
r
t e e n t h c e n t u y ) m ay al m o s t b e c a l l e a co l l e c t i o n of dP afi ca r at r a
S fi t r as , a n d i t s c om m e n t a , ry by
V a r a v a r a m u n i , i s s e c i al l al u a l e p yv b
p
f o r i t s c o i ou s e t a c t s x r
om I fr Z
JLQ II S OI I C S a m h i t a
Y ’
’
A ll Z
e e e n ce s b
y r f r
fi g r
u e s on l
y a r e t o A h ir b u d h n
y a S a mh i t a .

2
I t m ay , a t e f r
al l , b e ou n f d
t o b e t h e s a m e (n ot t h e o os i t e ) pp
v ie w w h e n P Pr k
a as a
’
.S amh it a ( , 3 III
HI ) t e a c h e s t h a t a “
im e . t
a t om
”
(It d l a p a r u m fi zz u ka ) i s i n Ji v a l o k a (cf i ta , 5 ; , 7 ) . G VII XV
on l y
1 / 1 00 t h a t of p ron e 0 11 e a t h , in th e w o l r of t h e
g o s on l rd d y
1 / 1 0 ,000 t h a t , for p r
t h e g od a h m an o n l Br
1 / 1 ,0 00 ,0 0 0 t h a t , a n d y p r
f or L k
a sm i on l y
1 / 1 0 ,0 00 ,000 t l i p ’
a r t , w h i l e Vis n u s o w n t i m e a t o m -

i s i n fi n i t e l v s m al l .
 28

co m pr i ses n o less t h a n
1
y e a rs
o f me n Wh e n t h e d ay i s over a l l for m s a re d i ssolv e d
.
,

b y fi r e e t c b u t n ot so t h e T at t v a s (e l e m en t s a d org a n s )
, .
, n

of wh i ch t h e s e con s i s t n or t h e Cos m i c E g g as such ,

.

Th i s d i ssol u t i on i s c a l led a M i nor o r O cc a s ion al

D i ssol u t i on (a v n tm u p m l ayu / Z ”
-
It ,

is fol lowe d by t h e N i gh t of B r a h m an
2
of e qu al“
,

l e ng t h as h is d ay i n wh i ch t h e Eg g h i bern at e s as i t ,

w e r e Th i s p rocess i s r e pe at e d 3 60 x 1 0 0 t i m es a f te r
.
,

wh i ch t h e l i f e of B r h m an (bm hm d yu s ) co m e s t o a a

clos e by t h e Gre at or To t a l D i ssol u t i on (vi z tt l m p r a l a ya - l

wh ch a l l t h e C os m i c E ggs i nclud i ng
p r d kr ta
p m l a ya
) -
i n i ,

t h e forces work i ng i n t he m ar e co m pl e t ely d i ssolved o r ,

”
“
un i fi e d Th e N igh t follow i ng i t i s o f t h e s am e
.

d ur a t i on as t h at of t h e l i fe of B r a h m an a n d is ,

followed by a n o t h er D ay s i m i l a r t o t h e for m er ,

an d so on T h e s e longes t D a ys a n d N i gh t s a re
.

c a ll e d i n t h e P anc ar at r a D a ys a n d N i g h t s o f t h e
, ,

P u r u a t h e H i ghes t S e l f t h e Lord e t c For t h e P u r u s a s

’
s , ,
, .

l i f e s ays on e t e x t t h e r e ex i s t s no m e a s u re
, , B ut
5
.

‘
t hough i n fin i t e as t o t i m e He a cc e p t s l rar oti ) t h e “ -

p e r i od c a ll e d l a r a (t h at i s t h e l i f e p e r i od of a B r a h m an )
’
,
-

”
as H i s d ay a n d t hough ex e m p t fro m b e i ng m e a sured
“

S ol a r ys te m d r b
1
s is a s om e w h at m i s l e a i n g t a n s l at i o n , e ca us e

a Br ah m anda , t h o u g h e l ie b v d
e to p os s e s s but o n e s u n , co m pr i s es th e
w h ol e sta rry
h os t is i l e t o v b us .

2
l y a , a s t h e n am e s a s , i s t h e s t a g e i n w h i c h t h i n g s
P i a a y
a r e d
is s ol v
i n g , a n d n ot t h e m u c h l on g e on e i n w h i ch t h e y r
r e m a i n is s ol e d v d
T h e oc c a s i o n a l .em l o m e n t o f t h e n am e p y
r
f o r t h e t w o s t a g e s t o g e t h e m u s t b e e g a e as a m i s u s e , a t l e as t r rd d
fr om t h e P anc a r at r a oin t of V i e w , p
e c au s e , i f im a e a t i on b Pr ry Cr
ta esp k l ace u in
g t h e d r
l as t a t of t h e N i g h t ( s ee p r
el o w , n e xt b
p r r p
a a
g a h ) an d t h e D a
y an d N i g h t ar e of e u a l l e n t h , P r a l a a
g y q
b e l o n s t o t h e D a , n ot t o t h e N i h t
g y g .

Ta s ya n
’
dyw -
wu i n a m z i d hi ya t e , P Pr k a
. a
’
s a S a mh i t a 43 ,
r p e e at e 58 d .

L
“

fin d . I ,
 29

by ni gh t s He does t h e work of t h e n i gh t
, e tc , .

r d tr i t ve n a amra ti ) by c a us i ng B r a h m an e r e s t t o f a ll
( h
1
an d t
a sle e p O ur S a m h i t a i ll us t r a t e s t h e D ays a n d N i gh t s
2

o f th e Lord by a i m g e o f d a zzl ing b e a u t y : d ur i ng n a

t h e D ay t h e un i v e rse i s l i k e a sky spr i n kl e d a l l over w i t h

c i rrus clouds t h e B r ah m i c E ggs of wh i ch t h e r e a r e ,

ko ti a r b u d a s o f ko t i o g h as of ko t is (a n u n i m ag in a bly
- -

h igh n u m b e r ) ; wh i l e d u r i ng t h e N igh t i t res e m bl e s a

sky w it hou t a s i n g le cloud .
"

2 . H I G H ER on
“
P uma C R E A TI O N
E vol u ti on , F ir s t S ta g e )
( .

In the ei gh t h
l a s t p a r t of t h e Cos mi c N i gh t an d

a w n s ? m tr i ) e g re a t S a k t i o f V i s n u a w a ken e d a s
'

(p
“
t h ,
”
i t we re by H i s co m m a nd opens her e y e s Th i s 5

,
“
.

”
u n m csa op en i ng of t h e e y e s s ays A h i r b S a m l r i s , .
,

l i ke t h e a pp e a r a nc e of a l i gh t n i n g i n t h e sky A n d i t .

m e a ns t h a t t h e S a k t i wh i ch w a s so f ar i nd is t i ngu i sh a bl e
'

fro m t h e w i ndl e ss at m ospher e o r m o ti onless oc e a n

of t h e A bsol u t e e x i s t i n g on l y a s i t wer e i n a fo r m o f
,
” ”
“
d a rkness or e m p t i n e ss suddenly by so m e i n , ,
“

d e pen d e n t r e solve (ka s m d cci t s vd ta n tr yd t) fl ash e s up , ,

w i t h a n i nfin i t e l y s m all p ar t of h e rself i n her d u a l ,

a spec t o f ( c g i eco ng h
t ri / d
g (a t i n ) a n d H a i t (b m i ) t a t i s ,

Force a n d M at t er .
6

Wh o , a ft r e h is d e at h be l on g s to th e l i be rat e d .

2
I bz d
’

, I , 3 55 57 .
-
.

3
A h i r b u d h n y a S a m h it a IX , 1 6 , 1 4, 3 8 .

4
Th e ei
g h t h a t p r of t h e P r al a y a is cal le d l a y ti n t i m a
P Pr. a k as a S
'

’
. I I , 5 1 ; (j
. I , 3 . 42 , 5 7 .

I
Z
I bi d .
, , l . 53 ,

X I V , 7 8 Tb s p LU ke
/ ! g-
/ a i b z u h h z s en a s u Lt (I r e , e t c
g so , 3 6 ,
' f ’ ' '
. VIII
an d III , 27 28
-
. . k
C] L a s m i T a n t r a I V , I T h e B h nt i S a t i , a s w i l l b e ,
'
k
s e e n , i n c l u d e s w h a t w e ( a l l s ou l
‘
.
 30

H ere i t w i ll firs t be necess ary t o re m ark t h at i n ,

S p i t e o f frequen t a ssur a nces a s t o t h e re a l i den t i t y o f

L ak s m i a n d Vi s n u t h e t w o ar e a c t u a lly reg arded as ,

d i s t i nc t : even i n P ra l ay a t h e y do n ot co m ple t ely co alesce

b u t beco m e only a s i t w e re a s i ngle p r i nc i pl e ( 4 .

t h e L a k s m i e ven t u a lly e m erg i ng fro m t h e G r e at N i gh t

b e i ng t h e old L a k s mi n ot a ne w on e T he m u t u a l
, .

r e l a t io n o f t h e t w o i s decl r e d t o be one of i nsep ar a bl e a

con nec t i on o r i nherenc e l ike t h a t o f a n at t r i bu t e an d 1

i t s be a rer ( d h a ma l h a r mi n ) ex i s t e nce a n d t h a t wh i ch
r , c ,

ex i s t s bh a r a t) I ness a n d I ( a l t a m td, a h a m)
-
, ,

m oon sh i ne a n d m oon s unsh i ne an d sun S t i ll t h e 2

, .
,

du al i s m i s s t r i c t ly spe ak i ng a m ak e sh i f t for preserv i ng

, ,

t h e t r a nscend e n t ch a r a c t er of V i s n u : L a k s m i a lone a c t s ,

b u t every t h i ng she d o e s i s t h e m e re express i on of t h e Lord s ~

’

w i shes .

T h e K r iy a S a k t i i s t h e S u d a r s an a por t i on o f
' “ '

f o r i t i s i den t i c a l w i t h Vi s n u s Wi ll t o ’ “
-

be sy m bol i s e d by t h e S u d a r s a n a or d i scus B e i n g '

.

i ndependen t o f s p a ce a n d t i m e i t i s c a ll e d u nd i vi ded
( n i s ka l a
) i n con
, t r a d i s t i nc t i on t o t h e B h u t i S a k t i wh i ch
'

i s d i vi d e d i n m a ny w a ys m yr i a d t h p a r t
5
an d is b u t a
”
( l w l i am s a
-
) o f t h
’
e S a k t i t h a t i s : a n
’
i n fin i t ely less 6

fl
,

1
A rin d bh d r a , s a m a n w
f

ya ; L k a smi T an t r a II , 17 .

2
See ch a pt e r 4 of A h ir b . S amh . an d L ak sm i T an t ra II , 1 1 ii ] .

L a ks m y c z s au d a w a n i ka l fi , III , 45 ; f
c . V , 12 .

L IX 5 7 d s kd l j d kd y d p l i t y
, : e
’
a r z
’

wh i h r s as a c ,
h w e v e r i s p e rh p s
o , t mea t t e x cl d e p l r a l it y ; s e e b e l ow
a no n o u u ,
e ti
s c 6 f t h i p a r t of
on o I t r od t is ou r n uc on .

N d ab h l
5
ti
n XIV 9 ; f V 9 1 1 K i i s r l at e d t B h ut i
e f a va , , c .
,
-
. r e o

as th th r d t
e th p e arl t h e p i t t h e l e a v e s s e e b l w
ea o e s, n o e o ou r

r es u me of ad h
y ay a 8 .

0
Wh i ch el s ew h e re is s ai d o f the t wo
'
S a t isk t og e t h e r : s ee

n ot e on p , 20 ,
 L ‘L U U U L U k cu u o Li U U U A l O U a n .)
J
V V

n o t h i ng t o d o w i t h t h e t h re e well kno w n G u n a s (S at t i -

R a j a s T a m as ) ; t h at i s t o s ay th e o l d d og m a t h at G
, r

i s n e cess a r i ly fre e fro m [ t h e t hree ] Gu n a s (n i r g mz

“

does n o t excl ude H i s poss e ss i ng t h e s i x i de a l Gun

wh i ch on t h e con t r a ry m u s t b e a scr i bed t o H i m b e c an
, , ,

w i t hou t t he m t h ere could b e n o Pure C re at i on an d a , ,

fur t her evol u t i on d e pen d i n g t hereon n o cre at i on at a ,

H owever t h e evolu t i on of t h e G un a s d oes n o t i a n y w

, n :

a ffe c t t h e be i ng o r essenc e of G od i t b e i ng m e rely e c h oer ,

ed wi t h H i s beco m i ng or m a n i f e s t at i on t h at i s : H
S a k t i : Through t h e t h ree p ai rs o f wh at ar e c a l l e d t h e S
’

Gun a s t o w i t : Knowledg e Lordsh i p Pow e , ,

e tc .does t h e P u re C re at i o n [ o r firs t s t a ge ] of [ H is ] b
,
”
co m i ng t a ke pl a ce .
1

Now t h e s i x Gu n a s a r e d e scr i bed a s f ol l o w s

'

,
”
The firs t Gun a i s j fi f ma kno wledge d e fin ,
“
, l

as n on i ner t s e lf con sc i ous e t e rn al al l pen e t r at i n g

-
,
-
, ,
-

t h at i s : o m n i sc i ence I t i s bo t h t h e e ssen ce a t “

a n a t t r i bu t e o f B r ah m a n for wh i ch r e a son t h e r ’9
,

m ai n i ng fi v e G u n a s a r e occ a s i on al ly c a l l e d a t t r i bu t
“

m of cours a lso t h e e ssence

39 2
of j fi d n a J fi m ,i s e , ,
f’
L ak s m i

V
I 6 ; cf
, , 15 an d V VI
, 6 ; B h i t t i a n d m b h z ct i a r e i n t h
’ ‘ ’

k
.

p as s a e s ,
g l i e b h ava el s ew h e e ( s ee a o e use r b v p . d
r d
c o n t a i s t i n ct i o n t o b h a m t , a n d n o t i n t h e s e n s e o f t h e h ut i S a l B '

r '
k
F o r t h e l at t e , l i e t h e K r i y a S a t i , i s c o n n e c t e w i t h t h e e C u k d r
on l y
( s e e e l b
o w ) , w h il e i n t h e a s s a e s co n c e n e
g t h e a p p e ar a n c q p r d
al l t h e s i x u na s i s G e e e to r f rr d .

2
O r ch a n n e l s o f j fi ri m '
(j fi ri n a s ya sr t a y a l z ) , L ak s m i Ta r

II 35
, Y am u n ac ar y a , t h e t e a ch e r o f R ai n an u j a , h a s
, e o u t ri d t j s t
p h il o s o p h i c al l y , t h i s P afi c ar at r a c o n ce p t o f j fi d n a A t h i n g , h e 8: .

m a y b e b o t h s u b s t a n c e a n d at r i b u t e y g/ t
(i s r a fi / l (m (1 60 m i t e r , d s m
' '
g
s a m a n r a z/ d t , w h i ch h e il l u s t r at e s b y m e a n s o f t h e fl a m e (s u b s t a i
a n d t h e l i h t i t s h e d s (a t t r i b u t e )
g .

3
L ak s m i T an t r a II , 25 , etc .
 33

The second G un a i s a i s va r m lord sh i p t h at 1

'
/
“

is ac t i v i t y b a sed on i nd ep e nd e nc e un i m p e d e d a c t i “

”
v it A
2
ccord i n g o L ak m i T an t r a
(I I 2 8 ) h i s i
Z
y . t t s s ,

i de n t i c a l w i t h wh a t i s c a lled tech w i ll i n o t her /

T at t v as as t r a s'
.

T h e t h i rd G u n a is
b i l i t y po t e ncy n am ely S a kti
'
a ,

t o beco m e t h e m at er i a l c a us e of t h e world (j a g a t p i a kr ti
'
-

I t i s elsewh e re defi ned a s a g l m f ita g/ h a t mm 3

a cco m pl i sh i ng t h e n o n ac c o m l i s h e c t h at i s t sa
y
p o
-
,

be i ng a ble t o p rod uc e so me t h i ng t h e c a us e of wh i ch
c a n no t b e accoun t e d for by e m p i r i c a l m e t hods .

T h e fou r t h G u n a i s ba l d s t reng t h d e fi n e d as ,

a bsenc e o f f a t i gu e ( m m n hd n i) or f t i uel e s s n e s s
’
a s
g
-
,
”
i n con nec t i on w i t h t h e p roduc t i on o f t h e world or ,

“
pow e r t o su s t ai n a l l t h i ngs sus t ai n i ng pow e r -

d
( h fiq an a c
'

ri me r t/z ya )
fif t h C u n a i s ai r y/a v i r i l i t y
Th e r t h at i s un

a ffe c t edn e ss ( ch a n g e less n ess r ir a h a ) i n s i t e o f b e i ng

p
'
-
,
”
t h e m a t er i a l c a us e Th i s i s a cond it i on s ays L ak m i
.
, s

T a n t r a (2 o t fou nd w i t h i n t h e worl d
. n wher e m il k ,

qu i ck l y loses i t s n at ur e wh e n curd s co m e i n t o ex i s t e nc e
The S ix t h a n d l a s t G u n a i s tej a s s pl e n d o u i
m i gh t wh i ch i s s ai d t o m e a n s e l f su ffi c i ency -

( s a l m km i a n np e ks d )
'
-
an d pow er t o d efe at o t h e rs

amd b/z i bh a ve n a T h e l a t t e r d efin i t i o n i s i n

(p
L ak s mi T a n t r a (2 w h i ch a d d s t h a t so m e ph i loso p he rs
.

con nec t (yoj a ya n ti ) t ya s wi t h a is va ryn

’
'
q x .

The s i x G u n a s ar e t h e m at er i al o r i ns t ru m en t s a s , ,

i t w e r e o f P ur e C r e a t ion (l ) i n t h e i r t o t a l i t y a n d (2 )
, , ,

rd e r f
Th e o ou n d on p . 1 8 of ou r e d it i on is n ot t he us ua l one .

I d p de n e en n ce , in cr e at n i g the univ r e s e , of an y o t h e r ca u s e

L ak s m i T a t r a IV n , , 9 .

3
V ar av ar a m u n i
’
s c om m . on T at t v at r ay a, e d . p . 94 .

5
 34

by p a i r S i n t h e foll o w i ng w ay t h e G un a s as co n nec t
, ,

ed p ar t ly w i t h t h e B h u t i a n d p a r t l y w i t h t h e K r i y a S ak t i '

( 5 . a r e reg a rded a s f a l l i n g i n t o t w o se t s n a m ely G u n a s ,

1 t o 3 an d Gu n a s 4 t o 6 c a ll e d respec t i vely v i s m m a
Z
'
, ,

bh m a ya l t
z s t a ges of r e s t a d s m m a bh d m a ya h s t ages n
' -

of e ff or t an d t h e correspon d i ng Gun a s o f e a c h s e t

( I an d 4 2 a n d 5 3 an d 6
, ) j o i n t o for
, m a p ai r con nec t ed
w it h so m e S pec i al d i v i ne m an i fes t at i on a s w i ll be ex ,

pl ai n e d presen t ly .

I n t he i r t o t a 1 i t y t h e Gu n a s m ake up t h e body o f
V a s u d e v a t h e h i gh e s t person al god a s well a s t h at o f
,
2

h i s co n sor t L ak sm i i n t h e w ay t h at t h e se t w o a r e con s t a n t ly
,

se e n by t h e free sou l s i n h a b i t i ng t h e H i ghes t Sp a ce I t i s .

3

m ai nly i n t h i s for m t o w i t a s a person qu al i fied by t h e s i x

,

G u n a s a n d d i s t i n c t fro m h i s S ak t i t h at G o d i s c a lled
'

V asudeva (5 .

The a p p a ri t i on of t h e p a i r s d e no t es t h e beg i n n i ng
of t h a t p rocess o f e m a n at i on wh i ch h a s been well
defined a s a p rocess wh i ch w h i le br i ng i ng t h e
“
,

p roduc t i n t o ex i s t ence le aves t h e source o f t h e produc t ,

unc h anged T h i s very a nc i en t conce pt i on i s com 5

m o u ly (t hough perh a ps n o t correc t ly ) i llus t r at e d by t h e

i m a g e o f t h e l igh t e m a n at i n g fro m a sourc e such as t h e
sun wh i ch acco u n t s for t h e S an skr it t er m for i t n am ely
, , ,
”
d bh d s a sh i n i ng o ut 6

Th
1
m
es e na t i A h i b S mh
es ar e noh w v r L k mi
n r . a , s ee, o e e , a s

T an tr IV 2 4 ; I I 46 47 ; III 4 Cf l w h t i i d b l w
a , ,
-
, . . a so a s sa e o on

th e d iff e r e t n c on d it i on of th e th re e V y uh a s d ri
u n
g an d a ft re

P re C r t i o
u ea n .

2
S J dg u zz y a g
-
ri raha m
d e va m (VI , The s ix G u n as e x is t
al s o b f re c r
e o e at i on , b u t w i t h o u t be i n
g ac t i v e (V ,
3
Se e be l w o .

4
C h at t e rj i , K as h m i r S h o ts / (i s m , p . 59 ,

5
Of t h e
. S
'
i P fir na m
an t 1 73, e t c
0 1 0 .
, at the be g i n n in
g o f I s av as y a
’

an d ot he rU p an i s a d s .

6
N ot f o d un i n t h e S a mh i t as , i n so f ar as k n ow n to us .
 35

The P afi car at r a t e aches a c h a i n a s i t wer e ,

of e m a n at ions ; e a ch e m a n at i on exc e p t t h e firs t , ,

or ig in a t i ng fro m a n a n t er i or e m an a ti on ; a n d t h us t h e
fa vouri t e i m a ge of t h e proc e ss h as w i t h t h e P a fi c a r atr in s , ,

beco m e t h at o f o n e f l a m e p r o c e e d i n g f r o m
a n o t h e r f l a m e A n y p rod uc t i on up t o t h e for
1
.
,

m at i on of t h e E g g i s i m a g i ned a s t a ki ng pl ace i n t h i s
,

w ay .

T he firs t t h ree (or i ncl ud i ng Vasud e v a four) b e i ngs

, ,

t h us co m i n g i n t o e x i s t e nc e a r e c a ll e d V y a h a s Th i s
word i s a co m b i n at i on of t h e roo t i 2h t o shove an d
t h e prepos i ti on v i a sund e r a n d a p p a r e n t ly r e f e rs t o

the shovi n g as und e r of t h e s ix G u n a s i n t o t h ree

p ai rs Th i s , however does n o t m e an t h at e a ch Vy uh a
.
2
,

h a s on ly i t s t w o respec t i v e G u n a s b u t as i s repe at e dly , ,

e m ph a s i zed e ach Vy fi h a i s Vi s n u H i m self w i t h H i s s i x

,

Gu n a s o f wh i ch ho w ev e r t wo only i n e ach c a s e beco m e

, , , , ,

m a n i fes t A b i d i ng by t h e i m a ge we m ay s ay t h at e a ch
.
,

n ew fl am e h as for it s fu e l a no t h e r p ai r o f Gu n a s .

The Vy uh as a r e n a m ed a f t e r t h e eld e r b ro t her t h e ,

son an d t h e g ra n dson res p ec t iv e ly of Krs n a n a m e ly

, , , ,

S a m k a r s n a (o r B a l a r am a B al a d e v a ) P rad y u m n a a n d
a , , ,

A n i r u d d h a ; a n d t h e p a i rs of Gu n a s con n e c t e d w it h
t hes e a r e resp e c t i v e ly : j ad e d a n d ba l a ; a i s vwr ya a n d ,
’

t i me S a kti an d te a s
j
’
.

E ach Vy uh a a f t er h av i ng a p p e a r e d re mai ns i n
, ,

a c t i ve a v d rta ) per od o f 1 0 0 y e a rs o f h i s o w n
( y p f or a i
or h u m a n ye a rs ; t h at i s t o s ay : t h e
evol ut i on o f Pur e C re at i on up t o i t s en d o r u p t o t h e po i n t ,

wh e n A n i r u d d h a t oge t her w i t h t h e t w o e a rl i er [ S ak t i s
“ '

n a m ely t h ose of S a m kar s an a a n d P r ad y u m n a ] eng ages

1
S f i t
ee or P ad m T t r I 2 2 1
ns an ce a an a , .

i (V 2 1 )
’

C i l m i t my
i zfh i ti Via -s g m/ t
r k i l bh s no r n p ri a L a rr i a vi ,
 36

in cre at i on ta kes 3 x 1 ,6 0 0 : 4 ,80 0 hu m a n

y e ar s f
S a k ti s o f t h e Vy uh a s h i n t e d at i n o u r S a m h i t a
The
'

, ,

are m e n t i on e d by n a m e i n a n u m ber of l a t e r S a m h i t as .

M a h as a n at ku m ar a S a m h i t a for i ns t a nce t e a ch e s t h a t
2
, ,

V asud e v a cre at e s fro m h is m i n d t h e w h i t e godd e ss S an t i ,

a n d t og e t h e r w i t h her S a m k a r s an a S i va ; t h e n fro m t h e
'
z

l e f t s i d e o f t h e l at t er i s born t h e r e d godd e ss S r i whose son ’

,

i s P r ad y u m n a B r a h m an ; t h e l a t t e r a g a i n cr e a t e s t h e
z
, ,

y e llow S a r a sv at i a n d t og e t her w i t h h e r A n i r u d d h a :

P u r u s o tt a m a whos e S a k t i beco m e s t h e bl a ck R a t i who

'

i s t h e t hr e e fold M ay a Ko s a t o be m en t i oned b e low .

E a c h Vy uh a h as t w o a c t i v i t i e s a cre a t i v e an d a ,

m or a l o n e t h at i s o n e con nec t e d w i t h t h e or i g i n of b e i ngs

, ,

an d a no t h e r o n e co n nec t e d w i t h t h e i r e t h i c a l p rogr e ss ;

an d e a ch of t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s of a Vy uh a i s s ai d t o b e

m e d i a t e d by o n e of h i s t w o G u n a s f Fo r t h i s r e a son ,

t h a t i s t o s a y b e c a use t h e cre a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s nec e ss a r i ly

pr e ced e t h e m or a l on e s i t i s a ss u m ed t h at d ur i ng t h e ,
5

\Vh i c h i s , o f c o u s e ,
1
r a sol the l en g th o f t h e P r a l ay a of Pur e

Cr e at i o n s e e ou r S a mh it a pp . 35 36 -
.

2
I n d r a r at r a , S i t h L k m i T t r a s i x t h ad h y ay
x a d h y ay a f
c . a s an , a .

It i im p rt a t t b r i m i d t h t t h f r p l
s o n o ea n n a ese ou co u es ar e

b r o t id e t h e [ M d ] Eg g ”
d
’

a ll f th m b L
o gd j
e a z r-a z '
i -
a o n u s un an e an

th r f r
e e o t id et i l w it h
no t h e p ak t i en G od s S i v t c w h
ca r r c ,
'

a, e .
, o

b l g t Gr
e on Cr at i
o
(d s r i b d b l w
os s ti e It on e c e e o , s ec on

im p i bl th rw i
os s t e d e rs t d
o r t ai
e ts
se h o un an ce n a cc o u n s uc

th f l l w i g o e f L k m i T t r fif t h ad h y ay Br ah m a
e o o n n o a s an a, a : n

an d S r v ti a r tas eg g a (I 5 ) V i c ea e d L k mi l i d w i
an , s nu an a s e o n n

it fr m V i n av l
o t h e r e s pr i g s t h S c i fi i l L t s
s u s
’
n e n e a r c a o u

an d fr m t h L t o a e b r Br h m a a d S a r v at i (2 7
e o us r o n a n n as

Vi k S mh i t a i d pp 1 2 5 1 2 7 ; L a k s m i
“
s va T t t at y
sena a , n a v ra a e . .
-

T an t r IV 8 2 0a Th d g m
, f G
-
a. 1 t 3 be i g e e t e d w it h
o a o un s o n co n n c

c r ti
ea ly
on d G on 4 t 6 w i t h m r l pr g r
, an u t as ly i t o o a o e s s on , s no

q it dh r d t i
u e a v r l S m h i t a i t b e i g m w h t h a rd t
e e o n se e a a s, n so e a o

b l i v e t h t S mk
e e na h
a ld r e t by m a s f K w l d g b t
a ar s a s ou c a e e n o no e e u

t h p h il p h y by m
e ac os o f St r g t h ; t h t P d y m h o ld
e an s o en a ra u na s u

t h th i
e ac by m a
e f V i r il it y r t h r t h
cs e A b il i t y e t
n s o a e an , c .

L a k m i T t r IV 8 HI IV 2 4 d II 4 7
s an a , , .
, , an , .
 37

p e r i od of Pure C r e at i on t hose Gu n a s only a r e a c t u al l y

”
m a n i fe s t t hough a s m ere, s t ages o f r e s t (vi s m m a “ '

Ma l i n ya k) wh i ch b e co m e a c t i v e a t t h e b e g i nn i ng o f
a
/
,
”
N o p ur e C re at i on wh il e t h e s t ag e s of e ff or t (S m mct
n -
,
“ '

Ni am e y al
/ t) c an co m e for t h on ly a f t e r a l l t h e T at t va s a r e

cr e at ed .

The c r e a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e Vy uh a s co m e
i n t o pl a y t h e o n e a f t e r t h e o t her m a rk i n g o u t i n t h e ,

follo wi ng way t h ree success i v e s t a g e s i n t h e cre a t i on of

the n o n p ure un i ve rs e
“
-
.

W i t h S a m ka rs an a Non p ure C re a t i on b e co m es d i m ly -

m a n ife s t i n an e m bryon i c cond i t i on a s a ch ao t i c ,

m a ss w i t hou t i n t ern a l d i s t i nc t i ons T h i s i s e x press e d .

in the S a m h it as by t h e gro t esqu e b u t of t e n

rep e at ed s t at e m en t t h at S a m ka r s an a c a rr i e s t h e
whol e un i ve rse l i k e a t il a /t d l t l t a (d a rk spo t un d e r t h e r

wh ich a pp a ren t ly s i gn i fies t h at t h e world h e

c a rri e s i s s t i ll so t o sp e a k unde t h e surfa ce ex i s t ing r ,

only i n a ge r m i n a l cond i t i on a s a m i n u t e p ar t as i t 1

, ,

wer e o f h i s body T h e Gu n a wi t h wh i ch S a mk a r s an a
, .

p e rfor m s h i s cos m i c func t i on i s so m e t i m es s ta t e d t o b e ,

j fi d na b,ut as a rule b al e H i s n a me B al ad e v a ( t h e .

s t rong G o d ) is a lso con n e c t ed w i t h t h i s a spec t of h i s a n d ,

so h e i s of t e n d e scr i b ed by m e a ns of such co m pounds a s

a s S a bal w a n a fi d /mi n s uppor t of t h e whole worl d
'
e - -

T hrough P r ad y u m n a t h e du a l i t y o f P ur us a a n d
P r a k r t i m a kes i t s fi rs t a p p e a r a n c e z he i s s a i d t o per
z

for m by m e a n s o f hi s Gu n a a i s uar ya bo t h t h e m d n a va
,
'
,

fl
g a mr a n d t h e m i d i (t s u r e t h at i s t h e cre at i on of t h e
e.
/ g ,

L k s mi r a VI 7
ZZ
1
A s i n a s g gz o c i rd m
f ‘
l lz, a Tant , .

L k ra VI
'

smi T an t 10 b h okl bhog yu tn nil [ai m

2
a , : r- -
s u n u t s/ Ls iu

tis uit i .

3
L V 1 7 ; LI X .
, 31 (A h ir b .
 8

Group Soul an d of Pr i m ord i al M at t er p l us S ub t le

T ime .
1

A n rui d d h a, fi n a lly
g i ves op por t un i t y f or grow t h
,

t o body a n d soul (5 2 ) by t a k i n g over. t h

5 1 e cre a
-
5 2

t i on o f P r a d y u m n a a n d by evolv i ng o u t o f i t M a n i fes t
M at t er (vya kf a ) w i t h G ross T i m e an d on t h e o t her h a n d , , ,

t h e s o c alled M i xed C re a t i on ( m i s m s r s ti ) of soul s ; t h a t

2
- ' -

i s t o s ay : he beco m e s t hrough h i s Gu n a S a kti ruler o f ,

’
,

t h e Cos m i c E ggs a n d t h e i r con t e n t s

T h e cos m i c a c t i v i t i es of t h e Vy i i h a s ar e a l so
'
3
n ot ,

however as i t se e m s i n t h e oldes t S a m h it as —s t at ed t o
, ,

b e t h e c re a t i on pr e serv at i on a n d des t ruc t i on o f t h e

, ,

un i vers e or of t h e C os m i c Eg g Thes e s t a t e m en t s ar e of .

a so m e wh a t con t r a d i c t ory n at ure L aks m i T a n t r a f o r .

,

i ns t a n ce t e aches (4 , ) t h at t h e. cos
1 1 m i c func
, 1 9 , 2 0t i on
of A n i r u d d h a i s cre at i ng t h at o f P r ad y u m n a preserv i ng , ,

a n d t h a t o f S a m k a r an a d e s t roy i ng ; wh i le accord i ng t o
s ,

Vi s a k s e n a S a m h i t a (l oc ci t p 1 2 5
v Sa m k ar s an a
.
, .

“
by m e an s of h i s G u n a b l e t a k e s aw ay a l l t h i s a

P r ad y u m n a by m e a n s of h is G u n a a i s m r y t cre a t e s
“ ’
r

t h a t [ t o t al i t y of ] m ove a ble a n d i m m ove a bl e [ be i ngs ]

an d A n ir u d d h a by m e a ns o f h i s [ G un a ] S a kti suppor t s ’

a n d p ro t ec t s t h i s wh ole world t h e i nfin i t e E g

g ,

T h e e t h i c a l a c t i v i t i e s of t h e t hre e Vy f i h as
a r e decl a red t o b e t h e t e a ch i ng (I ) by S a m k a r san a
5

1
VI , 9 HI , an d 12 , Fo r p art i c ul a rs s ee the ne xt s e c t i on of th is
I tr d
n o u ct i on .

V i s v a k s e n a S a mh i t a, l oc ci t , p 1 29
2
. . ,

Cf t h e i d e n t i fi c at i on of S a m k ar s a na an d S i v a , e t c , m e n t i o n e d
3 '
.
.

a bov e p 3 6 . .

I n A h i r b u d h n y a S a mh i t a a l s o , A n i r u d d h a i s o c c a s i o n a l l y c a l l e d
pr o t e ct o r “
o v e rs e e r
”
, an d t h e l i e (s e e , f o r i n s t a n ce , L k ,
III
53 L , V V
b u t e l s e w h e r e (L , 2 1 e t c ) i t a s c r i b e s t o h i m a l l t h e .

t h r e e act i vi t ie s .

S e e e s p e c i al l y , 2 1 24 V
V i s v a k s e n a S a mh i t a, l oc c i t , pp
-
,

k
. .

1 2 5 1 2 7 L a s m i T an ra
-
, 1 5 20 t IV -
,
 40

V asudev a . or i gi n a l m e a n i ng of t h e doc t r in e m us t
B ut th e
h ave been r a t h e r t h at t h e Vy uh as ar e so m e t h i ng l i k e
t u t e l a r d e i t i e s o f t h e s a i d p r i nc i ples Th i s i s i n .
,

de e d t h e t e ach i ng of Vi v a k s e n a S a m h i t a wh i ch dec l a res

, s ,

( l oc. ci t p p 1 2,5 fi l ) a bou t.S a m k a r s an a :

. He i s a c t i ng
as t h e super i n t enden t of a l l t h e souls an d a bou t

P r ad y u m n a : He i s t h e super i n t end e n t of t h e m i n d

fl
e a n s ; h e i s d e cl a red t o b e of t h e n a t ure of t h e m i n d
( m )
( m a n on m a
y ) A bou t A n i r u d d h a n o s i m i l a r s t at em en t i s
.

m a de ; s t i ll h i s be i ng decl a r e d t o be t h e cr e a t or o f t h e
2

m i s m r a r g a t h at i s o f t h e souls do m i n a t e d by R a j as a n d
' -
, ,

T a m as shows t h at h e w a s ac t u ally look e d at by

, ,

t h e a u t hor o f t h a t S a m h i t a a s t h e a i /z i s z d f r o f t h e ,
r

A h a m k ar a I n t h e s a m e S am h i t a t h e super i n t endenc e
.

of Sam k ar an a i s descr i bed a s follows :

s Then S a m “

k a rs a n a t h e D iv i n e Lord w i sh i ng t o cre at e t h e
, ,

world m ade h i m s e lf sup e r i n t end e n t of t h e Pr i nc i pl e of

,

Li fe a n d severed i t fro m N a t u r e f A n d a ft e r h a vi n g ,

done so t h e G od ob t ai ned t h e s t a t e of P r ad y u m n a
4

, .

I n A h i r b ud h n y a S a m h i t a a s we h ave seen t h e d u al i t y o f , ,

Soul an d N at ur e a ppe a rs firs t w i t h P r ad y u m n a I t i s he .

,

S a m k ar san a w h o i s c a ll e d t h ere t h e Lord of t h e “

n ot ,

soul s (5 3 ) wh i le A n i r u d d h a i s i nd e e d c a lled sup er

. 4 s ,

i n t e n d e n t n o t howev e r o f t h e A h a m k ar a b u t o f e a ch of
,

fl
t h e t hre e G u n as (6 fi l ) or of t h e whole m a n i f e s t e d

fl
. 5 3 .

worl d (see a bov e p 3 8 n o t e B u t t hough t h e re

,

fl
.

i s n o t h i ng i n our S a m h i t a i n so f ar as t h e a ccoun t o f ,

’
S o y mgz s a m a s tu
-
fi r dndm a dhis ui t a
y d s th i t a h .

For w h i ch r e a s o n i t i s al s o m i s s i n g i n T at t v at r ay a in t h e
2

a p h o r i s m on t h e ac t i v i t i e s o f A n i r u d d h a (ed p . ,

J i va t a t tva m a d h i s n z y a
3
m k
i n r i v i cy a t a t , w h i c h
g t cs th e
’

'

p
-

co m m e n t a e ry x p
l a in s t h u s d
H e m a e h i m s e l s u e i n t e n e n t of t h e f p r d
Pr p
in c i l e of Lf b rb d
i e , w h i c h w as a s o e i n N at u e , a n d on t h e s t e n g t h r r
of p r
t h at s u e i n t e n e n c e s e e e it d v r d fr
om N at u e s o as t o en e th e r r d r
app r
e a a n c e o f n am e s a n d o ms
p os s i b l ei
’
f r
Vi ve ka z v i v eca n a m .
 41

cre at i on i s conc e rn e d t h a t wo u l d m a k e t h e Vy uh as ,

fl
a pp e a r as t u t el a r d e i ti e s i n t h e s e ns e m e n t i on e d
t here ar e i ndeed a fe w p as s ag es r e fe rr i n g t o

fl
i nd i vi d u a l l i f e wh i ch cou l d b e s o i n t e rp r e t e d For .

ex a m pl e w e re a d (5 3 , fll ) o f P r ad y u m n a t h t h e i s a
. 4 0 . a

source of j oy by h is pur i fy i ng i nfl u e nc e on

an d a gai n t h a t h e i s t h e i n t e r a l rul e r ( f i g/ mm m) n u u u r- u
,

o f t h e org a n of kno w l e dg of S m k a r e a

s a n a
(5 9 fll
.
) t h
2 8, 2 5a t h e c a us e s.t h e s oul t o e e fro m
t h e world a n d r e a ch L i b e r a t i o n by m ak i ng i t ob t a i n c o r

r e c t kn o w l e dge ; an d o f A n i u d d h a (5 9 ) H e b s t ow r . 3 4 e s

upon m e n t h e fru i t s [ of t h e i r ac t i on s ] wh i ch fru i t s

( r e s u l t s ) here undoub t e dly i ncl u d e o r e v e n e xclus i v e ly
z
,

d en o t e t hos e e a rn e d by s e lfish a c t i ons (good a n d b a d )

,
.

Fro m e ach Vy u h a d e sc e nd t hree S u b V y a h a s -

( g/
c i l zi n f rr
u o m n
r t y/ m an ,t r
)i n a m e ly ()1 fro m V a asud e v
,
a ,

K e s a v a N ar ay a n a a n d M ad h av a ; (2 ) fro m S a m k a a n a
'
, , rs

G ov i nd a V i n u a n d M a d h u s ud a n a ; (3 ) fro m P a l y u m n a
, s ,
“
l

S r i d h a r a ; a d (i ) fro m
’
T r iv i k r a m a V am a n a , an d , n

A n i r ud d h a : H r i ke s a P ad m a n abh a a n d D am o d ar a
s '
, , .

These t wel ve ar e t h e Lords of t h e m on t h s t h at i s

1

t h e t ut el a r de i t i es of t he t w e lv e m on t h s
”
an d t h e t welv e sun s an d as s u ch pl ay a n i m por t a n t
,

p a r t i n d i agr a m s (y a n t r a s ) e t c T hey a r e usu a lly , .

1

rep res e n t e d for t h e purpose o f m ed i t a t i on K e s a v a a s

, :

sh i n i ng l ike gol d an d b e a r i ng four d i sc uses N ar ay a n a ,

a s d a rk ( l i k e a bl u e lo t u s ) a n d be a r i n g four conch e s ,

M ad h av a a s sh i n i n g l i k e a g e m (s a ph i r e ) a n d b e a r i ng
four clubs e t c ; a n d t hey ar e s a id t o p ro t c t t h
, .
5
e e

1
A ra / i n i
f

al “ s a y s Y at . Dip . ed . p . 85 .

2
l l /l ci s d rl h ip fi l z , M a h as a n a t k u m ar a S 1 1 1 , 6 .
, 33
3
T h at is t h e
. sun in t h e t w e l ve m on ths y
f t h e e a i , cf t h e N W
o .

’
c mrm , V III , 47 b fi l of A h i r b S a mh .
, fu i th e i Y at D i p e d 85
. . p .

1
V , 49 VIII , XXV I , 3 3 fil .

Y at . D ip , lea c ft , to be com p r da e w it h th e f ul le r (a n d
s l ig h tl di y ff re ent ) d e r ip t isc on in ad hy , XXVI of ou r S a mh i t a .

6
 42

d evo t ee s body i f r e pres e n t ed o n t h e s am e (forehe ad

’

e t c ) by cer t a i n p ai n t ed ver t i c al l i nes

.

A n o t her s e t of t wel ve Vi d y e s v a r a s descend 1

in g fro m t h e Vy uh as i s m en t io n ed i n a n u m ber
of t ex t s der i v e d i n P ad m a T a n t r a I 2
2
an d , . 2 6

H] i n t h e follow i n g w ay : fro m t h e Vy uh a V asudev a

.

spr i ngs a no t her V asudev a fro m t h e l a tt er P u r u s o t ,

t am a an d
, fro m h im J a n ar d an a ; s i m i l a rly fro m
S a m k a r s an a a n o t her S a m k a r s an a A d h o k s aj a an d , ,

U p e n dr a ; a n d fro m A n i r u d d h a a n o t h er A n i r u d d h a ,

A cy u t a an d Kr n a , Th e s e t welve a r e en u m er at ed af t er
s .

t he t w e lv e S ub Vy uh as a n d c all e d t oge t her w it h -

,
”
the l a t t er the t w en t y four , for m s
“
(c t zmr i mS a t i - fr
' '

m s r fa y/ a li ) .

To Pure C re at i on fur t h e r belon g t h e s o c all ed -

V i b h a v a s (m a n i fes t a t i ons ) o r A v a t a r a s (d e s
c e n t s ) t h at i s i nc arn at i on s of G o d o r H i s Vy u h a s or S ub
,

Vy uh a s o r a ngel s (see below ) a m ong t h i s o r t h at c l a ss

t e rres t r i al be i ngs The pr i nc i p a l Vi b h a v as ar e 1
of .
,

a ccord i ng t o A h i r b u d h n y a S a m h i t a (5 fi l ; cf 5 6 . 5 0 . . .
2

t h e follo wi ng t h i r t y n i n e -

1 . P a d m a ab h a n .
14 , E k ar na v a s ay i n ’
. 27 . N y ag r od h as ay i n ’
.

2 . D h r va u . 15 . K a m a th e s v a r a '
. 28 . E k as r ng at a n u
’
,

3 A n an t a
. . 16 . V r ab a a, 29 V am a n ad e h a .

N ar as i mh a
'
4 S a k t y at m an
. . 17 , . 30 . T r i v i k r am a ,

5 M a d h u s fi d an a
. . 18 . P i y us ah ar a n a . 31 . N ar a .

6 V id y ad h i d e v a
. . 19 .
'
S i at irp . 32 . N ar ay a na .

7 .a il a K p , 20 , K an t at m a n . 33 . H ari .

8 V i s v ar up a
.
’
. 21 . R ah u j i t 34 . K rs n a.

9 V ih a ng am a
. . 22 . K al an e m i g h n a ,
35 P a r a s u r am a
.
’
.

1 0 K r o dat m a n
. . 23 . P ar i j at a h ar a . 36 R am a
. D h an u r
ha a d r .

11 B a da b av ak t r a 2 4 L o k a n at h a 3 7 V e d av i d
K k
. . . . . .

12 D h a rm a 2 5 S an t at m a n
'
. . . . 38 al
. in .

13 . V ag i s ’v ar a . 2 6 D a t t at r e y a
.
, 3 9 P at al as a y a n a
,
’
.

r
T h i s t e m i n M ah as an at k u m ar a S 1 1 1 , 6 3 4 . . .

x p
S e e f o r e a m l e V i h a g e n d r a S 1 1 , 1 8, a n d t h e .
p as s a
g e m en
t i on e d i n t h e e ce i n
g n ot e pr d .

3
Vi b h a r o mim e ta t t a t
- -
sa
j f ?f iya Y at , Dip
ed . p .
86 .
 43

Th i s l i s t h a s b e en reprod uced al m os t ex ac t ly fro m t h e

n i n t h p ar ic ch e d a of S at t v at a S a m h i t a (e d p p 7 9 and . .

t o t h a t work we a r e i n d e e d referr e d by o u r S a m h i t a (5
, , .

5 7 fi l ) f o r a co m prehens i v e d e scr i p t i on o f t h e or i g i n
.
,

e tc .
,of t hose V i b h av a s How e ver t h e descr i p t i on .
, ,

t hough i t i s a c t u a lly found t here cover i ng over 1 6 0 ,

s lok a s of t h e t wel f t h p ar i cc h e d a (ed p p 9 7 d oes

'
. .

n ot , ap ar t fro m so m e h i n t s de a l w i t h t h e or i g i n of t h e ,

Vi b h av a s b u t o nly w i t h t he i r for m a n d a c t i v it y a s obj e c t s

,

o f m e d it a t i on S t i ll less c a n b e g at hered fro m t h e

.

t wen t y t h i rd p a r i c c h e d a of t h e s a m e S am h i t a a n d t h e
-

fi f ty s i x t h a d h y ay a o f t h e A h i r b u d h n y a where t h e t h i r t y
-
,

n i ne Vi b h a v a s a r e on c e m ore r e vi ewed i n connec t i on w it h

cer t ai n M a n t r a s We m u s t t hen t r y t o i den t i fy t h e
.
, , ,

n a m es wi t hou t a n y d i rec t help wh i c h however as w i ll , , .

be seen i s n ot very d i ffic ul t

, .

We sh a ll n at ur ally beg i n by p i ck i n g o u t t h e t e n
A v a t ar a s e n u m er a t ed i n t h e N ar aya n i y a sec t i on of t h e
S an t i P a rva n wh i ch for obv i ous re a sons m us t be e x
'

, , ,

p e c te d t o be i ncl ud ed i n our l i s t They a r e n os 9 . .

15 28 (
z M at s y a ) , 1 6 , 1 7 , 2 9 , 3 5 ,
3 6, 3 7 , a n d 3 8 .

Fou r of t h e o t hers show Vi n u under d i ff e r e n t s

a sp e c t s a t t h e be g i nn i ng o f cr e at i on a n d a f t er P r a l ay a
respec t i vely n a m ely (1 4) as sleep i ng w i t h L a k s mi , on
, ,

t h e pr i m ev a l w a t ers ; (l ) a s grow i ng fro m H i s n a vel t h e

1

lo t us fro m wh i ch B r ah m an i s t o spr i ng ; (2 7 ) a s t h e boy

flo at i ng o n t h e N y ag r od h a br a nch i n wh ose m ou t h ,

M ar k a n d e y a d i scov e red t h e d i ssolved u n i v e r s e ; a n d

z

”
( )
3 9 as th e Lord of t
“
h e c at a clys m i c fire cl ad in a ,

S at t v a t a S
1
. XII , 66 : i
n s a np mp L k
a sm i T . V ,
i
’

21 P a i l m a y d s wim i i dy
f a
yii (t
p s n s uS u
'
y m u/ i
p m n e .

R f rr i
e e n
g t o t h e s to ry r e l at e d in V an a P rv a
a n ,18 8 ti l .
 44

fl a m i ng rob e w ai t e d upo n by L ak s mi C i n t a N i d r a a n d
, , , ,

P ti
l is .
1

A g a i n t h e r e a r e four o t h e r A v a t ar a s w h o r a t h e r
,

s e e m t b e long t og e t h e r a n d th e r e for e s ays S at t v at a

o ,

S a m h i t a (1 2 m a y be m e d i t a t e d upon e i t h e r
.

co l l e c t i v e ly o r s i ngly n am e ly o s 3 1 t o 3 4 (i ncl ud i n g o n e , n .

a l r ea dy m e n t i on e d wh o a re V i n u a p pe a r i ng a s t h e f our
) s

s ons of Dh a r m a a n d A h i m s z f Th e y a r e d escr i b e d i n
'
1
,

S at t v a t a S (1 2 . a s fo ur a sce t i cs cl a d i n
. 1 3 9 deer
sk i n e t c t h e o e r e c i t i ng M a n t r a s t h e s e cond a bsorb e d
, .
, n ,

i n m e d i t at i on t h e t h i rd t e a ch i ng m e r i t or i ous works a n d
, ,

t h e fou r t h p e rfor m i ng a us t e r it ie s .

Th e n t her e a r e four (i n clu d i ng t w o a lr e a dy m e n

t io e d ) t o w i t nos 1
n , 5 2 9 a n d 3 0 who a r e id e n t i c l i n
.
, , , , a

n a m e a n d p oss i bly i n so m e o t her resp e c t w it h four o f

, ,

t h e t w e lv e S ub Vy uh a s T w o of t h e s e n a m e ly V am a n a
-
.
,

an d T r i v i k r a m a a r e a ccord i ng t o ou r sourc e s m e r e ly
, , ,

the t w o oppos i t e a sp e c t s of t h e w e ll known Vam a n a -

A v a t ar a t h a t i s V i s n u as t h e v e ry s m a l l one (l i t ti t ) a n d
, f -
s n

t h e a l l p e rv a d i ng o n e ( ‘
-
S Ut i t/ r

wh il e no 5 re fe rs of cou r s e t o V i n a s v ic t ory over t h e

.
, , s
’

d m on M a dhu
e .
1

O f t h e r e s t so m e a r e m e n t i oned a s A v a t ar a s i n t h e
l u r an a l i t e r a t ur e wh i l e o t h e rs a r e a pp a ren t ly n o t
’
,

kn o w n i n i t a s s uch or al t og e t h e r u nkno w n , .

3 A n a n t a i s n o t t h e serp e n t S e a b u t B al a r am a
'
N o .
, , s ,

t h e bro t h e r of K r n a I n P ad m a T a n t r a (I 2
f’
s , .

1
S at t v a t a S X I I , 1 6 5 ff ] . .

2
N ar ay a n i y a , o p e n i n g c h a p e r ; s e e B h a n d a r k ar , Vu i s gm vi s m , t
e tc .
(E I A B v o l 1 1 1 , p a r t
. . . pp 3 2 3 3 I t i s c l e a r t h at t h is
. .
-

k
. .

K rs na i s n o t e x a c t l y i d e n t ic a l w it h t h e w e l l n o w n o n e
Z
-
.

1
Cf T a it . t U
p a n o r d il l y / n m a h a t o m a h i y d n , e t c
. . .

1
O r r a t h e r t h e d e m o n s M a d h u a n d K a i t a b h a ; s e e c h a p t e r 41 o f
A h i r b u d h n y a S a mh i a t .

g t
\Vh o i s s o m e i m e s r e a rd e d a s a n i n c a r n a t i o n o f S e s a r a t h e r
'

t h a n o f V i S n u H im s e l f .
 45

i s i n se rte d f t e r P ar as u r am a as t h e e i gh t h of t h e t e n
a
'

A v a t ar a s i ns t e a d o f t h e fi rs t (H a m s a ) who i s o m i tt ed

fl
.

N o 7 K a p i l a i s a ccord i ng t o o u r S a mh i t a (5 6
.
, , , th e .

S am kh y a ph i losoph e r a n d he i s ev iden t ly t h e s a m e as ,

K ap i l a t h e t e a ch e r o f t h e N ag a k i ngs r e fe r r e d t o
e ls e wh e r e be non e e ls e
1
No I O
. K r o d at m a n
. c an, , ,

t o j udg e fro m S att v a t a S 1 2 l t h a n Vi n u . . 4 5 .

, s

as th e Y aj na v a r ah a o r Y aj fi a s uka ra
-
a p a r ti -
,

on l ar a spec t of t h e B o a r i nc a rn a t i o n T he d e s c r i p .

t i on , in 56 of no 2 4 L ok an at h a po i n t s t o
. 3 5 .
, ,

M a n n Va i v a s v a t a w h o w as s a ved fro m t h e d e lug e

by B r a h m an a s a fi sh a n d m a d e t h e [ s e con d a ry ]
cre at or o f al l l i v i ng be i ngs No 2 0 K an t at m a n is d e s . .
, ,

c r ib e d i n S at t v a t a S (1 2 fi l ) a s a be a u t i ful you t h
. . as .

”
w i t h ey e s u ns t e a dy by love e t c t h at i s t o s ay a s
“
, .
,

P r a d y u m n a o r K am a r e born (a f t e r h i s d e s t ruc t i on by
,

S i v a) a s t h e son of Kr n a B u t i n A hi r b u d h n y a S
'
s . .

e pith e t I mr t t c a rry i ng
( 5 6 ) h h h “
.
8 e a s t e (x f

n e c t a r wh i ch s e e m s r at h e r t o po i n t t o D h a nv a n t a r i ,

t h e phys i c i a n o f t h e gods or t o D a d h i b h a kt a No 2 6 i

, .
,

D at t at r e y a i s t h e w e ll known s a g e s o n o f A t r i a n d
,
-
,

A n a s uy a N o 3 7 Ve d av id i s a ccord i n g t o S at t v a t a S
. .
, , , .

h e f a m ous V ed a V as a A l l of hese
( 1 2. 1 5 4 t y t ar e -
.

a m ong t h e t wen t y t w o A v at ar a s e nu m er a t ed i n t h e
-

Bh ag av at a Pur an a (1 suppos i ng t h a t K r od at m a n m ay
,

be i den t i fied w i t h Y aj fi a K an t at m a n w i t h D h a nv a n t a r i , ,

a n d L o k a n at h a w i t h P ur u a ( t h e M a le or Progen i t or ) T h e

fl
s .

fol lowi ng a r e al so Pur an i c : Dhruv a (No t h e B i an d . s

pol a r s t a r c e lebr t e d i n S at t v at a S 9
, a ,
a s t h e be a rer . . 1 0 5 ,

P ad m a Tan t r a 1, 1 . 23 ] . V i s u u t i l a k a 1 1 , 1 7 0 il l . e tc .

Note es p ec a i ll y r u zf
mj u an d suf
y a vru
-
m .

Se e bel o w , n ot e Ii , o n n o . 1 8, n e x t p a
ge .
 46

of th e dh ara S a k t i ; Vag i s v ar a (no

A
'
w h o is
’
.

H aya s i r s a or H ay a g r i v a ; a n d S an t at m an (no i f he .

i s a s m ay be supposed e it her San a t k u m ar a (S a n a k a ) or

, ,

N ara d a as t h e expound er o f t h e S at t v at a sys t e m .

2

S ak t y at m a n (no 4 ) i s Vi s n u a s i cch d p a dh a m
'
- -
.

v at a S h a t i s a ssu m i n g t h e p a r t i cul a r for m

( S at t 1 2 t . .
,

requ i red for pl e as i ng so m e devo t ee Vi d y ad h i d e v a t h e .

,

Lord of Vi r aj i s t h e four f a ced B r a h m an

.
N o 8 is -
. .

Vi s n u i n t h e for m i n wh i ch H e a p pe a rs t o A rj un a i n t h e
f am ous Vi s v ar up a A d h y ay a (1 1 ) of t h e B h ag av ad Gi t a -
.

No 1 1 i s A u r v a No 1 2 i s Vi n u a s d h a r ma person i fied
. . . s .

No 1 8 a lso c a lled A m r t ah ar a n a i s V i s n u as t h e
.
, ,

res t or e r of i m m or t al i t y t o t h e g od s f N o 1 9 i s V i n u ’

. s

as t h e husb a n d of L ak m i (who t hr e w herself i n t o H i s s

a r m s when she e m erged fro m t h e oce a n ) Nos 2 1 a n d . .

22 ar e V i s n u conqu e r i ng respec t i vely R ahu a n d

K al a n e m i No 2 3 fi n ally i s Kr n a w res t i ng fro m
. .
, , s

I ndr a t h e celes t i a l t ree .

T h e e nu m e r a t i on o f ex a c t ly t h i r t y n i ne A v at ar a s -
,

an d t h e i ns i s t ence upon this n u m ber a l so i n t h e

m a n fr chl l u i u i n bo t h t h e S a m h i t as co ncern e d s e e m s t o
'

e v ,

prov e t h a t t h e nu m be r i s m e a n t t o be e xh a us t i ve Th i s .

i m press i on i s n o t re m o v ed by Var av a r a m u n i s s t at e m en t
’
,

in h is co mm en t a ry o n T a tt v at r ay a (ed p . .

1
Of A h i r b u d h n y a S a mh i t a, ad h y
.
. VIII , 31 fil .
, wh e re , h ow e ve r ,

th e te r m h as a m u c h w i e s en s e d r .

2
Th e on l
y de cr ipt i
s on f S an t at m an i s i n S at t v at a S X I I , 1 1 0
o
'
.

H av in g
a m in d f ll f
u o co m p
as s i on , ca rry
i n g t h e c o n ch a n d l o t u s i n
h is h an ds , s h ow in g the r f d p
t h e e ol at h of n ow l e k
g e , e n u n c i a t i on , d r
a n d v i rt u o u s deeds .

3
Of t h e s t ry
. t h e c h u n i n g of t h e o ce a n
o of r T h e e ith e t p
w ou l d al s o fi t D ad h i b h ak t a t o w h o m n a is s ai I dr d to ow e th e
A m rt a, an d who
V i s v a k s e n a S , I n c ci t ,
is
.
m e n t ion e
.
i
am o n g
'
p
t h e c h ie
1 3 5 (D m l l u l h a ki a s m ( e r e s o
.
'

of rd y
d
'

p
Z f
G r
A v a t ar as i n
d u r e l h u s to h n r ta
-

the
p ra d a l )
g A m r.t a h ar a n a is , t h i l , an e i t h et a u da as

s t e al e r
of A m r t a .
P a r a s u r am a, t h e V a su c a lled P av a k a , an d Kub e r a , the

g d o r i chesof .

A s for t h e or i g i n o f t h e A v a t ar a s Vi s va k s e n a S a m ,

h i t a decl a res t h at al l o f t he m spr i ng fro m A n i r u d d h a ,

e i t her d i rec t ly o r i nd i r e c t ly e x a m ples of t h e l at t er cl a ss ,

be i ng M ah e s v a r a (S iv a ) w h o d e scend s fro m A n i r u d d h a
’

t h rough B r a h m an an d H ay a s i ra s wh o co m e s fro m t h e
,

Fi sh w h o h i m s e l f spr i ngs fro m t h e d i r e c t A v a t ar a Kr s n a

, .

A ccord i ng t o L a k s m i T a n t r a a lso (2 ) a l l t h e V i b ha v a s ,5 5

descen d fro m A n i r u d d h a P ad m a T a n t r a on t h e o t her .

,

h a nd s ays (I 2 , HI ) t h at o f t h e t e n A v at ara s t h e
, . 3 1 .

F i sh t h e Tor t o i s e an d t h e B o a r h ave sprung fro m V as u

, ,
2

d e va t h e M a n l i on D wa rf S r i r am a a n d P a r as ur am a
-
, ,
'

fro m S am k a r s an a B al a r am a fro m Pr a dy i m n a ; a n d
Kr n a a n d K a lk i fro m A n i r u d d h a ; a n d i t i nd i c at es t h at
s

t h e o t h e r A v at ar a s a r e t o be d i s t r i bu t e d i n a s i m i l a r w ay
3
.

The A v at ar as a r e n ot confi ned to h u m a n an d a n i m a l

for m s t h e veg e t a ble k i ngdo m i s so m e t i m es chosen as m ,

t h e c a se o f t h e crooked m a ngo t r e e i n t h e D a nd k a -
a

For e s t m en t i oned by Vi s v a k s e n a S (l oc ci t p 1 3 0 ) . .
, .

a s a n i ns t a nce of t h i s cl a ss o f i nc a rn a t i on s .

E ven a m ong i n a n i m a t e obj ec t s a n i m a g e of Kr n a s ,

t h e M a n l i on G a rud a e t c beco m es a n A v at ar a o f
-
, , .
,

Vi n u (e ndow d w i t h a c e r t ai n m i r aculous pow e r f e l t

s e

by t h e worsh i p per ) a s soon a s i t i s d uly c ons e cr at ed

a ccord i n g t o t h e P anc ar at r a r i t es i t be i ng s upposed t h a t ,

P d f t h q l it y f m k i g h r t i t h r f r
os s e s s e o e ua ll d o a n e e cs , e e o e ca e

t h e b e w il d e r e r
“
mo han a
2
r
T h at i s , t h e t h e e m a n i e s t at i o n s o f f
a a a t i m e n t i on e i n th e Pr j p d
'
S a t ap at h a Br
ah m a n a (D o w s o n , H i n d u C l a s w ca l D i c ti on a r y , s u b oc e
'

v
A v at a a r ) .

P u r u s a , Sat a , A r u t a, u
3
y
h a, D y B dd as
'
A r
ar h a , S a u i , n o a , H a
’
n s
’
ya
g i rv
a , N rs i mh a S a nk h o d a r a , V i s v a k s e n a
'

V rs ak ap i , A d i v a r ah a .
 49

Vi s nu , ow i ng o m n i po t ence i s c ap a bl e of descend
t o H is ,
”
ing i n t o such i m a ges w i t h a por t i on o f H i s S a kti t h at '
,

i s w i t h a s ub t le d i v i ne n o n n at ur a l body 1
-
.
,

Th i s i s t h e A r c a A v a t a r a or i nc a rn at i on f o r
t h e p urposes o f ord i n a y worsh i p I t i s e xh a us t i vel y
r
.

t re at ed i n Vi s v a k s e n a S a m h i t a ( l oc ci t pp 1 2 2 a n d .
, .

There i s fin ally t h e A n t a r v a m i A v a t a r a
, , ,

wh i ch i s A n i r u d d h a as t h e I n ner Ruler of al l soul s

a ve r y o l d concep t i on b a sed on
2
n i / a n td S a l U t i e h i n d n )
( g
’ "
L -
( l

a f a m ous U p a n i s a d p a ss a ge T he A n t a ry ami n i s t h e m y s .

t e r i o u s power wh i ch a ppe a rs a s i n s t i nc t a n d t h e l i ke a n d ,
”
wh i ch a s t h e s m okeless fl a m e se at ed i n t h e lo t u s “

”
o f t h e he a r t p l ays an i m por t a n t p ar t i n Y og a pr a c ti ce .

T h e A v a t ar as i nclud i ng t hose wh i ch belong t o t h e

,

p a s t i n so f ar as t he i r v i s i b i l i t y o n e a r t h i s concerned ar e ,

held t o be e t ern a l aspec t s of Vi s n u wh i ch a r e a lw ays

help ful if p roperly m ed i t at ed upon I t i s i n deed fo r .
, ,

m ed i t at i on m ore t h a n for a ny t h i ng else t h at V i s n u i s b e

l i e v e d t o h ave m a n i fes t ed H i m self under d i fferen t for m s .

T o Pure C re at i on t h i rdly belongs t h e p a r a ma , ,

cy z om a n H ig h e s t H e av e n
, o r Va i ku n th a wit h s

a l l t h e b e i ngs a n d obj ec t s con t a i ned i n i t Th i s H i ghes t .

Th e pr
e s e n ce o f G o d a s a V i b h a v a i n
g en e ate o i e s s u c h as r db d
t h os e o f R
am a a n d s na i s al s o eKr xp
l ai n e i n t h i s w ay s e e Y at D i p d . .

ed . p r
5 3 w h e e t h is i s t h e an s w e t o t h e u e s t ion
.
“
r
H o w c an t h e e q r
b e a u n ct ionj b
e t w e e n t h e n a t u a l an d t h e n o n n a t u a l r
(p r d kr ta r

fl
-

a r d kr ta s a i zz s a r g a l i ka t h a m f )
p
-
.

2
V i s v ak s e n a S l oc . . ci t , p . 1 22 .

3
T h i s con c e t i o n o f G o d p r d
e s i i n g i n t h e s ou l b u t n o t i e n t i cal d
w ith it w il l b e ou n f d
t o b e e s o n s i l e f or t h e a r p b
a e n t A d v ai t i s m pp r
of a g oo d p
m an y as s ag e s i n t h e P anc ar at r a l i t e at u e r r .

Se e , 21 VI
l o f A h i r b S a mh i t a T h i s i s t h e s e con d h ig h e s t i n
. .
-

k
.

t h e l i s t o f T at t v a s , L a s m i T a n t r a VI
, 43 , e n u m e r at i n g : t h e L o rd ,

k
.

H i g h e s t H e a v e n , t h e P u r u s a , S a t i , N iy at i , e t c
'
F o r e g om a n , l i t . .

s p a ce , s p e r e
h t h e s y n on y m s (i kd s a , n a b/m s , e t c , ar e a l s o u s e d cf
'
.
. .

l oc . ci t , VII , 9 .

5
T h is n am e is am b ig u ou s i n t h at i t a l s o de n ot e s , a n d m or e o ft e n

s o, th e (l o w e r ) h e a v e n of V i s n u i n Sa ty a l o a, -
k w h i ch i s a r e fl e ct i o n,
 50

He a ven h as n o t h i ng t o do w i t h an y of t h e t e m por al
he aven s for m i ng t h e up per spher e s o f t h e Cos m i c E gg .

Th i s i s i nd i c at e d by i t s be i ng c alled T rip ml vi bhi i ti m a n i -

'

f e s t a t i o n of t h e t hree four t hs [ o f God ] i n con t r a d i s t i nc t -

i o n t o t h e on e fou r t h w i t h wh i ch A n i r u d d h a cre at es t h e
-

Cos m i c E g g The H i gh es t H e aven i n t h at i t i s n o t

.
,
” ”
re ached at L i ber at i on un t i l a f t er t h e shell o r w all
, ,

o f t h e C os m i c E g h a s bee n p i erce d i s defi ned a s

g
i nfin i t e a bove l i m i t ed b e lo w
“ 1

, .

T h e H i ghes t He a ve n w i t h i t s i nh a b i t a n t s co m es
2

i n t o ex i s t ence t oge t her w i t h t h e Vy uh as ; a n d when a t ,

t h e t i m e o f t h e G re at D i ssol u t i on t h e Cos m i c E ggs d i s ,

a ppe a r an d L aks mi beco m e s i nd i s t i ngu i sh a ble fro m t h e

Lord ,i t i s of course a l so w i t h d r a w n f
“

, ,

B u t t h e re i s a lso a no t her ev i den t ly l at er v i ew , , ,

a ccord i ng t o wh i ch t h e H i gh e s t He a ve n ( i nclud i ng o f ,

cours e t h e d i v i ne couple ) i s n ot affec t e d by t h e Gr e at

,

D i ssol u t i on Wi t h t h i s secon d v i ew i s prob ably con nec t

.

ed t h e d i s t i nc t i on b e t ween t h e H i ghes t H e ave n a n d t h e

world a s n i tya c ibh zl ti a n d l i l d c i bh zi ti e t ern a l m a n i
i
‘’
“
- -
,

f e s t ation an d pl ay m a n i fes t at i on ( m a n ife s t at i on “

-
z

o f t h e pl a y of God t h at i s t h e world )
0
, , .

en m i n i a tu r e , o f t h e H i g h e s t H e a e n — a n d oc c a s i on a l l e v y ve n t h at
w h ol e s h e e p r i s nu l o a i s a n e u al l
. V
a m i u ou s
g t e m -
k q y b r . Som e
S a mh i t as c on n e c t e a c h V y uh a w i t h a a t i cu l a h ea en ; p r r v see, f or
i n s t a n ce , V i h a g e n d r a S a mh i t a, II , 20 .

S ci vi bh i i ti r for d ]? z a a d /z a l i -p r a cl e s e p a r i cchi m i d ;
’

' ‘ ’

Y at D ip ed p 5 3 Th e j o r e y of t h e l i b r a t e d
u n e s ou l to the

fl
. .
, , .

b d a ry
ou n of the C os m i c E g g a d f rt h e r o
n u i s d e cr i b e d n , s w it h in n it e fi

fl
d e t ail i n ch a pt e rs 5 to 7 of T r i p ad v i b h ut i m ah an ar ay a na Up an i s a d .

2
A m o n g w h om a l s o t h e l i e a t e b r d s o l s e r e pr
u ar es en te d fr m o

the b e in n i n
g g , n am e l y t h os e i n n u m e by r b l e o e s l i b e r at e d
a n in f or m e r
K al p as ; P Pr k .
’
VI
a as a S , 7 . .

a bov e be i p
3
S ee
g i g , nn n o f s e ct i o n 2, . 29 l .

P Pr k a S I 1 4
. a s a
'
.
, : Vt i i k u zz i d d i v i h ar a m h i m} .

O r b /z o g a -
v i bl z t
'
l t i , T a t t v a t r ay a ed . p . 76 .

0
Cf . p . 5 3 , ou r e xp l a n a t i on of th e te m s r n i l g id i i a
r an d S d n f ficl i ta
’ '

.
 51

In H i ghes t He aven t h ere i s j u s t a s o n e a r t h a

th e , ,

d i s t i n c t i on b e t ween m at t e r a n d souls For t h e soul s .

w i t hou t m at t er wo u l d h ave n o obj ec t s o f enj oy m en t

T he he a venly m at t er ho wever or p ure m at t e r
, ,

( s
'
ud d /m s a ttc a -
) a s i t i s c,a lled i s n ot a m i x t ure of t h e ,

t h ree G u n a s n or t h e S at t v a G u n a w i t hou t an a d m i x t ure

,

o f t h e o t her Gu n a s t hough i t i s so m e t i m es unders t ood i n

.

t h e l a t t er s e nse The H i gh es t He aven co m i ng i n t o

.

ex is t e nce t oge t her w it h t h e Vy i i h as (6 i t i s cle a r

'

. 2 1

t h at t h e S a t t v a Gun a wh i ch or ig i n a t es m uch l a t e r
, ,

n a m ely only fro m K al a (T i m e ) c an h a v e no t h i ng t o d o 1

w i t h i t P ure M at t er t h e n i s a sor t o f sp i r it u a l m a t t er
.
, ,

wh i ch ex i s t s nowhere excep t i n P ure Cre at i o n I t i s a .

n ec e ss ary hypo t hes i s f or e xpl ai n i ng : (1 ) t h e n on n at ur al -

i d kr m bod i es o f G od t h e a n gel s an d l i b e r at ed souls ;

( p
a
)
'
-
, ,
”
e presence C y of V
an d
()
2 h i n th e i a ik u n t h a of
“
t t , ,
”
i n an i m at e obj ec t s t o w i t i n s t ru m e n t s o f e nj oy m e n t
“
, ,
”
such a s s a nd a l flow e rs j ewels e tc, an d, pl a ces of e njoy , .
2

m en t such a s p a rks lo t us t a n ks p av il i ons e t c Pur e 3

-
, , , .

m at t er i s sp i r i t u a l t h at i s o f t h e n a t ure o f Knowledge
,
”
an d B l i ss (6 i n s
. o f ar
2 2 , as i t i s n owhere a n

obs t acle t o t h e m i n d b u t co n s i s t s o n t h e con t r a ry o f

, , ,

n o t h i n g b u t w i sh e s m a t er i a l i sed I t i s as i t w ere t h e .
, ,
”
sol i d i fied splendour (S i g/ (i n d p r a bh d ) of P ure C re a ti on
(6 . 2 1

T h e m os t
pro m i nen t figure i n H i ghes t He a ven i s
”
God H i m sel f i n H i s p a r a o r h i ghes t for m wh i ch i s t h e ,

firs t o f h i s fi v e p r ak ar as or m od e s of ex i s t ence t h e o t her ,

four be i ng t h e Vy uh as an d t h e t h ree k i nds o f A v a t ar a s

S b l w ti 3 f th i p rt f I tr d ti
Z
ee e o s ec on o s a o our n o uc on .

2 On e e d it i
Y at D i p i n c l u d e s w om e n (i a d h i ) l
on of . .

3
Cf , f or (I ) t h e j ii cmd a m z d a m a y fi (l e h ffig, a n d f o r (2 ) t h e ! M a n d a
. , ,

m a y d bh og d l i a n d ci n a n d a l a ks a n d l okd h m e n t i on e d i n , 2 L an d 2 3 VI
r e s p of A h i r b u d h n y a S a mh it a
. .
 52

t re at e d o f a b ove He assu m es t h i s for m as a roo t o f h i s

.
1

i n nu m er a ble A v a t ar as a n d esp e c i a lly for t h e enj oy 2

m e n t o f t h e a n g e l s an d t h e l i ber at ed
3
.

The D i v i n e F igure i s a dorned w it h n i ne ch i ef orn a

m en t s an d we a pons wh i ch sy m bol i c ally rep resen t t h e p r i n ,

c i p l e s o f t h e u n i verse n a m ely t h e K au s t u b h a (a j ewel ,

worn on t h e bre a s t ) souls t h e S r i v at s a (a curl o f ,

'

h ai r o n t h e b r e a s t ) P r ak r t i a cl u s a h at a conch
:
, ,

t h e S at t v i c A h a mk ar a a b o w =t h e T am a s i c A h a m k ar a a , ,

s w or d k n ow l e d g e i t s s h e at h i g n o r a n c e t h e d i scus
z
,
z
,

th e m i nd th e ar r o w s =
, th e senses a g ar l a n d t h e ,
z

ele m en t s T hese we apon s an d orn a m en t s a r e n ot

.
5

m erely reg a rded as sy m bol s b u t a l so a s a c t u a l ly con

n e ct e d
(a s p res i d i ng de i t i es o r t h e l i ke ) w i t h t h e T at

t v a s t hey represen t I n t h i s sen se we re ad f o r i n s t a nce

.
, .

in Vi s n u t i l ak a ) t h at d u r i ng t h e u n i vers al
9 -
8 1

”
n i gh t t h e soul i n t h e for m o f t h e K au s t u b h a res t s i n
“

1
M a m a p r a kd i d l z p a ii cé ti p r d h a i i e cl an ta
'

p ar a g al z , V i s v S , l oo
-
. . .

ci t , p . 1 22 . Cf . a b o v e pp . 2 4 H] . ou r e xp l a n at i o n o f t h e n am e
P ancar at r a

fl
.

2
A T at t v at r ay a e d pp 1 1 8 1 1 9
n a n t av a t d r a - ka n d a , I n V ih a . .
-
.

g en dra S , 1 5 t
. h e SII
ak s at S a t i i s cal l e d m fi i i i vi a z gi b ij a m a i
'

ya y a mk .

3
Th e p a r a f o r m o f G o d i s f o u r a r m e d a n d of d a r b l u e co m -
k -

p l e x i on (V i s v S , l oc ci t p 1 3 6 , P ad m a T a n t r a , 2 , 1 3 an d . . I
a
. .

I t h as s p r u n g , acc o rd i n g t o P ad m T a n t r a ( , s e c on d a d h y ay a ; cf I .

II
fro m a s t i l l h i g h e r , t h e v e ry fir s t , f o r m of G od

fl
V i s n u t il ak a , 5 l .

i
(7 ap a m a d ya i g s a n ata n a m ; V i s n u t il a k a , 10 : Vas a d e c d h v a y a q i II
X III
L , 7 m a fi a ]; p ar a m a bh d s va i a m ) w h i ch

fl
m a fi a ]; cf A h i r b S a m h ,
. .

i s t w o h an d e d (cf V ih ag e n d r a S
-
,
. o f t h e c ol o u r o f a p u r e . II
y
c r s t al , a n d cl a d i n a y e l l ow ro b e j u s t a s t h e S u d ar s an a P a r a s a
’

(m a n t r a ta m ” B h a g ai an ) r e s i d i n g i n V a i k u n th a w h o a pp e a r s t o
-

A h ir b u d h n y a , L 22 l (cf X IV L 9 T h is is t h e .
b e s t of X III
H ig h e s t L ig h t s e e n by Br a h m an i n m e d i t a t i o n
”
P u r u s as an d t h e

(P ad m a T an t r a , 3 1 6 l ) an d I
e v e r t o b e r e m e m b e r e d by
, . o in s
g Y
a s s e at e d i n t h e l ot u s of t h e h e a r t t h at i s , e v i d e n t l y , t h e A n t ar
y am i n p l a c e d h e r e a b o v e t h e P ar a T h i s f or m , a g a i n , h a s o r ig i n a t e d .

fr o m t h at w h i c h h as a l l f o rm s an d n o f or m Br ah m an w i t h ou t
b e g i n n i n g , m i dd l e or e n d
Se e ne xt s e c t i on of th is I tr d n o u ct i o n
5
T h e g e at au t h o i t r
on t h i s s u e ct r y bj 18 f or al l l at e r w r it e r s t h e
A s t r a b h fi s a n a A d h y ay a of V i sn u u an a ( P r I ,
 53

t he splendour of B r ah m a n fro m wh i ch i t i s ag ai n sen t o u t

i n t o t h e worl d (p r ap a fi ci ta ) at t h e b e g i nn i ng o f t h e new '

cos m i c d ay i n order t o re t urn once m ore n d f or ever a

when i t i s l i ber at ed .

God as P a r a i s so m e t i m es i den t i fied wit h an d ,

so m e t i m e s d i s t i ngu i shed fro m t h e Vy uh a V asudev a , .

t en t h e t w o a re d i s t i ngu i shed whe t her a s n i tyé l i ta , c

”
ever m a n i fes t a n d s an tdd i ta per i od i c ally m a n i fes t
-
'

o r o t herw i s e t h e Vy uh a V asudev a i s s ai d t o h a ve sprung

“

fro m t h e P a r a V asudev a who ag ai n m ay be i den t i fied , ,

w i t h or [ m or e correc t ly ] d is t i ngu i shed f r om t h e A h

, n
,

sol u t e (P u r u s a B r ah m a n N ar ay a n a e t c ) , P ad m a , , .
3
.

T a n t r a descr i bes t h e P a r a V asudev a a s d i v i d i ng h i m sel f

”
for so m e re aso n a n d beco m i ng wi t h o n e h a lf t h e
”
Vy fi h a V asudev a cry s t a l l i ke a n d w i t h t h e o t her
,
-
,

N ar ay a n a bl ack a s a cloud t h e cre at or of t h e

,
“

pr i m ev al w at ers

fl
G o d a s P ar a i s s ai d t o be a l w ays i n t h e co m p a ny
’
of h is consor t S ri (L aks mi ) o r of l u s w 1 v e s S ri an d ,
’

’
B h um i o r o f S r i B h fi m i an d N 11a or even o f e i gh t o r
, , , ,

i
N i ty é d i tat s a m b a bh wa i a z d s d n tfid i to H a r i l p , V i s v a k s e n a S
'

l oc ci t ,
. p
1 3 3 , cf
.
'
. p
1 36 B ai z i a m l i t a , s e t an d i s e n
. . i s a T at p u r u s a
-
r
com ou n p d
of t h e V i s e s a nob h a y a p a d a c l a s s , cf s n at i n a l ip ta , e t c
’
Th e . .

c o m m , I oc ci t ,
. . p
1 3 3 , g i e s n o e t m o l o g i ca l e
. v
l an at i on , b u t m e e l y xp r y
p r p r
a a h as e s t h e t w o t e ms r by
m e an s o f n i i y a m u ki a a n u bh ac y a an d - -

S a m ka r s a p a vy fi h a kar a gz a bh a ta
pr e s s i on s n i f a c i b h zi ti a n d
y
e s e ct i e l
-

i l a c i b h ati
-
y Cf a o e
'

Z
50 t h e e xr p
-
v
,
. . b v p .

2 P ad m a 2 1 6 fl]
T an t c ra I
f V i s nu t i l ak a , 1 1
, . H e re t h e
. . II .

P a r a i s n ot n i fya , e t e r n al b u t a p e r i o d i c a l m a n i f e s t at i o n l i e t h e k
V y uh a V
as u d e v a T h i s i s , of n e c e s s i t y , al s o t h e s t a n dp o i n t o f t h e
.

‘fi
A h ir b S a mh w h i , c h h o w e v r,
e i n c a l l i n
g t h e A b s ol u t e n i z y d i i a
k
. .

(II , 2 5 ) a n d L a s m i u d i t am i d i t akam n i m e s dn m es a r it i z z i
p ( , 6 ) b ut III
a ai n t h e
g V y f i h as n i fy dd i f a ( ,
i IX
s n ot c o n s i s t e n t i n t h e u s e

of th es e te m s r .

3
Th e t wo ar e cl e a rl y d i s t i n
g u is h e d i n P ad m a T a n t r a (s e e
n ot e 3 on p . al s o in P Pr k a. a
’
s a S I .
,
’ ‘
P u r u s ad Vci s u d e r o bh az ,
ca tr ai o
'

by a bh a c a i p s ta ta k .

V i s nu t il ak a , h ow e v e r (I I , 11 df
m o i yin g t h is a cco u n t ,

i d en t i fi e s t h e P ar a w it h N aray a na .
 54

of wel ve S ak t i s The f i r s t of t hese v i ews i s n at ur ally

t
’
.

f avoured i n s uch works as A h i r b u d h n y a S am h i t a ,

”
wh i ch m ake S ak t i a r e al ph i losoph i c a l pr i nc i ple '
Th e .

s e c o md v i ew i s b a sed (i n a r at her s t r ai ned m a nner ) o n

3

the we i gh t y a u t hori t y o f t h e U tt a r a n ar ay a n a (en d )

w h i ch i s t h e con t i nu at i on i n t h e Wh i t e Y a j urved a o f t h e ,
°

P u ru s a S u kta The t h i r (1 vi ew i s t h e one adop t ed i n

.

t h e l at e r V i s i s t ad v ai t a wh ere ho w eve r i t pl ays such r

’
'
, , ,

a n i ns i gn i fic a n t p a r t t h at f o r i ns t a n ce i n T a t t v a t r a t h i s
y , ,

i s t h e only i t e m con nec t ed w i t h t h e P a r a V asudev a

wh i ch i s m en t i oned b u t n ot expl ai ned I t i s a pp aren t ly .
6

n ot found at al l i n t h e older S a m h i t a l i t er at ure I t i s .

7
,

however e xpou nded at so m e leng t h i n o n e o f t h e M i nor

,

U p a n i s a d s n am ely S i t a U p a n i a d where (as i n Vi h ag e n d r a

, s ,

S 2 ) S ri B h u m i an d N i l a ar e i den t i fied respec t i vely

. . s
'

, ,

w i t h t h e I cch a K r iy a a n d S ak s at S ak t i of t h e Devi ; , ,
'

S r i rep resen t i ng good luck B l ui m i m igh t

S A h i b S mh V I 2 5 i x 3 1 xxx v 1 5 5 L k m i T
ee r . a tr .
, , , a s an a

vn ,9 10 -
.

2
T h i s , o f co u s e , o e s r d n ot e x cl d u e th e a d m i s s io n of th e e x i s t e n ce ,
in r S a k t i s f XXVIII 85 f A h i b S a mh i t a
H i g h e s t H e a e n , of m i n o v '
c .
, o r .
,
en j i i g t h t t h e w o r s h i p of G od h l d b e f ol l ow e d by t h t f
o n n a s ou a o

t h e g o d a d [ t h i r ] S a k t i (s t z i y o i t d g ) f r m i g H i r e t i u e
‘ '
'
s n e s a -
s i z o n s n .

P ad m a T a t r a I 2 46 P a am e s a a S I 7 w h e r B h um i i s
3
n , . r
'
v r .
, , e

ca l l e d P ti (L k m i p zyol us fip e c ai ty B h g s ta h ) as i sc a i a n e a a va sa a .

V i h ag e d a S
2
2 d ad h y ay a ; P
n r Pr a k as a S I .
, 59 ; n .
’
.
,
-

P a r as ’
ar a S .
,a d hy 8 to 10 . .

T at t v at r ay a , e d . pp . 85 , 1 2 2 ; Y at D i p . .
,e d . p . 84 .

6
Th e c om m . ma k es a f ut il e at t e m pt at e xc u s in
g the au t h o , r
ed . p . 1 22 .

7 Th e co m m . b ot h of
d Y a t D i p h a e n o ot h e T at t v at r ay a an . . v r
r y
S m rt i a u t h o i t f o r i t t h a n a s t a n z a of t h e S a i a u ana , t o w h i c h
'
v P r
th ey r
a d d , as
’
S uti u o t a t io n , t h e q
as s a e o f t h e U t t a r a n ar a a na
g y p
d b v
m e n t i o n e a o e , S r i n i v as a d as a e l ai n i n g t h at N i l a m u s t b e u n e
'
xp d r
t d p
s oo y
im l i cit l In a as a S (h a P Pr k
l e a l ie t h an t h e t w el t h
.
'
. rd y r r f
ry
ce n t u ) trh e t h e e S a t i s , e
g a e a s a s
'
e ct s of k r
t h e on e S a t i , rd d p '

k
ar e d
c on n e ct e w it h t h e s o u l s , t h e w h it e S r i t a i n g ca e of
'
k r
t h e s ou l s i n w h i c h t h e S at t a u na o m i n at e s , t h e r e d B h fi o f t h e v G d
R ja a s ic o n e s , an d t h e l ac ( l d ) D u g a of t h e T am as i c o n e s
mi b k r
58
 56

Pr i ti ( M ai t r i ) a n d Vi dy a ( Saras v ati ) a n d t h e t h i r t y
z
,
z

n i n t h by L a k sm i C i n t a ( M at i ) N i d r a a n d P u s t i ,
z
, .

O f t h e t w o cl a sses o f Ji v a s or i nd i v i d u a l souls 1

e x i s t i ng i n t h e H i ghes t H e aven t h e m ore ex a l t ed on es ,

a r e t h e s o c a ll e d N i t a s ( e t e rn a l o nes ) or S fi r i s
(s a ges
y
-
,

m a s t ers ) w h i ch t w o w ords c a n be f a i rly a ccur at ely

,
”
rendere d by a n g e l s They d iff er fro m t h e o t her 2

cl a ss t o be de a l t w i t h here af t er n ot i n p o i n t of kno w
ledge bo t h be i ng d ecl a red t o fully p a r ti c i p a te i n t h e
,

Lord s o m n i sc i enc e b u t (1 ) i n h av i ng bee n a lw ays free

’
,

fro m d e fi l e m e n t , a n d (2 ) i n hol d i ng p e rpe t u a lly 3

cer t ai n offices as co a dj u t ors o f t h e Lord T he du t i es .

l
“

t hey h a ve t o d i sch a rge a r e however s o m ys t er i ous t h at , ,

h ardly an y at t e m p t h as be e n m a de at defin i ng t h e s am e .

”
These a ngels a r e bes i d e s t h e door keepers an d t own ,
“
-

w at ch m en of t h e Holy C it y of Vaik u n t h a c a lled

”

respec ti vely C a nd a P r acan d a Bh adr a S u b h ad ra e t c , , , , , .

an d Ku m ud a K u m u d ak s a , P u n d a r i k a V am a n a e t c , t h e
5
, , , .

”
s e c a lled P ar s a d a s o r P ar i s ad a s t h at i s co m p a n ion s “
-
,

( re t i n ue
) o f God an d i n a dd i t i on t o
[ or a m on g,]
6

1
M e n t i on e d t o g e t h e r i n se v e r al p as s a
g es of A h ir b . S a mh , f or
i n s t an ce , I X , 30 ,

2
Th e e x is t e n ce of
th es e an
g el s is b as e d 0 11 s u ch sc r i p t r al
u

p
. ZZ
as s a
’
S LI U
'

y d
g
S v
Q L
es

e t a
—an
s
’
as

v a t ar a
the
'
f a m ou s Ta d
U
Vi s n u]; p a r a m a i gi p a d a zgi 8 0 t p a s’ya n t i
VI
p an i s a d , 1 3 N i tyo a i ty d w i m cci a n a s ’
,

c e l a m i n am c ko ba h t m ai n yo t

Z(
id a d h d i i Iran i an .

3
K ad a
pi sa ip s ar a m a
p p t d lj
rfi , a s
p s
r t a -
s a m s d i a -

g am
'
h / i li T att a v
t r ay a , ed p p 26,
. the . ot h e rs b e in
g on l y n i v r tt a -
s a m s ar d h wh o
h ave d on e w i t h t h e w o r l d (i b i d p .
, ,

cch a a i r t i a ml
2
Tes d m a d h i kar a v i s -
’
cs a is ’
va r a s
y a ait
y é y i tv e n a v
ya va
s l h d i t al , Y a t
p ] D i p , ed . . pp . 78 79 -
.

Y at D i p , e d
5
. 83 . p . .

2
T h e P ar i s a d as a r e i s t i n g u i s h e
‘
om d
u m u a , e t c , a s w e l l as d fr K d .

A n an t a , e t c , i n a m a T an t a
. P d
,2 3 6 40 , b u t o t e n t h e t e m i s r I -
f r
G r
,

use d
in a w i e s e n s e d r
I n Y at D i p , e d 84 ,
,
“
A n an t a , a u da , p
d rk p r
. , ,

V i s v ak s e n a , e t c a r e ca l l e N i ty a s , b u t n o t t h e
, oo d
ee e s an d -

w a t ch m e n
”
; s t il l , t h e e e in r b
g a m o n g t h e M u k t as n e i t h e o ffi c e r
b r r
e a e s n o r s o c i al d
i s t i n c t i o n s a t a l l (s e e e l o w) , t h e e s t c a n b e n o t h i n g b r
b u t N i t y as .
 57

the l at t er pro m i nen t be i n gs c all e d

th e t hree m or e
A n an t a , G a rud a an d Vi v ak s e n a O f t h e s e A n an t a
, s .
,
’
or S es a t h e serpen t i s t h e couch of Vi n u a n d G a rud a
, , s , ,
”
the k i ng o f b i rds h i s s o c al led v eh i cl e (c ab an a ) wh i l e ,
-
,

Vi sv ak s e n a t h e lord o f hos t s i s descr i bed as a sor t of

1

, ,

ch i ef m i n i s t e r t o G o d i n al l a ffai rs he avenly a n d
m und ane T h i s p a r t o f Vi sv ak s e n a if t a ken i n e a rn e s t
.
, ,

would see m t o cl ash w i t h t h e a c t i v i ti es o f t h e

Vy uh as ; a n d he a p pe a rs t o h a ve a c t u a l ly ous t ed
t he m in t h at sec t d e scr i bed i n t h e t h i r t i e t h
ch ap t er o f A n a n d ag i r i s S a ii l ca r a vij a ya w h i ch r e c om ’ '

.
,

m end s t h e worsh i p of h i m only wh o rules t h e “

whole un i verse l i ke a secon d A v at ar a o f t h e Lord

”
res i d i ng i n Vai kun t h a L a s t ly i t m us t be s t at ed t h at .
2

N i ty as c an i nc arn at e at w i ll i n t h e w orld j us t as ,

V i sn u H i m self .
3

The lower cl a ss o f i nh a b i t an t s o f t h e H i ghes t

He aven ar e t h e M u k t a s o r L i b e r a t e d They ar . e

descr i bed (6 ) as i n t e n sely r a d i at i ng sp i ri t u a l at o m s

. 2 7

o f t h e s i ze o f a tr a s a r cn a o e T h s
(m t i n a i
descr i p t i on i s e v i den t ly con nec t ed w i t h M ah abh X I I .
,

3 46 . H] w h ere i t i s s a i d t h at t h e l i ber a t e d beco m e

1 8 .

a t o m i c a f t er h a v i ng been b u rn ed u by t h e Sun ; an d i n s o
p

fl
C al l e d al o S e s as a a t h e e at e r of l e av i g s
s
'
a m e l y of G d
'
n n n , o ,

t h at i s pr e s m a b l y t h e e x e c t o r of H i s p l a s ; f t h e o m m e t a r i e
, u u n c . c n s,

T a t t v a t ay a e d p 2 8 ; t h e e xp l f t h e S e rp e t s a m
’
r , . at i o i bi l
. an n, t .
, o n n e

a pp r t e a ce of V i s nu
’
S e s a (t h e am l H i s b e d s e at e t c ) i
u
y n n , n e , , , . s

l it t l e c o v i c i g
n nV i s v ak s e a oc c r s i t h e s t r y a rr a t e d i ad h y
n . n u n o n n .

X LI of A h ir b . S a mh .
, s t a n z as 18 an d 30 l .

2
I bi cl i s m e n t i on e d a g o r g e o u s T e m p l e o f V i s v a k s e n a i n a
,

p l ace [ i n N or t h e r n I n d i a ] c al l e d M ar un d h a (s p e l t M ar u n d h a i n t h e
p oe t i cal p ar ap h r as e , A n an d as r am a S e r i e s n o 2 2 , p '
, ,

3
Cf . p , 44, n ot e 5 ,

S va i fi p am a p u m atr a m
y n] j a n n a n a a d a i ka l a ks a n a m I
2
s

tr as a r e i p a m ap d s
m ‘ -
te r a s m i koi i v i bh ag i t j 71 l l ,
’ - -
.
.

V i s v ak s e n a S , l oc ci t , . . p , 13 th e s e c on d h al f al s o in A h ir b . S a mh ,

VI , 27 ,

8
 58

f ar h s un doub t edly m e a n s t h at t h e l i ber at ed by

as t i
p ass i ng t hrough t h e Sun g e t r id of t he i r sub t le body ,

T at t v at r ay a (ed p 1 2 ) i s r i gh t i n t e a ch i ng t h e
. . at o mi

c i t y o f an y even t h e b o un d soul i f de scr i bed i n it self

, , , .
1

The l i ber at e d t hen ar e bod i less B u t t h i s only m e an s t h at

, , .

”
t hey h ave n o k a r m a m ad e body ; t hey can a ssu m e
“ -
,

when ever t hey l i ke a n on n at ur a l body or eve n ,

“
-
,

s i m ul t a n eou s ly sever a l such bod i es an d freely ro am 2

,
‘

a bou t i n t h e wh ol e world They a r e however excluded 3

.
, ,

fro m ac t u a l i n t erference i n worldly affai rs d i fferi ng

i n t h i s respec t fro m t h e a n gels as a lre a dy n o t i ced , .

A m ong t h e M u k tas t here ex i s t s no gr ad at i on o r so ci a l

d i ff erence o f an y k i nd t hey be i ng as equ a l essen t i ally , ,

as f or i n s t a nce gr ai n s of r i ce s t i ll t he i r m ode of l i fe 5

d iffers by t h e d i fference o f devo t i on al i ncl i n at i on s

p reserved fro m t he i r l a s t e a r t h ly ex i s t ence Wh at ever .

for m [ of God ] t h e devo t ee h a s been at t a ched t o i n h i s

m un d a ne ex i s t ence t h at k i nd does he behol d as an i n h a b
,
”
i t an t of t h e H i ghes t He aven We are n ot t ol d .
6

whe t her t h e l i ber at ed h ave an y i n t ercourse w i t h e ach

o t her b u t if t h e bod i es of P it r s (a nces t ors e t c l os t by
, , .
,

de at h ) ar e cre a t ed f or t he m by G o d an d i f as i s of t en 7
, ,

s ai d t hey ar e i n t en t u pon no t h i ng b u t serv ic e (Isa i a

,

ka rya ) t o G o d , t hen i ndeed t hey ar e pr ac t i c a lly a lon e

f
, ,

wi t h t he i r G o d .

T h e s ou l
2
is al s o c i bhu , in s p it e of it s at o m i c i t y ; s ee be l ow

s e c t i on 6 of t h i s p rta o f ou r I tr d
n o u c t i on ,

A s
2
o in s
g Y d o a l r e a dy w h i l e s t i l l
c an ali v e , t h e c l a s s i c al
e x am p l e b e i n g t h at of S a u b h a r i (T a t t v at r a y a c d .
,p 3 1 , Y at D i p e d ,
, . . .

p .

3
Y at D i p c d , p 7 8
. , , , ,

Y at D i p , p 7 8 ; cf
. , , Br ah m a S li t r a IV , 4, 1 7 ,

5
T at t v at r ay a , e d . p . 33 .

2
A h ir b . S amh . VI , 29 30
-
.

7
Y at D i p
. .
, e d . p . 53 .
 59

The Vi s i stad v ai t a t e ach es t h at t her e

'
secon d ex i s t s a

c l a ss o f M u kt as n a m ely t h e s o c alled K e v al as or excl u

,
-

” ”
s i ve ones who ar e a c t u a lly a l t og e t h e r i sol at ed bec a use
,
“

t hey h a ve r e ached L i ber a t i on n ot by devo t i on t o God , ,

b ut by cons t a n t m ed i t at i on upon t h e r e a l n at ure o f t h e i r

o w n soul Th e y a r e s ai d t o be l i v i n g l ike th e w i fe “
.
,
”
w h o h as los t her h usb a nd i n so m e corner ou t s i d e “
,

bo t h t h e H i ghes t H e a ven an d t h e Cos mi c E gg We h ave .

1

so f ar n ot found t h i s doc t r i ne i n a n y of t h e P é fi c ar at r a
S a m h i t as b u t should n ot b e s urpr i sed if i t were eve n
t u al l y d i scover e d i n o n e o r sever a l of t he m .

3 . IN T E R M E D I A T E C R E A TIO N

(Jc ol u ti m g )
i , S econ d S ta e

B a sed C re at i on b u t perfor m ed w i t h
on P u re
2

on l y o n e m yr i ad t h p a r t of t h e i n fi ni t ely s m all por t io n of

d i vi ne energy e m ployed i n i t is t h at o t her m an i fes t at i on "

of t h e B h u t i S a k t i wh i c h i s d iff eren t fro m t h e p ure

'

”
t h at is p a r t ly m i xed a n d p a r t ly “
on e ,
”
“
i m pure 2 n a m ely t h e K ut a s t h a B uru sa a n d t h e M ay a
2
Y at D i p , e d
. , , p . 7 6 , T at t v a t r ay a , e d , pp , 2 8, 1 2 1 ,

2
Ta n m itl a i i a , '

VI , 7 ,

3
III , 27 ; L ak s m i T an t r a IV , 35 ,

Th e u s e , in S a m
ou rh i t a , o f t h e t e r m s S
’
a dd h é i a r a an d

s u d cl
'
7u i s
’
a d dh a is a b e w il d e rin g
of am b i u it y
g I n , , 6 8 7 0 tVII
h e -

te r m s '
a d d h c t a r a h a s a d i ff e r e n t m e a n i n g i n e a c h o f t h e t h r e e s t a n z as ,
‘

c o m pr i s i n g t h e p u r e a n d w h at i s d i ff e r e n t fr om i t
”
n am el y , i n 68 ;
in 69 : o t h e r t h an p u r e an d i n 7 0 b e l on g i n g t o b ot h t h e p u r e
an d w h at i s d i ff e r e n t fr om i t w h at i s d iff e r e n t fr o m i t

( i t ar a z t a d i ta r a )
-
b e in
g i n 6 8 i n cl u s i v e of , i n 7 0 e x cl u s i v e

mixed c r e at i o n , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g e v i d e n t l y n o t i n cl u d e d
”
of th e
e ith e r in 69 S i m i l a r l y t h e s e n s e o f s
'
a d d l u i s ud d ha in
'
, 9 an d LI X , V
Z
.

5 5 c on cu r s w i t h t h e fi r s t o f t h e ab v m i g ( ad d h a i m pl y in
’
o e e an n s a s g
th e
“
mi e x d a n d t h a t o f 3
'
w d h y a s
'
w l t l /i i m a y a i n
- -
, 34 w it h VI
t
t h e h i rd I
n s t e ad of m ixed (V i s v a k s e n a S l o c c i t , p 1 2 8 i l l ) , , .

t h e pr e s e n t S a m h i t a s ay s p u r e i m p u re
“ -
 60

’
S a k t i w it h t he i r respec t i ve develop m en t s Th i s Non p ure .
-

C r e a t i on f a ll s i n t o a p r i m a ry a n d a seco nd a ry o n e a n d ,
‘
t h e for m er a g ai n cons i s t s of t w o well d e fi n e d s t ages o f
, ,
-

wh i ch t h e firs t t o be descr i bed i n t h i s sec t i on m ay wel l

, ,

b e c a ll e d t h e I n t er m e d i a t e Cre a t i on .

The K u t a s t h a P u r u s a c al led a lso s i m ply ,

K ut as t h a o r P ur u sa i s expl ai ned i n o u r S a m h i t a (6
2
, . as

84
) i n th e words : A 11 a ggreg a t e o f souls s i m i l a r t o

fl
,

a bee h i v e t h e p ure i m p ure cond i t i on o f B h u t i such

"
- -
, ,

i s t h e P u r u s a p i led up by souls bl un t ed by beg i n n i ngl ess

— d
G er m i m p ress i on s (c cwa n )
-
w i t h wh i ch should be
co m p a red t h e defi n i t i on i n L ak s mi T a n t r a (7 . 1 1

B y P u r u sa i s m e a n t t h e a l l know i ng al l f a ced B h ok t r -
,
-

K ata s t h a : a s h i s p a r t s go for t h fro m h i m al l t h e e t ern a l

so ul s ( e a ) an d l i k e w i se a t [ t h e t i m e o f ] D issol u t i on t h e
,

work [ bound ] souls go b ack t o h i m t h e h i ghes t soul

-
, ,

YL) T h K a s t h a P u r u a t hen i s t h e soul of souls

(I MM e . u t s , ,

t h a t i s t o s ay t h e t o t a l i t y reg a rded as t h e source

, , ,

o f a l l d i se m bod ie d b u t k a r m a bound ( non l i ber at ed ) souls - -

r e a t e d r e s p e ct i v e l y i a d h y ay VI a d VII f
T n S a mh i t a as n o ou r ,

2 T h r e a e s e v e r al s p c l at i s a b o t t h e m m g f t h i s w o rd
e r e u on u ea n o

wh i h i c of s, r e t h e l d S amk h y t e r m m e t i o e d al r ady i
co u s , o a n n e n

th eB dd h i t N i k ay as T h e e x p l a at i o as i t th i t
u s . e x is t i
g n n r va s a
“
n

i t h e f r m of a h a p ( l l e c t i o
n o e co s e e m s t o b e fa v o re d
n, u ,

S mh i t a by t h e i m ag e of t h e b e h i v e ( e b e l ow ) Oth e r

fl
in ou r a , e -
s e ,

p e s h ow v e r
as s a
g , (XVI e 3 8 f 4 6 ; XXIV 2 4, ; s
g
,c g e
, s t t h e , u

i d e a of t h e B r a sta di s p d i re e
” ’
h of t h e s l
“
u
g at
us t e to
p n n
g ou e .

Th l tt e r xp l a at i o i t h e o w h i h V e d a t ad e s ik a pr e f e r s ’
e a e n n s ne c n

t t h e f rm e r ; s h i co m m e t a ry B h ag a v a d g i t a '

o o ee S i b h as y a f o
s n on r r

XII , 3
( kcs fi q z an e san ta n ya m fi n an ai p p u ru s d gz d i p s d d h ar a p o I i i p ii r va h
a ru g al K it i a s i a fj )
p g . .

3
I IX
2 5 t h i s i m ag e i s
n ,
us e df o r t h e M ay a S a t i , w h i l e i n I X ,
'

k
2 7 t h e K uta s t h a i s co m a e p r d w i t h [ t h e h ol e o f ] a n U d u m b a r a t e e r
r
s “ a m i n g W i t h c ou n t l e s s ees b .

2
K fi ta s t h a (a n d l i e w i s e t h e o u
The k f r M an u s t o b e m e n t i o n e d )
is n o t a m e e ( U I I CLt H C r e i n g , cf the b . d es c r ip t i on of Br ah m an as

t
co n s i s i n g o f t h e t otal i t of ou n s oul s y b d
 61

b e fore t h e cre at i on a n d a ft er t h e d i ssol u t i on of t h e

non p ure un i v e rse
-
.
1

He i s o f a m i x e d n at ure (s ad d hy a s add hi m a ya 6 ) ’ - ' -

, . 3 4

i n t h a t he i s p ur e i n h i m self b u t i m p ur e on a ccoun t of
h i s c a rry i ng t h e a bove m e n t i on ed Ger m i m press i on s lef t - -

over fro m t h e l at es t l i f e per i od o f t h e souls -

.

Th e K utas t h a P a r a s a an d a s w i ll be se e n a lso t h e , , ,

M ay a S a k t i t a k e t h e i r r i se fro m P r ad y u m n a
'

, The .

or i g i n of t h e K i i t as t h a fro m P r a d y u m n a i s m ade t o
’

a gree w i t h t h e P ur u s a S u k t a by d e scr i b i ng t h e K ata s t h a

as cons i s t i ng of four couples , n am ely t h e m a le a n d ,

fe m ale a nces t ors o f t h e four c a s t es spr i ng i ng r e s p e c ,

t i v e l y fro m t h e m ou t h a r m s , legs a n d fee t o f P r a d y u m n a

, , .

A ccord i ngly t h e K ut as t h a i s c a lle d t h e P ur u s a o f fou r

,
“

” ”
p ai rs t h e P u r u s a co ns i s t i ng of t w i c e four
,
“
the ,
“

” ”

fl
a ggreg at e of M a n us th e e i gh t M a n us t h e four
“ “
, ,

M an us o r s i m ply
2

, t h e M a n us a n d he i s i m a g i ned
“

a s re t ai n i ng t h i s for m wh i l e descend i ng t h e l ong l i ne

o f T a t t v a s i n t h e m a n ner t o be d e scr i bed un t il he i s ,

ful ly m at er i a l i zed a n d t h us p rep a red for fur t her m u l t i

pl i c at i on I t i s s tat ed (7
. l ) t h a t t h e M a n us ar e . 5 4 .
3

t h e or i g i n m erely of t h e P i t r s D e v ar si s an d m e n
2
an d , , ,
”
t h at t here ar e o t her wo m bs (a n d con sequen t ly , l i nes ,

1
N ot e t h at t h e l i b e r at e d s ou l s do n ot ret r u n t o t h e K atas t h a .

V i s v ak s e n a S , l oc ci t , p 1 26 T h e s e s e e m t o b e t h e f ou r
2 “
. . . .

M an u s
”
t h at h a v e p u z z l e d a l l c o m m e n t a t o r s a n d t r a n s l a o r s of t
X
B h ag a v a d g i t a , 6, i n w h i ch cas e t h e a b o v e c on ce p t i on of t h e
K fi t a s t h a (t h ou g h n o t n e ce s s a r i l y t h e P ancar at r a ) w ou l d b e o l d e r
t h an t h e i ta G
N ot e t h at t h e S e v e n H s i s m e n t i o n e d t o g e t h e r w i t h
k G
.

t h e f ou r M a n u s i n t h e s l o a r e f e rr e d t o o f t h e
’
i t a h ave t h e
s a m e n a m e s a s t h e C i t r a s ik h a nd i n s w h o , a c c o rd i n g t o t h e N ar ay a ui y a ,
’

ar e t h e fir s t pr om u l g at o r s of t h e P afi e a r at r a .

3
I n con trad i c t i on to IV , 13 : ce ta n a - c a r
g a , un l es s t h i s b e m e an t
in a re tri s cte d se n se .

N ot
2
of l m e n b u t on l
al o f t h e s at t ic y v o n e s , ac c o rd i n
g to s om e

r
au t h o it i e s ; see b
el ow, fif
t h s e cti on .
 62

of e volu t i on ) such
hose of t h e Dev a s D ait y a s G an as t , ,

d h a r v a s e t c ; b u t t h e l a tt er a r e nowhere descr i bed

1 2
, . .

The M a y a S a k t i c a lled a lso s i m p ly S ak t i , '

,
'

fur t her Bh ag a v at S ak t i M ul ap r akr t i S as v ad v i d y a '

, ,
'
'
,

s i m ply Vid y a i s t h e s am e t o t h e m at er i a l un i verse as

s

i s t h e K at as t h a t o t h e world o f soul s ; t h at i s t o s ay i t ,

i s t h e n o n sp i r it u a l e nergy wh i ch co m es i n t o ex i s t enc e
-
,

by t h e s i de of t h e P u r u sa a s t h e p r i m i t i ve for m of th e
~
,
” ”
m att er n at ur e (p ra krti ) i n t o wh i ch t h e M an us
'

or
”
ar e des t i n ed t o gr a du a lly descen d A s roo t m at t er , “
-

h owever (4 i t d i ffers fro m t h e M ul a p rak r t i of t h e

.

S am khy as (m en t i oned a s such i n 7 ) i n t h at t h e . 1

l at t er i s o nly o n e o f i t s t w o m a n i fes t at i on s n am ely,i ts ,

s o c a lled Gu n a body (g a azi a or g uz z a ma ya t a p a s ) t h e

“
-
,
”
o t her on e be i ng t h e T i m e body (kal a ma g/ a vap ii s )
” ”
cons i s t i ng of K al a T i m e a n d i t s sub t l e c a use “ “
,

n a mely N iy at i Res t ri c t i o n
T hese t hr ee l a s t m en t i oned t h at i s N iy a t i K al a an d
-
, , ,

G u n a a r e decl a r e d t o or i g i n at e fro m t h e forehe ad

,

eyebrows an d e a rs respec t i vely of P r ad y u m n a

,

A l t og e t h e r e i g h t s u c h
2
f o r m s (m ar ty as ga ka ) ar e e n u m e r at e d
“
-

al on
g w i t h t h e V i b h a v a s , e t c , i n P ad m a T a n t r a ( , 2 2 9
. n am e l y I .

br ci h m i , p i t j ap a ty a, v a i s p vi , d i c y a, fi s t m a a g i , d s u r i , a n d p a i s d ci
i a r n
'

c
f . S a m h y k
a K ar i a 5 8 k .

A n d c an n ot , i n d e e d , b e con s i s t e n t l y d e s c r i b e d a f t e r t h e
2

d i s s e ct i on of t h e P u r u s a f or t h e p u rp o s e of m an P h i l os op h y c l a s h e s .

h e r e w i t h m y t h o l og y .

3
Of al l t h e s e n am e s , t o w h i c h m a y b e a dd e d fr o m L a s m i k
T an t r a : M ah al a k s m i , M ah e s v a r i , a n d B h ad r a k al i , t h e fir s t al o n e
’

( IV , 5 2 cf , 3.5 3 6 )VI
i s f a i r l y u n e q i v o cal
-

u T h e u s u al o n e , i n o u r
.

t
S a m h i a, i s S a t i
'
k . V
i d y a, a s a n A g am i c t e r m m e a n s m ag i ca l .

p ow e r , t h at i s m u c h t h e s am e as M ay a, A v i dy a, an d , a f t e r al l , S a t i ,
” '
k
an d al l of t h e s e a r e s y n on y m s o f m o r e t h an o n e i n d o f P r ak rt i k
an d k
t h e r e f o r e , l i e (l h e m i , e t c , i n c o n s t a n t d a n g e r o f m i s i n t e r p r e t a
.

t io n . T h e a dj e c t i v e va i d y a , r a t h e r fr e q u e n t i n o u r S a mh i t a, i s as a
r u l e a m e r e s u b s t i t u t e f o r p r akr ti ka .

1
Fo r t h e co n n e ct o n i o f N i y a t i w it h t h e o f r e h ea d c
f . t he ph r as e

l ab il e s h i ta m r i tt e n 0 11 the o eheaf r dz f at e
 64

held i n t h e S ai v a sys t e m s by t h e s i x s e c alled K afi c u k as or

'
-

j acke t s t h a t i s l i m i t i ng forces ow i ng t o w h i ch t h e so ul
l oses i t s n at ur a l perfec t i ons (o m n i sc i ence e t c ) A s a , .
1
.

m at t er o f f ac t t h e doc t r i ne o f t h e s i x K ai i c u k a s c a lled
'

M ay a K a l a Vi dy a R ag a N i y at i a n d K al a see m s t o be
, , , , ,

a m ere el abor at i on of t h e ol de r doc t r i ne fo und w i t h t h e ,

P afi c a r at ras of on ly t hree po w ers of

, l i m it at i on
s a mkoca ) n a m ely t h e t hree m en t i oned T hese hree a ppe ar
( , t .

i n L a k s m i T a n t r a as t h e t h ree m o t hers an d cre at ors o f t h e

“

world c alled M ah al ak s mi M ah av i d y a a n d M ah ak al i 2

,
3

,
1

an d rep resen t i ng respec t i vely t h e R aj a s i c S att vi c an d , ,

T am as i c a spec t of t h e Goddess a n d t hey ar e s ai d t o be

A n i r u d d h a s w i fe R at i i n th e for m o f t h e S heat h o f
’

M a y a (maya
N i y a t i t h e S a k ti con s i s t i ng of gre at knowledge
,
“ ’

”
is t h e sub t le regul at or of every t h i ng
“
such as t h e 7

for m wh i ch [a be i n g ] m ay h ave i t s work an d i t s n at ure , ,

s cle ar fro m t h i s defin i t i on h N

( 6 I i i at i
9
. t t at
y
i s n ot only wh at t h e Vai s e s i k as c a ll D i s t o w i t t h e reg u ,

l at or of pos i t i ons i n sp ace b u t t h at i t a lso regul at es , as 9

,

K ar m i c necess i t y , t h e i n t ellec t u al c a p ac i t y , i ncl i n at i ons ,

1
Fo r an a bl e ac c ou n t of
t h es e s ee C h at t e rj i , K as h m i r S h a i va i sm ,
pp S i d d h an ta , p

fl
, 7 5 HI Cf , , al s o S c h om e r u s , D e r C ai r a- , 1 37 .

11
O r M ah as r i , P ar am e s ’v ar i , B h ad r a k al i , e t c
'
.

Or M ah av ani , S a r a s v a t i , M a h ad h e n u , e t c
3
,

1
O r M ah am ay a, K al ar atr i , N i d r a, e t c

fl
,

5
L ak s m i T an t r a VII
IV 6 7 ; VI 1 8 1 9 ; f t h m , 13 ; , ,
-
s ee or e na es

l
a so IV 3 6 3 9 l 6 2 d V VI VII (p i m )
, , , , , an , , ass ,

2
Af h a i d yam yi
a kt i lj IV 5 1 Of
v t 3 a
’
Sa , , . , no e ,

S ak m l
7
y d m s k lj VI 4 6
a i s ar v a - n z
’

a a , , ,

W h i h i f r h d w d i B h d a ny k U p i d III 8 9
8 c s o es a o e n r a ra a a an s a , .

B y th rd r f t h i I m p r i h b l O
e o e r k pt
o d r s e s a e ne a e e a s u n e

(c i d hr t au ti s i a ta i l ) s un an d
m o on ar e th e g o ds dep de en n t on

th e p e rf or m e r rfi
of s a c i c e s , t h e m an e s on th e fu n e r al
g ft
i Cf .
”
. al s o

i bi d . IV , 4, 2 2 : s e tu r v i d h ar a n a h
f
.

2
C h att e rj i , H i ndu R ea l i s m, pp . 5 8 fl ] .
 65

an d pr a c t i c a l a b i l i t y o f every b e i ng ; t h at i s t o s ay,
t h at i t i ncl udes t h e func t i on s o f t h e a bove m en t i oned -

S ai va pr i nc i p l e s c a lled V idy a R ag a an d K al a
'

, , .
1

K al a T i m e i s defin ed (4 ) a s t h e m ys t eri ou s
, , . 4 8

power ex i s t i ng i n t i m e wh i ch urges on every t h i ng an d ,

,

i n a no t her p a ss a ge (6 a s t h e p r i nc i pl e wh i ch
. p ur
sues ev e ry t h i ng t o b e m at ured as t h e s t re a m [i s af t er ]
2
,

t h e b a n k o f t h e r i ver I t i s fur t h e r s ai d (6
.
) t h at t h i s . 4 9

is t h e cook i ng ( m at ur i ng ) for m of t i m e K al a t hen as

“
, ,

or i gi n at i n g fro m N i yat i an d gi v i ng ori gi n t o t h e Gu n a s i s ,

n o t t i m e a s i t a ppe a rs t o us subjec ve e u t a s u b tl e
( t i t i m ) b
force cond i t i on i ng i t Th i s d i s t i nc t i on be t ween t h e
.

ord i n a ry o r e m p i ri c an d a h i gher o r t r anscen den t a l t i m e

‘
can be t r a c e d b ack t o t h e K al a hy m ns of t h e 1

A t h ar v av e d a an d i s recogn i z able i n t h e gre at ep i c i n

”
such phr a ses a s T i m e l e a ds m e i n t i m e“
O ne
5

U p a n i s ad spe aks o f t h e t i m e t h at h a s p a r t s
6
(s a ka l a

kal a ) a n d non t i m e h av i ng n o p a r t s
“
-
th e for m er
be i ng l at er t h an
’3
t h e s un a n d s t a rs t h e l at t e r ,

e a rl i er fur t her on t i m e t h at cooks (m a t ures ) ,

al l be i ngs b u t i s excelled by h i m i n who m t i m e

,
“

”
i s cooked Fro m t h ese t w o f a m ous t ex t s an d
.

s i mil ar ones i t w a s even t u ally concl uded t h at t h e

Th e S a i v a pr i n c i p l e N iy a t i , a s d i s t i n c t fr om
1 '
i dy a, e t c , w a s V .

or i in al l y i n al l pr o b a b i l i t y n o t h i n g m o r e t h an t h e D i s o f t h e
’
g
V a i s ’e s i k as ; b u t t h e u s e o f t h e w o rd i n c o m m o n l a n g u a g e i n t h e
s e n s e of F
a t e h as (a t l e a s t i n t h e D r a v i d i a n s c h ool ) o b s c u r e d i t s
r e l at i on t o t h e ot h e r K a fi cu k a s ,

3
Or c ou n t s , m e as u r es
”
(ka l a ya t i ) ,

3
K al a s ya p aca n a ni r ap a m ,

k
S e e m y c o m pr e h e n s i v e s e t c h o f t h e rl i r
Z ry K al
‘
h is t o of
1
ea e a

i n U e be r d e n S t a n d (l er I n f l i s ch e n P h i l os op h i e z m e i t M a h av i r a s d
'

an

B u d d h a s , pp 1 7 t o 3 0
. .

3
K al a }; kal e na
y a ti m am , XII ,
227 . 29 .

3
M a i t r ay a na VI , 15 ,

9
 66

ch an g i ng t i m e wh i ch we observe i n d ai ly l i fe i s
”
only t i m e a s an eff ec t (l d i ya kal a ) t h e c a use o f
“
t
'
-

wh i ch m us t be a t i m e w it hou t sec t ions “

( a l ch a n a a
’

‘
kal a ) an d u nch a ng i ng ; a n d (2 ) t h at t her e m us t
be a sphere or cond i t i on wh i ch i s t o t al ly un aff ec t
ed by t i m e t h ough t i m e e x i s t s i n i t a s a n i n s t r u
2
,

m e n t t o be used at w i ll t h at i s t o s ay t h a t t h e re a r e -

s t r i c t ly sp e a k i ng t h re e k i n ds of t i m e t o w it : (1 ) effec t ed
, ,

or gross t i m e wh i ch p l ays n o p a r t un t i l a ft er t h e
“ 3 ,
,

cre a t i on o f t h e T a t t v a s ; (2 ) c a us a l or sub t le t i m e 3 “

”
wh i ch t hough rel at i vely e t e r n a l (a n d of t en c alled so )
,

i s a l so cre at e d n a m ely by A n i r u d d h a (or P r ad y u m n a) ;

, ,
”
an d
()3 h i ghes t t i
“
m e e x i s t i n g i n P u r e C r e a t i on I t .

i s ev i d e n t ly i n t h i s s e n se t h at o u r S a m h i t a decl a re s
, ,

( 5 3 .
)
1 0 -
G r
1 1 o s s is c a lled t h e t i m e poss e ss i n g t h e

l a m (o n e s i x t h o f a s e c o n d ) e t c
-
s u b t l t h e o n e de t er , . e

m i n i n g t h e T a t t v as ; wh i l e t h a t wh i ch p erva d es t h e
a c t i v i t y of t h e V l i h a s i s yl ed H i g h e s T e
'

y s t t i m
T h at t h e re m ay be a s t i ll h i gh er t i me con nec t ed w i t h
V asud e v a a l one i s d e n i e d i n t h e wor d s (5 3 . 1 1

E ffec t i ng by t i m e b e longs alw ays t o t h e t r iad o f

Vy fi h a s [ on ly ] : t h e Lord V asu dev a i s n ot a Vy ii h a n o r
1

a possessor o f t i m e .
’
I t follows t h e n t h a t t h e T a t t v a , ,

c a ll e d K al a e m an at i ng fro m N i y a bi i s t h e s e cond or
sub t le k i nd o f t i m e .
ls

1
Y at D i p , e d
. , . p , 5 0 , an d el sewhe r e .

2
T at t v a t r a y a , e d . p . 1 22 .

T h ou g h , a s w i l l b e
2
s een , it co m e s into e xi s t e n ce al r a dy be f ore
e

th e r
l at t e i s c om l e t e p d .

1
T h ou g h s ai d to f or m a tet r ad t og e t h e r w it h t h e V y ii h a s , V ,
2 5 26
-
.

5
r r
T h e e i s m o e m at e i al a o u t t h i s s u r b bj ct (f
e i n s t an ce , a d h y
or

I I I of a as a S P Pr k
) a n d i t w il l
.
o a bl
'
. pr b yb f e ou n d
t h at t h e c o n
ce t i on
p of t im e is n ot e ac t l t h e s am e x y in s om e Sa
m h i t as as in
ot h e r s .
 67

The G u n a B o d y o r t h at for m of S a k t i m en t i oned ,

'

”
a bov e wh i ch i s m a n i fes t e d gr a d u a lly fro m K al a
(6 . 5 1

5 2
) cons i s t s o f t h e t h r e e Gu n a s a s a lr e a dy re m a rked , .

I t h a s t o be a dded t h at e a ch G un a wh i le evolv i ng i n t h e ,

m a nner d e scr i bed co m es under t h e sp e c i a l p ro t ec t orsh i p

,

of A n ir u d d h a i n t h e for m of t h e T r i m fi r t i ; t h a t i s t o

sa : A n i r u d d h a a s V i s n 11 beco m es t h e s up e r i n t e nden t
y
o f S att v a a s B r a 11 m a 11 t h a t o f R aj a s a n d a s R u d r a
, ,

fl
t h at o f T a m a s T hes e t hr e e gods t og e t h e r w i t h t he i r
.
,

S ak t i s (L a k s m i S a r a sv at i G a u ri ) r e g a rd e d a s t h e
'

, ,
1

forces und e rly i n g t h e for m at i on o f t h e A v y ak t a ar e ,

c alled i n L a k s m i T a n t r a (6 ) t h e S h e a t h o f . 2 o -
2 1
“

”
Gen e ratio n (p r a ml ti I n t h e s am e t ex t

( 4 . l )3 2 i t i s s t.at ed w i t h r e g a rd t o t h e firs t
ori g i n o f t h e Gu n a s t h at t h e y h av e b e en for m e d fro m
[ an i nfin i t es i m al p a r t of
] t h e fi rs t s e cond a n d t h i rd of , ,

G u n a s o f t h e Lord The qu a l i t i es wh i ch 3
th e s ix .

b e co m e m a n i f e s t t h rough t h e G un a s ar e a ccord i ng t o
A h i r b S a 1 nh : (l ) l i gh t n e ss
. . br i gh t n e ss he a l t h i n e ss , , ,

ple a sure (2 ) m o t i on p a ss i on r e s t l e ssness p ai n ; a n d (3 )

, , ,

he a v i ness , obs t ruc t i on i ner t i a s t up e f a c t i on , , .

A f t e r t h e G u n a s h a v e evolved s e p a r a t e ly t hey b e ,

fl
”
co m e f o r t h e p urpos e o f cr e a t i on
,
“
a un i for m m a ss ,

c all e d as a rul e A v y a k t a (t h e N o n m a n i fes t ) -

or M al ap r ak r t i (Roo t n at ur e ) b u t a lso , a ccord i ng t o

-
,

Wh o h ow e v e a c co rd i g t o L a k s m i T an t r a V 6 l h a v e
1
, r, n , ,

s pr u g n Br ah m an a d L k s m i fr o m M a h al a k s m i l P ad y m a ;
: n a - -
r u n

R u dr a an d S ar as v at i fr om M ah ak al i + Sa m kar s a na ; a d V i n a d n s u n

G au ri from M a h a id y a+ A i d d h a v n ru .

T h i s i s t h e t h i rd k s a o m a t e r i a l
2
h us k
o
'
f t h e D e vi t h e
r
“
o ,

s e c on d b e i n g t h e a b o v e m e n t io e d M ay a K o s a a d t h e fir s t t h e '
-
n , n

S a k t i K o s a c o m pr i s i g t h e V y i i h as a n d t h e i r S a k t i s T h re e m or e
'
’
' '
n .

K o s as ar e c o e c t e d w it h t h e l w e r pr i m a ry a d t h e s e c o d ry
’
nn o n n a

c r e at i o t o b e d e s cri be d i n t h e
n e x t t w o s e ct i s of t h i s I t r d c t i o
n on n o u n .

Th e o t h e r t h r e e b e i n g e m p l o y e d f or t h e r e at i o n o f K al a ; i b i d
3
c .

V , 2 4 25 -
.
 68

ou r S am h it a (6 ) by such n a m es as T am a s (D a rk ness )
. as
,
1
,

Gu na s am y a (E qu al it y o f Gun a s ) A v i dy a (I gnor a nce )

-
2

, ,

S v a b h av a (N a t ure ) A k a r a (t h e I m p e r i s h a bl e ) Y on i , s ,

(Wo m b ) A yon i (
t h e
,
U nborn ) Gun a yon i ( g un a m a ya ,
- z

on i Gun a m a de Wo m b )
y
-
, .

4 . L O WE R P R I M A R Y C R E A TIO N

(E vol u ti on , T h i r d S ta g e .
)

The descen t of t h e M a n us i n t o M at t er h avi ng

“

re ached t h e T a m o G un a an d t h e t h ree G u n as

h a v i ng j o i n e d t o for m t h e M fi l a p r ak r ti (6 t here . 9 1

fol lo w s n o w t h at evolu t i on wh i ch i s th e o nly one

k n own t o t h e Cl a ss i c a l S amkh y a w i t h wh i ch as we ,

sh a ll s e e t h e P anc ar at r a do e s on t h e whol e b u t n o t
, ,

t hrougho u t agre e , .

A t t h e very ou t se t t her e i s t h i s d i ff erence t h at ,

where a s t h e Cl a ss i c al S amkhy a h a s on ly t w o p r i nc i ples

t o s t a r t w it h n a m ely P u r u a a n d P r ak r t i our S a mh i t a
, , s ,

beg i n s t h i s ch a p t e r w it h s t at i ng e m ph at i c a lly (t hough n ot

i n a pol e m i c w ay ) t h at t h e d e v e lop m e n t wh i ch n e w se t s
i n resul t s fro m t h e co m b i n ed a c t i v i t y o f t h r e e p r i n
,

c i a l a gen t s n a m ely P r ak r t i P u r u s a a n d K al a ( M a t t er ,
p , , , ,

So ul T im e ) , T h e m u t u a l rel a t i on o f t h e firs t t w o
.
2

i s expl a i n e d i n e x a c t ly t h e s a m e w ay a s i n t h e Cl a ss i c a l

1
That I s , un d i ff e r e n t i at e d n e s s C} t h e . . ex pr s i s i t af m
e sed
s on t n an u

pr om i s cu ou s l y i th az
y u h t a i n K ath a k a U p is d III 1 0 1 3
an a , .

2
M e a n i n g t h at 111 t h is con d it i on , as d i t i g i h d f m t h e l at e r
s n u s e 1 o

q
i n e u al i ty o f G u nas
”
(g n u a t h t h r e f or s a
e eeq lly ce re ua

d r
is t i b u t e d 1 11 e \ er
y p rt i
a cl e o f 1 1 1 a t t e 1 .

1 11 t h e
1
C
l a s s i c a l S am h a k y t
i m e i s a m e e u a l it of m at t e r q y r
k y
a S ut i a ie w i n a n e a l s s tem r y y
Z
'

(S am h
c} .S c l 1 1 1 d e 1 , Uf b u
1
'
i
d n S i a m ] (l r I 7U l l b L/l e l l P h i l o s op h i e z n r i
ei t

Ma h at l m s a n d B u dd h a s ,
 69

S am khy a : P r akr t i ch a nges l i k e m il k an d cl ay [ ch ang i ng , ,

respec t i vely t o curds e t c an d po t s ow i ng t o t h e

—
, , .
, ,

prox i m it y m a gne t i c i nfluenc e ) of t h e u nch a ng e a bl e

”
P a r a s a B u t bo t h t hes e T at t v as a r e b e i ng cooked
.
“

by T i m e A g ai n t here i s t h i s d iff er e nce t h at t here ar e

.
1

, ,

n ot m a ny P u r u sas a s i n cl a ss i c a l S am khy a b u t a t t h i s
, ,

s t a ge only t h e o n e K ii t as t h a o r S am a ti (C ollec t i ve ) s

P u r u sa .

A s firs t p roduc t o f t h i s co m b i ned a c t i v i t y o f t h e

th e
t h ree t her e e m erges fro m t h e A v y a kt a t h e M a h a t
m a sc n e u tr ) or Gre at O n e c a lled a lso M a h at
(
“
.
, .

T at t v a t h e Gre a t Pr i nci ple

“
O ur S a mh i ta e n u m e
r at e s (7 ) t h
. e follow
9 - 9 i n g m or e or l e ss p regn an t s n o
y
ny m s f or t h i s t e r m Vi dy a G o (Cow ) A v an i (E a r t h ) :
1

,
2

, ,

B r ah m i (t h e Cos m i c O ne ) V a d h i i V r d d h i ,

( Grow t h ) M a t i ,(I n t e ll e c t ) M a dh u A k h y a t i , ,

n d i scr i m i n a t i on ) I Lord W s "

1

( N ( ) j
an d P r a i i a
( i e)
’

o -
s v ar a , ,

t o wh i ch so m e o t hers m os t ly sy n ony m s o f M at i h a ve , ,

t o be a dded no t a bly B uddh i , .

A bou t M a h at t w o see m i ngly con t r ad i c t ory s t at e

m en t s a r e p u t s i d e by s i de of wh i ch t h e firs t cle a rly ,

shows t h at t h e P aii c ar at r a h as d r a wn fro m a n older ’

for m o f t h e S amkhy a ph i losop hy t h a n t h e o n e wh i c h

h a s s urv i ved i n t h e K ar i k a a n d t h e S fi t r a s The .

1
p
H o w , i n s i t e of t h i s , t h e P u r u s a r e m ain s
“
un c h an g e d
(p
a a r i n am i n , V 1 1 , i s n ot e x l a i n e p d .

2
Th e M a h a t a n d r e m a i n i n nc
g pr i ip l e s ar e s b
y m ol i z e d by
th e
l o t u s g r o w i n g fr o m t h e n a v e l o a f P dm ab h an a (A n i r u d d h a ) ; s e e
I
I n d r ar at r a , I 8 (M a h a ri d a rg p a nka
j a m ) -
, etc .

3
Of . n ot e 3 on p a
g e 62 .

1
Cf B rh a d ar a ny a k a
. Up an i s a d II , 5 .

5
Th e l as t t w o n a m e s ar e fr o m M and uk y a Up an d
is a w h e re t h ey
ar e u s e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s u s ap t i p l a n e o f c o n s c i ou s n e s s , Fo r
A kh y at i s e e b e l o w p 7 3 , .
hopelessly confl i c t w it h t h e pr e ced i n g o n e unl e ss ,

we refer it n ot t o t h e cos m i c M a h at b u t t o B uddh i

a s a n i nd i v i du a l org a n ( c
f below ) i s essen t i a lly i den.t i c al ,

w i t h t h e t e ach i ng of t h e t wen t y t h i rd ary a of S amkhy a -

K ar i k a, n am ely t h at M ah at m a n i fes t s i t sel f i n four S at t v i c

a n d four T am a s i c for m s be i ng respec t i ve ly good a c t i on s
,

(d h ar m a ) knowledge , d i sp a ss i on an d m i gh
, t a n d t he i r , ,

opp os i t es .
2

N ow a s r e g a rds K al a wh i ch i s h e r e d efined a s
, ,
”
con s i s t i ng o f t r u t i s l av a s e t c i t i s ev i den t t h at i n
, , .
3

t h i s p a ss ag e a d i fferen t a n d lower for m of T i m e m us t h e

m e an t t h a n i t s sub t l e or cook i n g for m or i gi n a t i n g ,

as we h a ve seen fro m N i y a t i For S ub t le T im e

, .
,

belongs t o U n m a n i f e s t N at ure w h i l e M a h at i s t h e ,

begi n n i ng o f M a n i fes t N at ure I t fol lows t h at K al a a s .

2

1
Cf . L ak smi T an t ra X VI , 2 4
-

S a M a l i an nam a , ta s y dp i r i d /i d s t i s r a l i p kl r t i t alg
'
ra f
I
s ai t r i ko B u d d h i r i ty a kto, r a a s a l i P r rl n a
j e va h i I I
t am a s a l i K al a i ty n kt a s tes anz v akh am i m a
y y m S
' ‘
g all I

Z
B a d d h i r a d h y a v a s ay a s ya , P r an a li p r a y a ta n a s ya ca

K al a }; ka l a n o r fip a s y a p a r i n / m a s y a kd r a n a m I
f
.

2
R
T h e r Ol e o f t h e T a i j a s a ( aj a s i c ) M a h at i s , a c c o rd i n g t o t h e

fl
t w e n t y fi f t h ary a, t o c o o p e r a t e w i t h
-
b ot h t h e s att v ik a a n d t h e
-

T am as a .

3
A n d i n t h e co e s on i n g
s im ry
il a l as s a g e ofrr p d
a s m i T an t a p L k r
q d b v
u ot e a o e , n o t e 1 0 11 t h is a e ; f or w h ich
g e as p
o n w e c a n n ot b u t b e r
v r y
l i e e t h at e al l t i m e i s m e a n t h e e a n d n o t t h e T i m e ot u s r o u ci n
g L pr d
Br r v
a h m an a n d S a as a t i , as s t a t e in a s m i T an t a , 27 d L k
l , w h i ch r V .

r r pp r
at h e a ea s t o b e an ot h e r
i n s t a n ce o f m t h o l og c l a s h i n g w i t h y y
p p y
h i l os o h .

T a t t v at r ay a , e d p 7 9 , t h e rel
‘
I the co m m at i o n of th e t wo
1
n . on ,

k k
,

i n d s o f t i m e d i s t i n g u i s h e d t h e r e ar e a c t u a l l y l i ene d to t h at o f t h e
A v y ak t a an d t h e V y a k t a ,
 72

We n o w t urn t o t h e qu e s t i on : W h a t i s M a h a t P,
wh i ch ques t i on o n a ccoun t o f i t s i m por t a nce for t h e
,

h i s t ory o f I n d ia n ph i losophy m us t be a n s wered at so m e ,

l e n gt h .

The on e i m por t a n t t h i ng t o be no t iced i n connec t i on

w it h M ah at i s t h at B ud dh i i s n o t a m ere synony m f o r i t ,

as i n Cl a ss i c a l S am khy a b u t o n e o f i t s t hree for m s : t h e ,

S at t v i c o n e ; an d t h at t h e i n d i v i du a l org a n B uddh i i s a
prod uc t o f t h e S at t v i c M ah a t i n e x ac t ly t h e s a m e sen s e
as M an a s i s a produc t of t h e S att v i c A h a m k ar a Th i s 1
.

i s a s i gn of a n t i qu i t y ; f o r i n K at h ak a U p a n i s a d also
u d d h i an d M h d n c l
( 3. 1 0
) B -
1 9 a a t ar e n ot
y e t i e t i a t h e ,
”
for m er c alled j fid n a atm a n Kn owl e dge Self b e i ng a
,
“
,
”
lo wer p r i nc i ple t h an t h e Gr e at S elf wh i ch i n i t s ,
”
t urn i s i nfer i or t o t h e
, Qu i e t Self ( s an ta a t m an
) '

wh i ch a g ai n i s e xc e ll e d by t h e P u r u a O n t h e o t her
, ,
s .

h a nd t h i s d is t i nc t i on be t w e e n B uddh i an d M ah at t o
, ,

g e t her w i t h t h e syn on y m s of t h e l at t e r furn i shes t h e ,

sol u t i on t o t h e r i ddl e n ever b efore s at i sfac t or i ly ,

an swered as t o t h e or i g i n o f t h e t er m M a h a t
, The .

synony m s m ay be d i v i ded i n t o t w o cl a ss e s t o w it (1 ) ,

t hos e t h a t a r e m e r e n a m es o f P r a k r t i such as G o A v a n i , , ,

B r ah m i Va d h fi Vr d d h i M adhu ; a d (2 ) t hos e refe rri ng t o

, , , n

con sc i ousness O f t h e l at t e r cl a ss a g ai n t hos e wh i ch ar e

.
, ,

w it h Pr an (w h a is sp a n d a
os e q u al
i i ty
at i o n th e om an w it h v br W
B ddu h i , an d t h e M al e w i t h t h e P u r u s a a s t h e e o m e of g o o p rf r r d
an d e ilv d d ee s The n th e e . r f j
o l l o w s , u s t a s i n o u r S a mh i t a a t e the f r
d rp
e s c i t i on o f t h e t h e e o l r f d p
M a h a t , a as s a g e o n t h e 2 X 4 S at t i c a n d v
T am a s i c m an i e s t at i on s o f f u B dd f r
h i , an d a t e t h at t h e A h a m a a an d k r
r
t h e e m a i n i n g T a t t v as ar e e x l a i n e p d
Y at D i p , e d 5 0 , i n e e ct . . . p . r j
in g t h e v
i e w t h at t i m e i s T am a s o M a h an , e i e n t l m e a n s t o s ay vd y
t d fi
h at t h e e n i t i on i s t o o n a o w rr
A c c o i n g t o a V i e w m e n t i on e i n
. rd d
t h e c o m m o n T a t t v at r ay a , e d
. 7 9 , t h e s e e al p
i n s of t i m e i e
. . v r k d d ff r
in th e r pd y
a i it of v br
i a t i o n s , w i t h w h i ch s h o u l b e c om a e t h e d p r d
b v p
s t at e m e n t a o e , 2 7 n ot e 2 . .

1
O t h l t te r g
n er
e a , en al l y c al le d V a i k r t a A h a mkar a , s e e be l o w .
 73

co m mo n t o M ah a t a n d t h e o r g a n B ud dh i n a mely B ud d h i , , ,

M at i T r ayi a n d V i dy a a r e f o r t h i s r e a so n a s l i t t le s i gu i
, , ,

fi c a n t i n t he m selves a s a r e t h e n a m es o f P r a k r t i B u t t h e .

re m ai n i n g t hree n a m e s r e f e rr i ng t o t h e s u bcon sc i ous l i f e ,

n a m ely A kh y at i P r aj ii a an d I v ar a cle a rly i nd i c at e

1

,
’

, s
'
,

t h at no t h i n g else c a n b e m e a n t by M a h a t t h an t h e Pr an a

o r Mukhy a Pr an a o f t h e a nc i e t U p a n i a ds w h i ch i s bo t h n s ,

v it al it y (p r an a al g a e) a n d s ub o r s u per consc i ous i n t e l l i

,
-

gence (p raj aa) a d o n who m t h e five Pr an a s a s wel l as

, n

t h e senses ar e s a i d t o d e p e n d l i k e ser v a n t s o n t h e i r

m a s t er M a h a t i s 0 O S m i c P r a n a t h e B re a t h of t h e
2
.
,

Worl d t h e U nconsc i ous t h a t i s t h e p h y s i c a l y e t

i n t e l l i g e n t energy a t work a t t h e b u i ld i ng up a n d pre
servi ng o f org a n i s m s Pr an a i n t h i s s e nse i s c alled i n t h e
.
3

U p a n i s a ds Br ah m an pro t e c t or (rule r lord ) o f t h e world

, , ,

bre at h (atma n ) o f t h e gods gen e r a t or of be i ngs e at er t h e , , ,

o n e s a ge ; a n d I n C h an d o g y a U a i a d 3 p p ren
p an
[ a a t 11 s . 7

l y c urren t ] s t a n z a o n t h e Pr an a i s quo t ed i n w h i ch t h e
phr a se occurs : g re a t t hey c a l l h is m i gh t (l i t : gre at
“
.

n es s ) (m ahd n ia m as / a
g m a h i ni n a m d h ah
) wh i ch i s a

per h a ps t h e source o f t h e n am e M a h a t A p roof for .

the corr e c t ness o f our equ at i on M ah at P r an a i s z

con t ai ned i n t h e e n u m e r a t i o n i n t h e t w elf t h ch a p t er ,

of t h is S am h i t a of t h e pr i nc i ples t augh t i n t h e
,

S am khy a sys t e m w h e r e i n t h e t e n t h p l ac e w e do n o t fin d
,

1
The n on - d is c r i m i at i on n in dr e am l e s s s l e e p ; f or t h e ne xt two
n a mes s e e n ot e 5 on p 69 . .

2
Th e pr i
i al nc p p as s a
g es to b e c o m p ai e d , al s o f o r t h e ol l o w i n g , f
ar e : K a u s i t a ki , I I I , IV 20, II 1 , C h an d o g y a
°

IV
3 , M a i t r ay a 11 a 6 ; II
P r as ’
na II .

3
Of . t h e m a h a d br a h m ag of
I V, 1 Bh v dg ita X
an d n ot e t h a t
a a a -

y y
B r a h m i i s a m on g t h e s n o n m s o f M a h at , a n d B r a h m a n a m o n g
t h o s e of Pr
an a (s e e el ow ) as b
w e l l a s , i n s o m e S am kh a t r e a t i s e s
y
( f or in s t an c e t h e C
o m m 0 1 1 T a t t v a s a m as a ) , t h o s e o f P r a k r t i
.
.

10
 74

M ah at as s h ou l d be expec t ed b u t Pr an a T h i s equ at i on
, , .
1

t hrows a l so an unexp e c t ed l i gh t o n t h e con nec ti o n

o f B ud dh i s m a n d S am k h y a n a m ely i n t h at i t per m i t s of , ,

t h e propor t i on M a h at : B u d d h i V i j fi an a dh at u : Vi j fi an a : -

Fo r wh i le t here c an be l it t le doub t a s t o t h e
2
s k an d h a .
,

corr e spon dence of t h e orga n B uddh i w it h t h e Vij fi an a

3

s k an d h a i t i s pr a c t i c al ly c e r t ai n t h a t M ah at P r an a i s
,
z

t h e very s a m e t h i n g a s t h a t r e connec t i on con sc i ous

“
-

”
n ess (p m fi s md hi vii fi d n a ) wh i ch a ccord i ng t o t h e
n -
,

B uddh a s doc t r i n e desce n d s i n t o t h e wo m b of t h e m o t her

’
, ,

at t h e t i m e o f conc e p t i on br i dg ing over d e at h an d ,

b i r t h an d t o wh i ch L i ber at i on a lon e pu t s an en d
, ,

wh e re a s t h e person al consc i ousness (i fi a a s ka n d h a ) -

‘
i s des t royed i n every s i ngl e de at h A g ai n on e c a nn o t .
,

h e lp t h i nk i ng t h at even t h e At m a n t a ugh t i n t h e
f am ous Y aj fi av al ki y a K an d a i s v e ry n e arly i den t i c a l
w i t h o u r M a h at H e i s t h e subcon sc i ous
. energy ,
”
th e pl ace of u n ion
“
t h e Pr an a t o wh i ch ,

i n d re a m less sleep a n d de at h al l o u r consc i ous ,

func t i on s r e t urn i n order t o go for t h fro m i t once

5
,

m or e i n a w a ken i n g a n d b i r t h respec t i vely ; he i s t h e

[ sub an d sup er con sc i ous s e lf

(p j
rd fi z (Han a n
)
‘

e m br a ced by wh i ch i n dre a m less sle e p m a n h as no “

[ longer an
y ] no t i on of o u t s i d e an d i ns i de
(I V 3 , .

i Ve w e r r
Z f the q r
l
n ot i
e
yet aw a e o e w h en
u at on , w it in g ou r
a rt i cl e on the S a s t it a n t r a i n .D M . . G , 1 9 1 4, a n d
. co n s e que n tl y
t h ou g h t of th e fi v e Pr an a s o n l y .

2
E x pt
ce v
f o r t h os e w h o h a e m a e u p t h e i m i n d r d s tod i t ri b s ute
t h e t e a ch i n g s o f t h e N i k ay as et w een tw o b
a i cal l o r d y pp os ed e ts s c .

3
N ot , o f c ou r se. i d entit y .

T h e mj fi d n a d h d t n o f t h e N i k ay a s , t h e e o e , m u s t b e e g a e
3
’

-
r f r r rd d
r
a s a s o t of c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n p o f e i z h i o m w h i c h t h e s a d (i a t a n a a n d fr
'

y
-
, ,
t r
h o u g h i t , t h e ca z f a s i kd lg s ka wd h d lg e o l e
'

v v .

B rh a d é r a n y a k a
5
Up an is a d IV , 3, 36 : co a m ev d ya r e p u r u y a h
g
d r a m f z p r d p d ya i r a
'

,
he i s t h i s gre a t b e i ng (m a /l a d i nfi n i t e ,
”
shor e less al l con sc i ousn ess (v ij fi d n a g ha n a ) wh i ch [i n
,
- -

t h e for m o f l i m i t e d consc i ous func t i on s ] a r i ses fro m “

t h e ele m en t s a n d v a n i sh e s i n t o t h e m a g a i n
(1 1 4 , 5.

h e i s t h e n am e (nd m a n ) surv i v i ng t h e d e c ay of t h e bodyf

n d b u i ld i ng up t h e n e w e m b ryo
( 1 1 1 2 ) a 1 2
(IV 4 ) 4

—j us t as t h e B uddh i s t myfi d n a el e m en t wh i ch m or e over

, .
, .

a s con t r a s t ed w i t h t h e body wi e ) i s a lso c a lled i i d m m

( p ,
f

he i s i n shor t
, t h at g r e a t
,
“
unborn Self wh i ch , ,

a m o n g t h e P r an a s i s t h e o n e c o n s i s t i n g o f,
”
con sciou s nes s A nd fi n ally t h i s d e scr i p t i on
.
1

, ,
”
of t h e elf see m s t o a gr e e i n a l l esse n t i a l po i n t s
s , ,

w i t h t h a t a lso i n t h e T at t v a m a s i sec t i on o f C h an d o g y a
U p a n i sa d t hough t here a lre a dy t w o h i gh er pr i n
,

ci l e s a pp e a r h an t h e Pr n n a m e ly T e j a s an d P a r a
p t a a
(
Deva t a) w h i le i n B r h a d ar an y a k a U p a n i a d only a very
, s

feebl e at t e m p t i s m ad e a t d i s t i ngu i sh i ng t h e A t m a n
fro m t h e Pr an a T h e p os i t i on of t h e Pr an a t h e n i s
.
, ,

s t ill u ns e t t l e d i t h e old e r U p a n i s ads ; a n d it i s

n ,

we hold fro m t h i s h alf s e t t led i de a of t h e Pr an a o r

,
-

A t m a n t h at t h e p r e cl ass ica l s am k h y a o n w hi c h t h e
-
,

P anc ar at r a i s b a s d h as d e r i v e d i t s conc e p t i on o f t h e
e ,

M a h at a s t h e U nco n sc io u s co n s is ti ng of i n t e ll i gence ,

v it a l i t y an d t i m e
, ,

Fro m M a h a t a g ai n o r i g i n a t es t h e cos m i c T a t t v a
, ,

c a lled A h a m k a r a o r I m ak e r A s i ts s yn o -

ny m s t h e usu a l on e s a r e g i v e n (A b h i m an a A b h i m a t r , n ,

A h a mk r t i ) b e s i des Pr a j ap a t i (Lord o f cr e a t ur e s ) a d
, n

B od d h r (A t t e n t i on m a k e r ) I t h a s a S iz t t v i c a R aj s i c
'

-
.
, a ,

an d a T ai n a s ic for m c a ll e d resp e c t i v e ly Va i kar i ka ,

T a ij as a a n d B h ut ad i
, I t m a n i f e s t s i t s e lf i nd i v idu a lly a s
.

m wh d n j y l/ y
m éj i
1
80 eg
g/ L a a, at n u z e l t fi ci n a nw a
y ‘ p
c r d gz es u

(I V ,
 76

sa mm m bh a (ego t i s t i c i t eres t ) a n d s a m / ml p (
a i m a g i n a t i on
n ,

w i ll ) i n a ccord a nce w i t h t h e t w o org an s c a lled t h e

[ i n d i v i d u a l
] A h a m k a r a an d M a n a s w i t h wh i ch

i t en dows t h e M a n u s p a ss i n g t hro u gh i t s wom b (7 . 20 ,

4 2 M an a s i s d e cl a red a d i rec t p rod uc t of t h e

Va ik ar i k a a n d A h a m k ar a e v i d e n t ly co m e s fro m t h e
,

B h ut ad i wh i l e t h e T a ij a s a se e m s t o p a r t i c i p at e equ a ll y
,

i n t h e p roduc t i on o f bo t h t hos e org a n s

1
.

Fro m A h am k ar a t h e M a n us fur t her rece i ve t h e t e n

I n d r i y a s (sen ses ) b u t o n ly i nd i rec t ly t h at i s i n t h e , , ,

cours e o f t h e evol u t i on o f t h e E l e m e n t s To
under s t a nd t h i s so m e w h a t co m pl i c a t e d l a s t ph a se i n t h e
evolu t i o n of T a t t v s i t w i ll b e u s e ful t o r e m e m ber th e a

fol low i ng t a ble

A h m k ar a a

B h ut ad i T a ij as a V a ik ar i k a

T a n m at r as : B h ut a s B u d d h i n d r iy a s : K ar m é n d r i
yas
s abd ’
a a as a k s r ot r a
’
v ac

sp r a
’
s a v y
a u t vac p ani
r up a t j e as ca ks u s p ad a

r a as

g a dh a n — 9
ap

p rt h i v i
as . r a s an

g h r ana
a u

p ay
p as t h a
u

Fro m t h e B l i t ad i a ss i s t e d by t h e T a ij as a i s z
’

i i , ,

produc e d S oun d i n i t s e lf (s i bd a -
t h e l at t er i s
-
’
c

t h e i m m e d i a t e c a us e of E t h e r wh i l e a t t h e
s am t i m e w i t h i t s c o op e r t i on
e ,
n d t h a t of -
a a

t h e T a ij a s a th Va i k ar ik produces H e a r i ng
, e a

an d th e n w i t h t h e c o op e r a t i on o f t h e l a tt e r Sp e ech
,
-
,

uri c) H e r e a f t e r fro m Sound i n i t s e l f i s prod u c e d Touch

(
- -
,

fl
.

i n i t s e l f (p a s ) wh i ch i n i t s t urn i s t h e i m m e d i at e
'
- s r a

1
Se e p . 7 0 , n ot e 2 .

2
S ani kh y a
Cf K rk
a i a 2 5 : T a r/ a a h ] n b l m y a m a s m i T an t a , L k r
p k
. .

s e a in g on N on u e -
p r Cr
e a t io n g e n e a l l ,s a s (I V , 3 4 ) ha m os tlr y y t t y
B a ia s d
is e n g a g e i n i t w h i r l i i s , h o w e e
“
an ed S at t a a n d v r fl
, k by v
T a m a s (a b/c i l a h s a t l vu t a m a s l g u zz a n d u w [ cm/ (L t i s z a f a lg) .
 77

c aus e o f A i r (vd yu ) wh i l e as a m e d iat e c ause i t h e lps i n

,

produc i ng t h e S ki n sens e (tw o) w i t h t h e h elp of wh ich ,

fi n a lly t h e f a c u l t y of H an dl i ng (p ri m) or ig in at es A n d
, .

so for t h .

I t m us t be a d m i t t e d t h at o u r S a m h i t a m en t i on s
no t h i n g a bou t c o oper at i o n a n d t h a t fro m t h e sev e n t h
-

ad h y ay a i t wo u l d r a t h e r s e e m as t hough e a ch T an m at r a

ori gi n at es d i rec t ly fro m t h e B h i i t ad i an d s i m u l t a neously

'

, , ,

e a ch p ai r o f I n d r iy a s d i rec t ly an d o n ly fro m t h e
B u t a ccord i ng t o t h e ch a p t e r o n I n vo l u
1
Vai kar i ka .

t i on
3
e a ch p ai r of I n d r iy a s d i ssol v e s t oge t her w it h t h e
p a r t i cul a r B h ii t a i n t h e corr e spond i ng T a n m at r a so t h at ,

ev i de n t ly for t h e a u t h or o f o u r S a m h i t a t h e wh ole
proc e ss t a kes pl a ce as i n t h e a ccoun t a cc e p t ed a s a u t h e n ti c
‘
by T at t v at r ay a .

The M a n us t h e n by en t e r i ng s ucc e ss i v e ly t h e fi v e
, ,

E l e m en t s a r e furn i sh e d at e ach o f t hese s t e ps w i t h o n e

, , ,

sen sory an d o n e m o t ory f a cul ty so t h a t t hey a r e at l a s t i n ,

p ossess i on bo t h o f t h e fi v e K n owledge s e n s e s a n d of -
’

the fi v e A c t i on se nses Th e equ i p m en t of t h e M a n us

-

i s h e rew i t h co m pl e te p rov id e d w i t h a l l t h e org a n s t h e y

were i n need o f t h e y a r e s t an d i ng i perf e c t lonel i n ess , n
,

o n t h e e a r t h rese m bl i ng t h e b a ck of a t or t o i se (4 .

1
A s is a a en tl pp r
th e y
o ct i n e of d
t h e S am h a r a i a (cf k y K rk .

D e u s s e n , A l l g e mc z n c G c s ch i ch f e (l e r P h i / 41 5 0 13 71 17? , 3 ,
'

446 ot t o m ) I p . b
K rk
.

d v r
I t s h o u l , h o w e e , n ot b e o g o t t e n t h at t h e f r a i a g i es on l the v y
b ra e s t ou t l i n e o f t h e s s t e m y .

2
A d h y ay a IV
, s e e e s p e c i al l y s l 3 5 il l '
. .

E d p 5 6 fl ] A n o t h e r S ut r a (fi nd , p 5 7 ) m e n t i on s t h e o p i n i o n
3
. . . .

t h a t fr o m d / w s
’
u s pr i s t h e s
'
a bd a t a m n d h a , fr o m t h e l a t t e r e d u, etc
'

n
g g
-
, .

a n d s t il l a n o t h e r V i e w (a n i n t e r m e d i at e o n e ) i s f o u n d i n V i s uu t i l a k a

II , 6 6 fi l w. h e r e t h e S
'
a b d a t a m n d t r a i s s
-
a i d t o pr o d u c e d kd s
’
a, t h e

l at t e r (n o t h e f o r
t m e r ) h p a ta n m fi tr a , t h i s o n e r ri yn , e t c
t e s u m ’ -
.

3
Th e f
l ow in g , ol u
p to th e end of t h is i
s e ct o n ,pr e pp s t h e
su os e

r
c e at i o n of th e Eg g an d th e re f r b e lo e on
gs, pr op e r l y s p e a k i g n ,

t o t h e n e x t s e ct i on of our I tr d ti
n o uc on . H w ve r t h e
o e , xa t e c
p l ace t o b e a s s i g n e d in ou r a c c ou n t of S e c o d ary C r e at i o
n n
 pro t ec t i on o f A n i r u d d h a a n d by h i s co m m a nd begi n 1

, ,

to m ul t i ply e ach o f t h e four p ai rs gener at e s a

:

hundred d e scend a n t s m ale an d fe m a le c al led M a n a , ,

v a s an d, t hese con t i nu i ng t h e work of gener at i on

, ,

beco m e t h e a nces t ors o f n u m berless M a n a v a m a

0

n avas .

There follows w h at correspon ds t o t h e F a ll of 3

M an i n Jew i sh a n d C hr i s t i a n t h e o l ogy t o w i t t h e ,
”
j i
r d a bh m m s a
n -
or f a ll fro m
'
knowledg e of
“
al l t h e

M an av a m an av as (7 Th i s m ys t i c even t i s n arra ted

,
‘
t hus : V i dy a beco m e s w i t h so m e p or t i on o f h e rself “
, ,

a cow ; wh i ch m e a n s con t i n u es o u r t ex t t h at she , ,

ob t ai ns t h e cond i t i o n of a cloud ; t h e n t h e m i lk c alled 3

va r s a (r ai n ; ye a r ) proc e ed i ng fro m t h e l a t t er b e co m e s food ;

an d t h e soul s e a t o f t h a t m i lk of n a t ur e a t er ia l m i lk ;
(m
va i d ya m p u g 1 73 ) a n d t h e i r n at ur a lly unl i m i t ed knowledge
/ 1 .

beco m es l i mi t ed (obscur e d con t r ac t e d ) T hus r e l i g i on , .

b e co m e s necess a ry a n d t h e M a n us of old ,s tart t h e 3

to the e v en ts r e l at d h r b e e e e in
g r at h e r d bt f ou ul , it w as n ot f ou n d
a dv i bl e
sa to in t e rr p t t h e a
u
— cc o u n t o f o u r S a mh i t a .

A tm a n y a d hy a ks a m I S iimz m
'
A n i r zu l d h a m (l a d /l u f f
(VII ,
2 ‘ ’

A p a m m i l a ig ( , VII
3
1n th e ac co u n t
g , t h ou g h
we e h a s n ot
ar e r pr d uci
e o n p r p
i n t h e o e of e e n t s rd r v
V i s nu t i l a k a t e a c h e s ( ,63 ) t h a t at t h e c e a
. II r
t i o n of t h e M a h at T at t a
“
v
t h e e o i g i n at e s , t o g e t h e w it h t h e r r r
G u 11 as , t h e e l u s i on of d
men w h i l e , o n t h e ot h e h a n d , e l u s i on r d
Y
,

s eem s t o s e t in g a u al l t ow a r d
s the end of t h e sty u a : s ee
g rd fir
b e l o w , n e x t s e c t i on .

P r a k rt i , i n t h e h i g h e s t s e n s e , n a m e l t h e B h fi t i S a t i w h i c h , y ’
k
a cc o rd
i n g t o a d h y ay a , 3 5 i s a l te n at e l a IV co w i n t h e o m of a
-
. r y f r
cl ou
”
d an d a
“
n on co w
“
.
c al l e th e n m an i e s t
-

( o e ct d U f C rr
a cco rd
i n g l t h e s e con y ac e t e
g l o s s on d br k
a e
g 7 0 of t h e t e x t d p
d
e it io n ; t h e M a h a t c a n n o t b e m e a n t e c a u s e i t e l o n g s t o M an i e s t b b f
N at u r e ) .

T h at i s , a B r ah m a1 1 da ; ,
c f . a b veo , en d of s e c t i on 1 of t h is p a rt o f
ou r I rdn t o u c t i on , 29 p .

6
N ot , of co u r s e, th e f r ou col l e ct i v be i
e n
g s , b u t t h e h i s t o r i c al
on e s ; a
] . X L III , 3 .
 80

co al e sc i ng i n t o a m ass (s a mha ti m r i n d ) cre at e be i ngs .

They t hen fro m M ah at d own t o t h e Gross E le m en t s

, , ,

bec am e m a ssed t oge t h e r under t h e i nflu e nce o f t h e ,

for m os t P u r u s a
e Th e n [ o ut o f t he m ] a n egg w a s .

p roduced fro m t h e n avel o f P a d m a n abh a w h o i s a ,

por t i on of Mys e lf a n d [i n t h e e g g ] t hou O Lo t us born , ,

-

on e ,bec am es t t h e wo m b o f t h e world I t i s t hus t h at .

at t h e beg i nn i ng o f cr e at i on t h i s whole worl d c am e t o

a r i se fro m P r ak r t i

A full e r a ccoun t s ays t h at fro m t h e n avel o f 1

P ad m an abh a t h e re spr i ngs a gold e n e g g con t ai n i ng t h e

T a t t v a s i n a sub t le c on d i t i o n ; a n d wh i le t h e egg i s ,

grow i n g a sh i n i n g wh i t e lo t us a pp e a rs i n i t (s i c) a n d
, ,

i n (on ) t h e lo t us fin a lly A n i r u d d h a cre a t e s 2

th e
“
, ,

fo u r f a c e d cr e a t or (B r ah m an ) Then B r ah m an m ak e s
-
.
3 ’
t

t h ree a t t e m p t s a t cr e at i n g t h e w orld t h e t h i rd o f ,

wh i ch only i s fully successful by gene r at in g (1 ) t h e ,

fl
four Y ou t h s (S an ak a w h o r e fus e t o h av e offsp r i ng ,

a nd rogyne Rudr a S v a) o by self p a r t i t i on

'

()2 t h e
( i w h -

cre at e s t h e e leven p r i nc i p al a n d m a ny m i nor Rudr a s

1
I bi d . I , a d hy 3 .
f
c . V i s nu t i l a k a II , 40 l .

I n the p e r i rp , s y ca a s P r as ’
na S . II , 41 .

P Pr k a
.
( I I
a I , 3 7
s a3'
8 ) s S
a s . t h a t ah m a n h as s-
un
g y Br pr
fr
om t h e l ot u s b u d , t h e p r ak r t i c o n e ,
-
e in
g o f t h e n at u e o f t h e b r
wo l rd w h ich [ ’
b ud
] i ts el h as s un
g o m t h e n a e ] of f pr fr v
V p
i s nu s l e e i n g i n i t s (t h e e g g s ) i n t e i o , n a m e l i n t h e m i d s t of t h e r r y
w at e r”
A cc o
. in g t o rd
a s m i T an t a L k r V
1 5 ti l t h e e g g c o n t a i n i n g t h e . .

A v y ak t a w a s c e a t e r d by Br
a h m an a n d S a a s a t i (t h a t i s , P r a d y u m n a r v
a nd h is S a t i ) , a te
'
k w h ich f r
H r s i k e s a (z A n i r u d d h a ) h a i n g
’
v
m oi s t e n e
”
d
A v y a kt a h ad a
g oo s l ee
”
in i t t og e h e d p t r
wi h t a m a, P dth e es ul t e in g r
t h e S a c r ifi c i a l or b
T im e ot u s L
spr in g in g om fr ’
H rs i k e s a s n a e l an d a h m an
'
an d v
S a a s at i Br r v
’

(H i r a ny a g a r b h a a n d h i s S a t i ) s i n g i n g o m t h e o t u s k pr fr L .

P r as n a S
3
, 21
’
HI m e n t i o n s II s om e mo re e v e
n ts in te e n in
g rv
k k
. .

he e :r a h m an , Br e s i ou s to n ow d r r
h is o ig in , m a e s a u t il e f
t
a tem t p
at
g e t in
g , t h ou h
g t t
h e na r v e ] , at t h e c a u s e of t h e l o t u s ,
d
t h e n m e i t a t e s f or a t h o u s an ea d y r s , an d n al l fi
e ce i e s y r
om v fr
t h e P ur u s a a e a in pp r
g t o h im t h e i ns t r r
u m e n t of c e a t io n , n a m e l
y t h e

V e d as .
 1

an d
()
3 Pr aj ap at i s (M ar i c i e t c ) fro m w ho m
th e s ix , .

a l l t h e re m ai n i n g be i n gs m ov a b l e an d ,s t at i on ary
descend .

Th e sources ar e a t v a r i a nc e a s t o t h e nu m ber
an d n am es of t h e Pr aj ap a t i s a n d be t ween t hes e an d ,

Br a h m an so m e a u t hor it i e s i n ser t a Ma n n M ah a “

s a n at k u m ar a S am h i t a ( I n d r ar at r a 6 fi l ) descr i b e s . 2 0 .

”
as follows t h e or i g i n of a n i n t r a m und a n e t e t r a d “

a n ta r a n d as thi td ca t ur m i r t i ) correspond i ng o t h e four

( z t

Vyuh a s : t h e firs t o f t h e Pr a j ap at i s B a k s a h a d a m i nd , ,

born s o n A cy u t a (V asudev a) whos e mi nd born son w a s

, ,
-

S a m k a r s an a c a lled Rudr a , whose m i nd born son -

w a s P r a d y um n a w hose m i nd born son w a s A n i r u d d h a

1
-
, .

T here a r e as w i ll be unders t ood fro m t h e a bove

, ,

more at t e m p t s t h a n o n e at co m b i n i ng t h e very a n c i en t
s t ory a bou t t h e Gold e n Eg g g i v i ng b i r t h t o g o d B r ah man
w i t h t h e l at er o n e o f t h e lo t us spr i ng i ng fro m t h e n ave ]
of P a d m an abh a an d t hese ag ai n w it h t h e t heory of t h e
T at t v as ; as t her e ar e a lso o f course m ore a u t hor i t i e s , ,

t h a n on e d i spens i n g a dv a n t a g e o u sly w i t h e i t h e r t h e
n avel o r t h e lo t us o r bo t h i n expl ai n i ng t h e or i g i n o f
t h e C os m i c E g g
“
.

The pl ur al i t y o f B r a h m an d a s i s e m ph a s i zed i n 3

sever al S am h i t as O f such E ggs . s ays Vi s v a ks e n a

“

S (l ac ci t p
. .
, t h e re ar e t hous a nds o f t hous an ds
.
“
,
”
or e ven m yr i a d s of t he m an d m ore They ar e , .

1
A cco rd i n r
g t o t h i s t e x t t h e e ar e t h e e S i v a s , n am e l : (1 )r ’
y
t h e V y i i h a S a mk ar s a n a ; (2 ) t h e s on o f Br f r

fl
a h m an a n d at h e
'

of t h e

R dr
u as r d
(3 ) t h e g a n s o n of D a k s a u t h e t h e e f r a h m an s , r r Br
n am e l y I( ) t h e V y uh a P r a d y u m n a (2 ) t h e “
s t of os s e at io n fir G r Cr
an d
“
oL rd of t h e E g
g
”
; a n d (3 ) t h e
g e at
g a n r
s o n o f D ak s a -
r d .

d m it s (VIII 2

fl
2
Ou r S a mh i t a a th
, at s om e de ri ve c r e at i o n

fr om th e E g g , ot h e r s fr m t h e L ot
o us .

3
R f rr d e e e to al r e a dy i a V d ic t x t
n e e ,na m el y B as k a l a m a n t r a
Up an i s a d (9 ) M am a p r a ti s ui bhi w a d dakos
’
zi k .

11
 82

Z
i nv a r i a bly descr i bed as con s i s t i ng o f four t een spheres
( )e ke surrounded by seven e nclos ures (d c a r azi a
) an d
1

t hey a r e s ai d t o a r i se s i m ul t a neo u sly l i ke bubbles o f

w a t er .
2

O w i ng n o doub t t o confl i c t i n g s t at e m en t s i n t h e
, ,

S a m h i t as t he m selves t h e b e g i n n i n g o f i n d i v i d
,

u a l l i f e w i t h i n t h e E g g h as b e c o m e a p r o b l e m
t o t h e expou nders of t h e P ai i c a r at r a The m ed i at e ’ 3
.

cr e at i on (s eed e d ri l ed ar st i ) t h at i s t h e cre ati on m ed i at ed

-

,
‘
by G od B r ah m an a n d t h e i m m ed i a t e cre at i on
,
“

‘
( a d r a r i kd s r sgi
) preced i n g i held be h e s am e
’

t ar e t o t , ,

b y t h e schol i a s t s a s wh at i s co m m only u nders t oo d i n

, ,

I nd i a n ph i losophy by i nd i vi du a l cre at i on (c g/ a s i i s r si i )
,
“
-

” ‘
an c collec t i ve cre at i on (s a mas ti s r s z i ) respec ti vely
“
-
.

B u t a ccord i ng t o Vi s v ak s e n a S am h i t a (l oc ci t p p 1 2 6 .
, .

1 2 9 ) t h e offsp r i ng of t h e M a nus n a m ely t h e s o c a lled Pure ,

-

G rou p (S u d d h a 'f
i s t h e cre a t i on o f P r ad y u m n a ,

w h i l e t h e M i xed group ( i 8 1 a i wrg a) o f soul s [ do m i n at ed

’ ' '

111 -

by R aj a s o r T am a s ] i s cre at ed by A n i r u d d h a t h rough
god B r a h m an ; fro m wh i ch i t see m s t o fo l low t h a t
th e Pure G roup i n sp i t e o f i t s be i ng e ye sti, i s
,

a d c d oi kd
'

The con t r ad i c t i on ap pe a r s a lso i n t h e presen t

.

S a mh it a wh i ch s ay s in ad h y ay a 7 t h at t h e M a n ns w h o
, , ,

l i ke t h e D e v at as e t c —h a ve e m erged a s i nd i v i d u als
, .

fro m t h e K ut as t h a P u r u s a (s l h ave m a ny l i ne ages .

by wh i ch h as been spr e ad t h i s whole [ m an k i nd ] (9 1 .

5 1 ) i nclud i ng t hos e wh o ow i ng t o t h e d et er i or at i ng ,

progress of t h e Yug a s h av e beco m e add i c t ed t o selfish ,

1
S e e f or i n s t a n ce P ad m a T an t ra I , a d h y ay as 1 0 t o 1 2 .

2
T at t v at r ay a, e d . p 66. .

3
S e e V a r av ar a m u n i
’
s c om m on T a t t v at r ay a , e d . p . 118 .

3
Wh o , in e v l vi
o n th e
g con t e n t s of t h e Eg g , i s e a de
g asr r d
c on s i s t in
g of the t ot a l it y of bo d un s ou l s
”
(b ‘
a d rl h d z m a s u m a s i
;
-

wi p e ) ; T at t v a t r a y a , e d . p . 65 c om m , a n d
. el s ew h e re .
 83

w i shes but t hen , in ad h a

y y a 15 , confron t s
the descen d an t s of t h e M a n us (m e n i i s a n ta ti j d l
“
- -
i,

sl . 7) w it h t hose who h a ve sprun g fro m t h e

“

m ou t h e t c , o f B r ah m a
.
, n (br a 71 7) m 7n u k/ d d y u d g a i d h Si , -
1 -
, .

A cl ue t o t h e solu t i on o f t h e r i ddle i s
furn i shed by t h e vers i on co n t ai n e d i n P ad m a T a n t r a
( I, 1 . HI )
85 a nd V i sn
. u t i l ak a
(1 t hough i n . 1 4 s

so m e p ar t i cul a rs i t i s n o t l i k e ly t h at i t represen t s t h e
or ig i n a l t heory I t run s a s follows : T he or i g i n a l
.

rel i g i on (d d ya cl /um n a t o w i t t h e P afi car at r a) w as fi rs t , ,

i n t h e K r t a ag e p rocl ai m ed by god B r a h m an t o ,

t h e s a ges o f sh a r p ened vows who t a ugh t i t t o

“

t he i r d i sc i ples w i t h t h e resul t t h at everybody ,

follow i ng t h e P anc ar at r a, people were l i ber a t ed [o r wen t

t o he a ven Vi snut i l a k a ] so t h at hell bec a m e n a ugh t “
, ,

a nd a g r e a t d e c r e a s e o f c r e a t i o n t o o k p l a c e

( s rs i i ksa yo N u t /Mi n d s i t)
-
B r ah ma n, conseque n t ly
. fel t , ,

une a sy wen t t o t h e Lord an d on t h e l at t er s k i nd

, , ,
’

i nq ui ry a s t o h o w t h e worl d w as p rogress i n g und er

hi s rule repl i ed , Wh at sh all 1 s ay O Lord o f gods ' ,

A l l m en b e i ng full o f f ai t h an d m a s t ers of t h e i r
,

se nses s acr i fice as p rescr i b e d i n t h e Gre a t Secre t ; an d so

,

t hey go t o t h e Pl ace of V i nu fro m w h i ch t h e re i s n o s

re t urn Th e re i s [ n o w ] no he ave n a n d no h e ll ne i t h er
.
,
”
b i r t h n o r de at h Th i s however w a s a g ai ns t t h e pl a n o f
.
2

, ,

t h e Lord a n d so H e s t a r t e d w i t h t h e help o f B r a h m an ,
, ,

K a p i l a, a n d S i v a fi ve m or e sys t e m s (Yog a S am khy a

’
, , ,
’
B au d d h a J ai n a, a n d S ai v a) con fl ic t i ng w i t h e ach o t her
,
”
an d t h e P afi car at r a for t h e bew ilder m e n t of m e n
“
.

N o w , t h e s lok a con t ai n i ng t h e p hr a se
'
a gr e a t decre a se
”
o f cre at i o n t ook pl a c e i s a lso i n Vi s v ak s e n a S a m h i t a

T h e C it r a s i kh a n d i n s
'
a pp r t ea o be m eant .

2
T h at i s , n o de at h f ol l o we d by re- b i rt h .
 84

(oo
l p
ci t , . wh i ch shows t h at t h at S a mh i ta
.
,

a l t hough d e r i v i n g t h e Pure Group fro m P r ad y u m n a

an d t h e M i xed Group fro m A n i r u d d h a a n d B r a h m an ,

m us t h ave held a v i ew s i m i l a r t o t h e a bove a s r e g a rds

t h e m u t u a l r e l at i on o f t h e t w o O ur p resen t S am h it a .

spe ak s t wi ce (6 ; 7 ) a bou
. t t h e
1 3 M a n us p a ss i ng
. 4 7 - 4 8

fro m P r ad y u m n a s c a re t o t h at of A n i r u d d h a a n d onc e
’
,

a bou t t he i r w i t h dr a w a l i n t o A n i r u d d h a i n t h e per i od o f ,

P r a l ay a (4 . T h i s sugges t s t h e i de a t h at wh i le
5 9 ,

bo t h cl a sses of souls a r e i n t roduced i n t o t h e Eg g by

A n i r u d d h a (P a d m a n abh a ) t h e p ure ones only ar e so ,
.

i n t roduc e d d i rec t ly t h e i m pure ones however i n d i rec t ly

, , ,

an d l at er n am e ly by b e i ng fi rs t t r a nsferred t o B r a h m a
, , n .

For i t m us t be re m e m ber e d t h at t h e gre at m aj or it y o f

,

unl i ber at ed soul s lef t ov e r fro m t h e p rec e d i ng K alp a a n d

now t o be reborn en t e r of necess i t y t h i s n e w per i od o f
t he i r s a i s d ra w i t h a re m ai n der of good an d b ad K a r man
n ,
”
or only t h e l at t er t h at i s a s i m pure b e i n gs These
,
“
.
,

e vi den t ly m us t be r e i n t roduced i n t o e a r t hly l i f e by t h e

,
-

h i ghes t repres e n t at i v e of R a j a s t h at i s t h e g od B r a h m an ; ,

an d t h e y c a n no t a ppe a r o n e a r t h a s long a s t h e fir s t

Y ug a i n wh i ch S at t v a pr e v ai ls i s n o t over The s m all

, , .

m i nor i t y o n t h e o t her h a nd i n who m S at t v a p r e d o m i

, ,

n at es m us t f or t h i s v e ry re a son i n or d er t o t er m i n at e t he i r
, ,

c a reer a p pe a r i n t h e firs t Yug a wi t hou t p ass i ng t h rough

,

B r a h m an : t h e Lor d t herefore s ays Vi s v ak s e n a S a m h i t a

, ,

( l oc .ci t p , cre a t es
. w i t h t h e b i t of good
”
K a r m an (s u krta l e s e n a ) t h e y h a e lef t a n d for wh i ch t hey
-
'
v
,

m us t s t i ll rece i ve a n e a r t hly rew a rd t h e s z i d l h a s a r g a ,

'
c -
.
’

T hese pure be i ngs of t h e K r t a ag e t h e n corr e spond t o t h e , ,

A n ag am i n s [ a n d S ak r d ag am i n s ] o f B uddh i s m , t h at i s

P r Cr
u e e a t i on P r G ro p
or u e u the wo rd sw
gu be i n
g al s o
of r a r s e d e l s e w h e re th s
a s
y n on
ym g a u in i c o n n e c t i on .
 85

t hose l m os t perfec t be i ngs who re t urn f o r o n e l i fe [ o r

a

t w o l i ves ] only b e c a us e t h e y h a v e v e ry n e a rly r e a ch e d

,

L i ber at i o n i n t h e p r e ced i ng o n e A n d so i f i t i s s ai d .
,
”
t h at a t t h e e n d o f t h e K r t a Y u g a t h e descend a n t s of “

t h e M a n us beg a n t o d e t e r i or at e t h i s c a n only r e f e r t o ,

t he i r b o d i l y descend a n t s a m ong who m t h e p ur e souls

wer e m ore an d m or e d i s a p pe a r i ng (h av i n g re ach e d

L i ber a t i on ) wh i le t h e g a p s w e r e b e i ng fill e d by B r a h
,

m an w i t h t h e be t t e r spec i m en s of t h e m i xed on e s t h e ,

p rocess go i ng o n i n t h i s w ay i n a descend i ng l in e un t i l
, , ,

i n t h e K a l i ag e e ven t h e m os t depr a ved find t he i r ch a nce

f or re i nc a rn at i on .

T he fo ur h undred M an a v a s of t h e A h ir b u d h n y a
Sa m h i t a h av e beco m e e i g h t h u n d r e d Vi n u s “
s
’

i n M ah as a n a t k u m a r a S a m h i t a (I n d r ar at ra s i x t h a d h y ay a ) ,

wh i ch even e n u m er at es t h e n am es of t h e m al l loc at i ng ,

t he m i n e igh t i d e a l re a l m s s i t u at e d i n t h e e i gh t reg i on s
3
.

A m ong t hose e i gh t h undr e d Vi n u s e ach of who m i s t h e s ,

ch i ef (n ag/ ak a ) of a t hous a nd su bj ec t s (cf t h e M an a va .

m an a v a s of our S a m h i t a) t here ar e t h e or ig i n a l t hre e ,

h und red t w i ce born M an av a s wh i le t h e group of or ig i n a l ,

S u dr a s h as been r e pl ac e d by fi v e m i x e d groups i n such

’

a w ay a s t o el i m i n at e a l t og e t h e r t h e m a l e S ii d r a s The .

1
Br ah m a n
(1 ) o ly l iv i th
as e a te rn
n r al m l l ed
e n e s e ca

ch il dr e (d e c d t s ) of Br ah m a na f t h r s a d
'
S i a oh a ; 2 )
v r n s en an a e n

K s t iy a m t h e r s i t h e R am a w o r l d f t h
a r o n th e a t K s t iy s o e s ou s a r a

t h e N ar s i m h a W r l d f t h e s th c h i l dr f K t iy f t h r s
a d Vai y a m
in a o o ou en o sa r a a e

n th er
s
’
i th s o t h w e s te r
o s r e g i ( am e m i s s i g )
n e u -
n on n n ,

()5 V a i s y i S i’
d h a
as a L k a
n f
'
rt h w e s t ; ()
r 6 c h iol dr e of Br a h mea a n o n

f at h e r s d V i y a m t h r s i V am a L o k a of t h o r t h e as t (7 )
’
an a s o e n i an e n -

ch i l dr of Br ah m a n f t h e r d S udr a m o t h r s i H ay a i s a L k a f
'
’
en a a s an e n s r o o

th e rt h no d (8) h i l dr an f K t iy a f t h e r a d S udr
c en o m th e r
sa r a s n
'

a o s

i nV as d e v a L k f t h e ort h t
u o a o Th e m n of t h -
V is n s a
e as . na es e u re

p a rt l y v e ry s t r a g e F x am pl e J n . V a i or S k a V i ad
e , 1 r 11 a 1 n n o , s a,

L bh o P n at m
a, a d B a h y at m
c an , an am e s f rt h w e t e i an ai e n o no s ri

V i n s ; a d B h it
s u n Bl a y B ha i y t
i a, D l 1 v Deh a
a, t d v s a , e i a, va , an

me m e s fr m H y i s L k
'

S rir a ' '

a as s an a s o na o a as r a o a .
ch a p t er closes by m en t i on i ng t h a t t here ar e i n n u m er a bl e
Vi s n u s i n K a p i l a Lok a
1
.

6 . NA T UR E A ND DE STI N Y or TH E S OUL
When t h e D ay o f t h e Lord h a s exp i r e d a n d t h e
G r e at D i ssol u t i on i s fin i shed no t h i ng r e m a i n s b u t t h e 2

W at ers of I nfin i t y an d flo at i ng o n t he m o n t h e le a f of a , ,

b an i a n t r e e (e ri e -
a b a be whos e n am e i s t h e
e
“

”
Voi d Th e b a be i s Vi s n u t h e slee p less on e , ,
”
sl e ep i ng t h e sleep of Yog a I n H is wo m b (ku l csi ) 3
.
“

ar e sleep i ng al l t h e souls : i n t h e up per p ar t t h e

l i ber at e d on es (ma t te ) ; i n t h e m i ddle p a r t t hose who
[ ow i ng t o S at t v a p rev a i l i ng i n t he m ] ar e fi t f or
“

L i ber at i on (m aki i yog ya ) ; t hen n e a r t h e n avel t h e -

,
3

ever boun d (n i i ya ba d d h a ) an d i n t h e reg i o n of t h e

- -
, ,

lo i n s t hose who [ on a ccoun t o f t h e p redo m i n a nce i n

, ,
”
t he m T am a s ] ar e fi t for D a rkness (tam o yogya ) 5
of ,
-
.

T he soul s i n t h i s cond i t i on ar e c all e d N ar as 6

'

The a bove a ccou n t t ho ugh t aken fro m a f ai rly ,

r e c e n t work con t ai n s undoub t e dly t h e or i gi n a l or t hodox

7
,

For K p
3
a il a V i s nu r f t h N ag a i P at al s e
t h e t e ac h e o e s n a, e

P d r I I
a m a T an t a , II 1 7 0 il l T h i h b i t t s
2 3 , a n d V i s nu t i l a k a .
, . e n a an

r rd
of t h e n e t h e w o l s d t b e s h ppy as t o h a v e
(A t a l a , e t c ) ar e s a i . o o a

n o l on v II
g i n g f or h e a e n (V i s nu t i l a k a ,

Th f l l w i g a bbr e v i t e d fr o m P Pr k a S I firs t
2
e o o n , a . a
'
s a . ,
ad h y ay w il l b a, r c og i e d a l a b or t i e f the t ry o f e n z s an e a on o s o

M a k nd y r r f e rr e d t o a b v e i c
a e a e ti w it h t h e t w e t y o n on n e c on n

se e t h A v at ar a (d s r i b d A h i b
v n S a mh L VI 2 8 e c e r . .
,

Y g a i d w i m p i g a z r i i d ap a d f s r a a l P Pr a k as a
3
o
‘ -
n u o n ro s e
’
’
r z, .
'

S . I , 1 40
. .

3
Fr om w h i ch w il l spr i g n the L ot u s an d t he r pr
e e s e n t at i ve of

R j a as , Br ah m a ; cf
g od n . ab v o e , s e c t i on 5 .

P Pr k a a S I , 1
. a s
’
. . 1 1 fil .
( co rr p t ) u 5 10 1 1
.
-
; e t c.

1 lu d , s l
’
. 1 4 Of t h e . . e xp l a n a t i on of the n am e N ar ay a na i n
M an u Sm rt i I , 10 .

7
P Pr k a S m
. a
'
s a . e n t ion s S r i r a ng a a n d V e ii k a te s ’a , f u r t h e r t h e
' ’

th r ee l f P ra
c as s e s o u n as , an d , as be l on i
g gn t o t h e S at t v i c c l a s s , t h e

B h ag a v t (I 1 2 7 4
a a , .
°
 88

The d i fficul t y however i s t h at t here ar e n u m er

, ,

ou s p a ss ages i n t h e S am h i t as where t h i s v i ew i s
a pp a ren t ly s et a s i de Fo r a l t hough
. a n i m at e
, an d
‘
i n a n i m at e n a t ure soul an d body subj ec t an d obj ec t
, , ,

ar e d e cl a red t o be t w o a spec t s o r p ar t s o f t h e on e
B h u t i S a k t i s t i ll t h e i d e a o b t ai n i n g s i nce t h e e a rl i es t
'

, ,

t i m es i n I nd i a n ph i losophy o f a closer rel at i on sh i p of

,

t h e soul t h a n o f m at t er w i t h G o d i s by n o m e a n s

a bsen t i n o u r S a m h i t as a n d q u i t e co n sp i cuous n a t ur ally , ,

i n t h ose S a m h i t as w h i ch oper at e e i t her n o t at al l o r

b u t a l i t t l e w i t h L a k s m i a s a ph ilosoph i c a l pr i n c i ple .

A n d i t i s t h i s i d e a i n al l prob a b i l i t y wh i ch i s ul t i m ate ly
, ,

respons i bl e f o r t h e in t r u s w n i n t o t h e P aii c ar at r a o f cer ’

t ai n for e i g n ele m en t s such a s t hos we wi ll n ow po i n t e

ou t .

I f cre at i on m e an s ppe ar i n g t h en t h ere see m s t o

re -a ,

be n o roo m f or t h e ques t i on o f a firs t begi nn i ng o r

or i g i n al s i n S t i ll t h e ques t i on i s a sked a n d a n swered
.

i n m ore t h a n on e t ex t f or i ns t a nce i n t h e follow i ng w ay

,

i n ch ap t er 1 4 o f A h i r b u d h n y a S am h i t a .

I n a dd it i on t o t h e t h ree w el l kn own powers o f -

cre at i o n preserv at i on an d des t ruc t i on t h e Lord h as t w o

, , ,

m or e S a k t i s c a lled N i g r ah a (o r Ti r od h an a ) an d A n u g r ah a
'

by m e an s of wh i ch he p re p a res an d p re de t er m i nes t h e -

soul for bond ag e o r l i ber at i on r e spec t i vely The .

en t er i ng o f t h e soul i n t o t h e wh e e l of bi r t h s co m m only ,

a ccoun t e d for by i t s o w n pr e v i ous a c t s i s h e re expl a i ned ,

”
by t h e Lord s ob scur i ng
’ “
i t s d i v i n e n at ur e t hro u gh
red uc i n g i t s or i g i n al o m n i presence o m n i sc i e n ce a n d , ,
”
o m n i po t ence s o a s t o m ak e i t (I ) at o m i c
, ()
2 ,

l i t t le know i n g
-
an d
()3 l i t t l e a ch i ev i ng Vi ce
“
-

w r a t hose t h ree res t r i c t i on s c a lled T a i n t s o r Fe t t e rs

e g

—
,

Oc t an a — tg
ce a , (l e 7i in l h ( e a, b h oktr -
bhog y a (V , 9 HI )
 89

m ay a g ai n be c a nc e ll e d t h rough th e d i v i n e gr ac e

Now wh e t h e r t h e fi v e S ak t i s m e n t i one d a r e t h e
,
’

Lord s o r L ak m i s t h e fa c t i s und e n i able I bel i eve

’
s
’ ’
, , ,

t h a t t h e soul i s n o t here r e g a rd e d a s a m e re por t i on o f

L ak s mi b u t as a t h i rd p r i nc i ple d i s ti nc t fro m bo t h
3

V asudev a a n d M at t er (o r L a k m i respec t i vely ) jus t s ,

as i n t hose p a ss a ges ( 45 ; 38 e t c ) wh i ch sp e a k
8 - 4 1 3 .

o f A v i dy a o r M ay a a s v e i l in g t h e t rue n at ure of t h e
j a an d t h e
p ar a
( soul an d G o d ) Th a t i s t o s a
y .

w e h ave here ne a rly t h e s t a ndpo i n t descr i bed i n V i n u s

t i l ak a i n t h e words ) Ther e i s a t r i a d
-
her
3 5 e

B r ah m a n Ji v a (soul ) a n d J a g a t (w orl d ) ; Br ah m a n
, ,

i s a m ass (T ri al ) o f L i gh t J ag a t a m ass o f ele m en t s ,

”
zi ta ) a n d J i v a a m a ss of knowledge
( bh , .

Secon d ly t h e concl u s i on see m s t o b e i n e vi t a bl e t h a t

,

t h e l i ber a t ed soul i s n o t only o m n i sc i e n t a s i t i s i nd e e d , , ,

of t en descr i b ed t o be b u t a lso o m n i po t en t a n d even ,

o m n i presen t A s f or i t s o m n i po t e n c e t h i s word m ay
.
,

here h ave t h e r e s t r i c t ed m e a n i ng i n wh i ch i t i s e lsewher e

used w i t h reg a rd t o t h e l i ber at ed (w h o c a n no t i n t e rf e r e
w it h or p ar t i c i p at e i n t h e govern a n ce of t h e world ) ; b u t
t h e ques t i on re m a i n s : h o w c an t h e l i b e r a t e d soul be
o m n i pres e n t (c ibh u ) w h ich i s t h e less i n t e ll ig i ble a s i n
,

ch a p t er 6 2 7 ) i t h a s b een d e scr i bed as of th e

“

F or u t h e f r r p rt i c
a ul a s r s e e o u r r es u m e o f th e ad h a
y y a, be l ow ,

n e x t ch a t e p r .

d d t h e 11 11 17 11 1 kr ty
d e s cr i b d z fi m of t h e
'

Th ey a l s o?
2
ar e , in e e , e as

v
D e i , f or i n s t an ce i n , 2 I a n d X X I , 1 2 of A h i r b u d h n y a S a m h it a .

3
Fr om th e g en e r al s t an dp oi t n of ou r S a mh i t a w e s h ou l d
L ak s m i
.

have to y sa t h at Vi s nu c au s e s to a ct w it h on e

p ar t of h e r s e l f (n a m e l y N i g r ah a , e t c u on a n ot h e r p ar t (t h e .
) p
s ou l ) , t
h u s br i n g i n g t h e l at t e r i n t o c o n n e c t i on w i h a t h i rd p a r t t
of h e r s e l f (n a m e l y m at t e r ) ! (w h i c h w o ul d r e d u ce t h e c os m i c

k
pr oce s s t o s om e t h i n g l i e a p h y s i ol og i cal d i s t u rb an ce i n t h e o dd e s s ) G .

12
 th e l at t er be i ng rel a t ed t o t h e for m er as t h e
l i gh t S p re a d i n a roo m t o t h e l a m p (or fl am e ) fro m wh i ch
i t r a d at es
i — i s a pl a us i ble expl a n at i on of t h e sou l m o t e -

an d i t s m i ll i on s o f r ays ( 2 b u t m us t be rej ec t ed i n .

t h e p resen t c a se w here o m n i pres e n c e i s expressly d i s t i n

u i s h e d fro m o m n i sc i ence A s a m at t er o f f a c t n o t h i ng
g .
,

re m ai ns b u t t o a d mi t t h at we h ave h ere a S a i v a t ene t '

i n Vai snav a g arb Fo r t h e S ai v a s do t e ach t h at t h e soul s

’
.
,

a r e n at ur a lly o m n i presen t t h a t i s : n ot h a m pered

“ 2

by sp ace t ho u gh l i m i t ed wh i le i n bond age by n i ya ti o r

, , ,

sp a t i a l res t r i c ti on The l at t e r as we know a lre ady i s

.
3

,
’
,

o n e of t h e fi v e
(or i ncl ud i ng M ay a s i x ) l i m i t a t i ons of ,

t h e soul c a lled K a n c u k a s a n d t h e con nec t i on o f o u r ,

ch ap t er (1 4) w i t h t hese i s t h e m ore ev i den t as t h e t w o

o t h er T ai n t s t o w i t t hose of L it t le kn ow i ng an d
,
-

L i t t le ach i ev i n g ar e a bsol u t ely i den t i c al w i t h t h e

-

K a fi cu k as c al led V i dy a an d K a l a Th e surpr i s i ng 5

sol u t i on o f t h e p roble m t hen i s t h at i n ou r p a ss age t h e , ,

” ”
word ( mu do e s n ot m e a n at o m i c b u t s m a ll l i t t le “
,

i n t h e sen se o f sp at i ally res t r i c t e d a n d a s t h e oppos i t e

1
T att v at r ay a , e d . p Y a t D i p , e d pp 6 9 an d 7 5
. 35 . . . .

Vi b h u , a zz u , c d p a ka : S ar v a d a r s a n a S a m g r a h a , P o on a ed .
2 ’
an -
y

Z
p . 6 9 (l l 2 3 ,. P r a t y ab h i j fi a H r d ay a , S r i n ag a r e d p 2 2 ; e t c
’
. . .

3
P r at y ab h i j fi a H rd ay a , oc . c i t , an d el s e wh e re .

fl
3
bov p p
Se e a e . T h e P afi car at r a d
o ct i n e o f t h e M a a r y
K o a w s d e v e l p e d by t h e v r
S a i as i n t o t h e t h e o y o f t h e K a fi c n k as ,
'
'
s a o

af t e r w h i h t h e l at t e r i fl
c n u e n ce d t h e P anc ar at r a .

T h e fi v e K a fi cu k a s ca l l e d k l d k rz l e a n d n i a ti ar e
’
5
, m d yad , r a g a , , y
s ai d t o r e s u l t fr o m t h e co t r a c t i
”
n on of s a r va ka r t r tva , s a r c a i fi a tv a ,

p r p a tc a , n i t a t va ,
y an d
‘
r d a ka z m
y p es e ct i e l r p v y
P r at y a b h i j fi a
H rd ay a , l oc ci t . .
 92

renders le a s t poss i ble t h at t h e Lord i s m e a n t t o

it at

sa
y :
“
T hey beco m e l i ke M e excep t o f course w i t h , , ,
”
r e g a rd t o t h e gov e rn a nc e o f t h e world Fo r al l .
,

P anc ar at r a S a m h i t as r e cogn i ze t h e ex i s t ence of t h e

N i tya s o r ever free be i ngs (Vi s v ak s e n a e t c ) an d
“
-
3)
, .
1

c an n o t t herefore a d m it t h at a previ ously bound soul

, ,

should beco m e m or e i n s e p a r a bly un it e d w i t h t h e Lord

than t hese ar e I n Vi n u t i l ak a w h i ch i s closely
. s ,

r e l a t e d t o P ad m a T a n t r a a n d wh i ch a lso u ses t h e phr ases 2

,
”
“
he w i l l beco m e B r ah m a n i s a bsorbed i n t h e ,
“

H ighes t B r ah m a n e tc this un ion i s decl a red “

t o b e o n e w i t h t h e K au s t u b h a o f t h e Lord
’
an d is

fur t h e r r e ferred t o a s follows : J u s t a s gold i n “

,

t h e m i ds t of fi r e sh i nes s e p a r at ely a s t hough it were

, ,

n o t i n c o n t ac t w h even so he who cl ng ng
[ i h e fire
] i i

fl
i

fl
t t s ,

t o B r ah m a n (B 1 11 111 1 1 1 1 l a g 1 ) i s seen t o e x i s t i n t h e
-
l 1 1 /11

for m o f a g e m H e who h as b e co m e a t “

t a c h e d t o t h e J e w e l of ge m s ( t a i T t t fi ct t h e K a u s t u b h a) il - /
,

i s s a i d t o h a v e at t ai ned i den t i t y [ w i t h t h e Lord ]

I n a no t h e r p a ss ag e o f P ad m a T a n t r a (I 6 l ) , . 1 5 .

t h e gre at probl e m i s s t at e d w i t h u n usu a l pr e c i s i on :

Scr i p t ure e m ph a s i z e s t h e on e n e ss of t h e h igh e s t Self an d
t h e on e a e c ll d K e t r a
j fi a
(Know s e r o f —t h e fi e l d t h e soul ;
) - -
,

fl
e plur a l i t y of h i s K e t r a fi a i s proved by t h e
[ ]
b ut t h t j s

d i v e r s it y f bod i es o Th r e e w e l l known A d v ait ic i m ages -

Se e a b v pp
o e . 56 11 1 . I n P ad m a T an t ra the y ar e m e n t ion e d ,
f o r i n s t an c e i n I , l .

2
A n d e v en on e of i t s s o u ce s , t o u g e om r the a ct t h at j d fr f
i t i s m e n t i on e as d N o 6 i n t h e S a mh i t a l is t o f
. a m a T an t a P d r .

T h e m u t u al e l at i on r o f t h e t w o i s , h o w e e , n ot u i t e cl e a v r q r .

I 33 I 1 14 ; t
, , e c .

3
II 3 0 ; f b v pp
,
c . a o e, . 5 8, 5 9 .

3
V i n t il k
s II 1 0 0
u a a , . Th e s ou l i n i t s e l f , t h at i s i n it s n at u r al

f rmo , is o ft en com p re d
a w it h a
g em .

6
M a n i / (Li n e ri u l g n as ya s ti
y i gg a g a f i r ”cy n i c ; II , 5 4 , i b id .
 93

ar e used t o i llus t r at e t h e rel at i on o f t h e O n e an d t h e m a ny

t h e p o t i n t h e w at er t h e p o t i n t h e a i r a n d t h e one figur e
, ,

r e fl e c t e d i n m a ny m i rrors Y e t n on e of t h e se (as show n .

l

by t h e r e s t o f t h e ch a p t e r ) i s us e d i n t h e A d v ai ti c sen se
G o d as t h e I n n e r Ru l er perv a d e s t h e soul wh i l e H e ,

is , of course also o u t s i d e i t ; a n d t h e r e fl e c t ed
,

i m a ges proc e e d fro m t h e i r or i g i n a l l i ke t h e r ays fro m

t h e sun J us t a s by m e a ns of g a t e s of v a r i ous k i n ds
, ,

p e op le g o for t h fro m a t own e v e n so t h e souls go for t h ,

—
fro m B r ah m a n t h i s i s c a lled C re at i on ; an d as t hrough ,

t hos e g a t e s t h e i nh a b i t a n t s o f t h a t t own e n t e r i t a g a i n
, ,

j us t so [ t h e so u ls ] go [ b a ck ] t o t h at B r ah m a n t h i s i s
”
c a ll e d W i t hdr a w a l I t m ay be obj e c t e d t h at t h e r avs
2
.

sen t o u t an d a g a i n w i t hd r a wn by t h e s un h a v e no 3

sep a r a t e e x i s t en c e i n t h e s u n i t sel f b u t t h i s i s n ot t h e ,

co m m on I n d i a n o r at a n y r at e n ot t h e P ancar at r a
, , ,

V i ew a n d e ven t h e A u p an i s a d i c i m age of t h e r i vers

en t e r i ng t h e oce a n m e a ns for t h e P a fi car at r i n only t h at i n
L i ber at i on t h e soul s b e co m e pr a c t i c ally b u t n ot r e ally o n e .
’

T h e concl us i on t o b e d r a wn fro m al l t h i s i s t h at :
,

a l t ho u gh t h e l a ngu a g e of t h e A dv ai t a i s occ a s i on a lly m e t

w it h i n t h e P anc ar at r a S am h i t as t h e ch i e f ch a r a c t
Z
,

fl
e r i s t i c of t h at ph i losophy n a m e ly i t s i llus i on i s m ( may/ ( ,

w i d e ) i s a l t oge t h er a bs e n t fro m t h e m
,
.

1
Th e fir
s t an d s e c o n i m ag e s oc c u i n M ai t e a d an i s a , 1 8
r r y Up d II
( s e e m y d
e it i o n o f t h e M i n o a n i s a s , v ol , f r Up
or an e l a o a d . I p . b r
t i o n o f t h e s e co n d
s e e G a u da p ad a s M and fi k a
’

y a i a , 3 l th e K r k III .

thi rd r f r
i s a t a n s o m a t i o n of t h e i m a g e o u n , i n B r a h m a b i n d u an i s a f d Up d
r x
1 2 a n d o t h e t e t s , of t h e o n e m o o n a n d i t s m a n e e ct i o n s i n t h e t a n yr fl k .

2
V i s nu t il a k a II 9 5 il l b , e in
g an e l a b r at i
o on (i f n ot the o r ig i na l )
of P ad m T a an t r I 6 43 44
a , ,
-
.

P ad m a
3
T tr I 6 24
an a , . .

3
I bi d . 1, 6 5 1 52,
.
-
r f rr i
e e n
g t o Y o
g a ( z t e m p or a l L i b e r at i ) on .

5
T h at th e f am s G i t a p as s g Il l m i i p s
ou a e a a ri i o, e t c
’
.
(XV , 7 ) is
l
a so to be un e d r t d i th i ss oo ca b g th r d f
n s en s e , n e a e e or i n s t a n ce om fr
Y at .Di p , e d p 74 w h r th t h i g f
. .
, e e e e ac n o Y ad a v a p r a k as a , '

n am e l
y B ra h m h p s j i lg
r r e j e c t e d a s e rr e
’
o va 1s on ou s .
 III . T H E A H I R B U D H N YA S A MH I T A

T 11 11 s e l ec t i on for p ubl i c at i on o f t h e A h i r b u d l
, ,

S a m h i t a w as d e t e r m i n e d by t h e con s i d e r at i o n
t h e S a m h i t a t o be publ i shed a s a n i n t r od uct i m
t h e P ai i car at r a should be (1 ) one of t h e old e r S a m h i
’

()2 o n e o f t h e S a m h i t as t o an a pprec i a ble ex t en t

e xclus i vely concern ed w i t h t h e t heore t i c a l p a r t o f

,

sys t e m ; a n d (3 ) a S a m h i t a of wh ich a suffic i en t n un

o f m a nuscr i p t s w a s a v a i l a ble t o en sure t h e p ro d u ct i e

a p r a c t i c ally co m pl e t e a n d rel i a ble t e x t Th e A h i r b . i

n a
y S am h i t a w as n ot only foun d t o fulfil t

cond i t i on s b u t m oreover t o be a work o f u n u su al i n t t

a n d s t r i k i ng or i g i n al i t y .

1 . TH E M A N U S C R IPT M A T ER TA L

Wit h wh at success cer tai n S an skr it works ar e

b e i ng kep t secr e t i n I nd i a i s shown by t h e f ac t t h ai
,

e d i t i ng t h e p resen t S a m h i t a wh i ch i s n o t r e pr e sen t e
,

a s i ngl e Europe a n l i br a ry n o less t h a n S ix (n i n e ) 11

,

could be ob t ai ned w i t h i n t hree ye a rs U n f or t u n at e l .

'

c a n b e seen fro m a f e w co m m on o m i ss i on s a n d error s

of t hese M S S go b ack t o o n e a lre ady cor r u

.

or i g i n al S t ill on t h e whole t h e S am h i ta i s
.
,

preserved T he t w o oldes t an d bes t M S S ar e t

. .

c a lled E a n d D The for m e r i s a Gr a n t h a M S I

. .

K al a le i n Mysore t h e l at t er a M S wr i t t en i n
, .

M al ay al a m ch a r a c t er an d bel on g i n g t o H H th e M a h i . .

of Tr a va ncore E i s m or e a cc ur at e t h a n D Fro m h
. .

sc e nd t h e four M e lko t e M S S F t o H al l of t h e m WI i t t t
.
,
‘
 96

p a r ti cul a rly cle a r i n a p a ss age o f t h e A i t a r e ya B r ah m a n a

wh i ch m ay b e d i r e c t ly con nec t ed w i t h t h e P afi c a r at r a
v i ew o f A h ir b u d h n y a n am e ly t h e p a ss age 3 runn i ng as , . as

fo l lows Pr aj ap a t i a ft e r h a v i ng sp r i nkl e d t h e cre at ure s ,

w i t h w a t er t hough t t h at t hey (t h e cre a t ures ) w er e h i s o w n

, .

H e provi ded t he m w i t h a n i nv i s i bl e l us t re t h rough A h i r

” 2
b u d h n ya .

3 . P R OV E N I E N C E A ND A GE

l re ady be e n s t at e d t h at o n e s t an z a of A h i r
I t h as a
3

b u d h n y a S am h i t a i s ev i den t ly quo t ed by U t p al a Vai sn a v a

i n h i s S p a n d a p r ad i pik a T h i s would o f cours e prove t h a t .
, ,

t h e S am h i t a ( l i k e J ay ak h y a S m e n t i on e d i n t h e l at t er an d .

a lso i n U t p al a s work ) m u s t h a ve once ex i s t ed i n K a s m i r

’
.

Th at it w as a c t u ally co m pos e d i n t h at c ou n t ry , m us t be
concl uded fro m t w o o t h er p a ss ages n a m ely 2 6 an d 4 5 , . 7 5 .

5 3 , r eco m m en d i n g or m en t i on i ng respec t i v e ly t h e we a r, ,

i n g as an a m ule t o f a cer t ai n d i a gr a m (ye n tm ) dr a wn o n

, ,

a shee t of b i rch b a rk (011 21771 B i rch b a rk as

-
1 -
,

i s well known w as t h e wr i t i ng m at e r ia l o f a nc i en t
,
-

K as m i r I n ch a p t er 3 9 we re a d (s l
.
H e sh i n es .

l i ke t h e sun fr e e d fro m t h e con fin e m en t (or o bs t ruc t i on )

by I i m i wh i ch ev iden t ly refers t o t h e su n ri s i ng
/
a

fro m beh i nd t h e s n o w m oun t ai n s (h i ma ) t h a t i s t o a s un

'

-
,

r i se i n t h e K as mi r v all e y A t h i rd i nd i c at i on o f t h e -
.

3
I n H an g
’
s t ra l
n s at o n i .

2
S ay an a
’
s r em a rk
t h at b y t h e t w o n a m e s A h i a n d B u d h n y a a

p rt i l r k i d
a cu a n of fire (t h e G a r h a at a )
p y i s m e an t , n e e n ot b e d
pt d Pe r p
a c ce e ,
h a s , h o w e e , it i s n o t e w o t h v r t h at a h m n i nr y y
V
V aj a s an e y i S a m h i t a ( , 3 3 ) w h i c h a l s o m e n t i o n s A h i r b u d h n y a
G ar h ap at y a a g n i , c o m m ) , c o n t a i n s t h e n a m e o f is n u fi v e t i m e s in V
t h e fir s t M an t r a a n d n o l e s s t h an t w e n t y f o u r t i m e s a f t e r w a rd s , -

t h a t i s , m o r e o f t e n t h a n h at o f a n y o t h e r d e i t y t .

3
A b ov e p . 18 .
 97

K as m i r i a n or i g i n of o u r S am h i t a i s prob a bly t h e s t or y
of M u kt ap i d a t old i n t h e for t y e igh t h ad h y aya A -
.

pri nce o f t h i s n am e i s n ot known fro m a n y o t her

w ork ( a ccord i ng t o B an d R s d i c t i o n a ry ) t h a n t h e ’
.

fa m ous K as mi r ia n chron i cl e t h e R aj a T ar a ug in i (4
'
, .

A bou t t h e a g e o f t h e S a m h i t a h a rdly a ny t h i ng
m ore c an be s ai d w i t h cer t a i n t y t h a n t h at i t belongs t o
t h a t cl a ss of S a m h i t as for wh i ch w e h a ve fi x ed t h e
e i gh t h cen t ury A D a s t h e ter mi n us a d gu e mf The only
. .

p a ss age wh i ch m i gh t se e m t o i n d i c at e a l a t e r d at e ,

i s t h e s t a nz a wher e k i ng K u s ad h v aj a s ays t o '

h i s t e a ch e r Fro m t he e h ave I ob t ai n e d t h e H i gher

“

Sc i ence a n d a lso t h e Lower on e ; a n d by t h e fire of t h e

”
H i gher Sc i ence a l l m y K a r m a n h a s be e n burn t up I t i s .

’
d i fficul t t o re a d t h i s w i t ho u t t h i n k i ng of S ank ar ac ar y a s '

sys t e m B ut K u s a d h v aj a be i ng a P a fi car at r i n refers

.
'
, , ,

of course to th e t wo
, m e t hods ( )
M t i descr i bed i n th e

fift e e n t h ad h y ay a d i s ti ngui sh i ng b e t wee n t h e V ed a an d

,

t h e i nfer i or sys t e m s o n t h e o n e h a nd a n d t h e P ancar at r a ,

o n t h e o t her The d i s t i nc t i on i s b a s e d o n t h at i n t h e
.

B h a g av ad G i t a be t ween t h e or t hodox who s w e a r on t h e

-

V ed a s an d t h e enl i gh t ened ones w h o worsh i p t h e Lord

2
.

N o r does t h e defin i t i on o f w i d g/ d (i gnor a nce ) i n L5 ( ,

!
. 3 -
4 ,

1 A bove p . 19 .

2 Th e P afi c ar at r i n s h a v e e v e r s i n c e e m p h as i z e d t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n ,
w h i c h i s on e o f t h e c h i e f ca u s e s o f t h e i r h a v i n g b e e n d e c r i e d a s
h e r e t i c s u n t il t h e pr e s e n t d ay T h e c on t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e t w o
.

cl as s e s h as b e e n s o m u c h d e e p e n e d by t h e m t h a t t h e V a i d i k as ar e
a c t u al l y m a d e d e s p i s e r s of t h e L o rd , e g , i n t h e f ol l o w i n g s l o a of
’
k
G
. .

V i s v ak s e n a S (l oc ci t p 1 26 cf B h a ga i t a , 4 2 HI II
Z
-
. . . . .

Tr a y n q
/

g es u ni g a ci t d lg p h a l a r d d e m m a n t zfi t e l
(l e z d d i n
'
e va m a n w i n d m1 c a m am m e n i r e p a r a m l l
/

B ut ( /i
tr a y as , d a i n in
t h d d
e i t a
ee) i,s ne e
ce m e a n t to G v r
d
i n cl u e t h e Up
a n i s a s , as c a n b e s e e nd o m V i s v ak s e n a S c a l l i n
gfr .

d
’

t h e t w o c l a s s e s r e d a m s p d t d fi a n d c erl i n t a m s gz fi f fi lg Th e i e a of t h e
’

- r -
.

fi r e of t u e rn ow l e
gk e d
e s t o in g a m an i d r y
s , o f co u s e , al s o k ru it e r q
f am i l i a r
to th e G
i t a (s e e , f o r i n s t an ce I V ,
13
 98

as th e power obscur i ng re al n at ure (p a ra m r zl p am) the

o f t h e j w d tm a n an d t h e p ar a m atm a n n ec e ss a r i ly po i n t t o

S a nk a r a s A dv ait a bec a use i n t h e P anc ar at r a t h e

’ ’
,

N i g rah a o r T i r o d h an a S a k t i i s t h e c a use o f t h e obscur a

'

t i on of t h e soul s b u t n ot of t he i r plur al i t y I n bo t h 1
.

t hese c a ses however t here re m ai n s of course t h e

, , , ,

poss i b i l i ty of A d v ai t i c t er m s an d ph r a s e s (e a rl i er perh ap s
t h a n S a nk a r a) h av i ng been a dop t ed by t h e P ancar at r a
’
.

I f o n t h e o t h er h a nd t h ere i s i n o u r S am h i t a an i nd i c a
, ,

t i o n of an e a r l i e r d a t e t h a n t h e o n e m en t i on e d i t ,

would see m t o be t h e fac t t h at t h e s i x t y t op i cs of t h e

older S am khy a ar e en u m e r at ed i n i t Fo r t h ese s i x t y .
2

t op i cs a s I h a ve shown elsewh e re
, coul d n o longer be 3

en u m e r at e d by t h e S am khy a s t he m selves a s e a rly as t h e

fif t h cen t ury A D Th e br i ll i a n t S am khy a K ar i k a o f
. .

I s v ar a Kr s n a h av i ng by t h at t i m e co m ple t ely ecl i psed

the older S am khy a n o l at e r a u t hor coul d spe a k ,

of t h e l at t er a s t hough i t wer e t h e only ex i s t i ng

on e ,as does our S a m h i t a A s for t h e temn i n u s
’
.

a u n o f t h e l at t er I ve n t ure t o s a t h t a work i n wh i ch
g y a
, ,

a s a pp a ren t ly i n t h e e i gh t h ch a p t er o f t h e A h i r b u d h n a
, , y

1 Se e b ov e p 88 HI
a , . .

9 Se e b e l ow o
, es
, ur r umeo f t h e t w el th f ad h
y ay a .

a rt i cl e D
3
In th e as S a y i t a n tr a i n t h e J ou r n a l o
f th e G er m a n
Or i e n t a l S oci e ty f o r 1 9 1 4 , p .1 01 .

N ot o n l y
i n t h e a d h y ay a c o n c e n e r d
E l s e w h e e t oo , w h e n t h e r
k
.

s am h y a i s ie br fly r t r
c h a ac e i z e , i t i s s t a t e d
t o t e a c h t h e t h e e [ or d r
Z
f r pr
ou ] p
i n c i l e s : t i m e , s ou l , a n d [ u n m an i e s t a n d m an i e s t ] m a t t e ; f f r
s e e , f o r i n s t an ce 5 5 4 c
'
5 a kh z/ a lcd l a j v a t r a y i t ra ya m (f or t r a y i z
.
'
- -
/
- -

m d y d z p aa kr t z cf a o e . 62,b v pp S a n k a r acar y a m e n t i on s ot h t h e b
k y Y
.

‘
s u cc e s s o s r
of t h e Sam h a og a (s d m y a y oq a c y ap d s m ya h ) an d
l f h '

the at h e is t i c k y
S a m h a s (c o m m o n B r a h m a s u t r a s , 2
. 3 7 fi l an d II . .

II , 2 . I r rd
b u t e g a s as t h e t h e e c h i e r
i n c i l e s of t h e o m e f pr p f r r
r
G o d , s o u l , a n d m a t t e ; w h i c h s h o w s t h at , w h i l e t h e Sa s t it a n t r a d i d
n o l on g e r
e is t x
at h i s i m e , t h e S am h a t o a o f t h e M ah a h a at a
g k y Y -
b r
h ad y e t s u i e rv v d
i n a n o t h e (m o e o t h o o ) r r
o m , t h e s o ca l e r d x f r -
l d
k y
V a id ik a S am h a of l a t e a u t h o s r r .
 1 00

l at t er o f who m i s asked by t h e for m er for an expl an at i on

o f t h a t m ys t er i ous d i scus o f V i n u c a ll e d t h e S u d a r s a n a
l
s .

O n m any occ a s i ons i n con nec t i o n w i t h t h e d i vi n e

we a pon s (a s tr a ) powers , an d m a g i c for m ul a s

( m a n tr a ) t h e d ep end e nce on t h e S u d ar s a n a h a v i ng
been m en t i oned B h ar ad v aj a w a n t s t o kno w
,

D ue t o who m [ or wh at ] i s i t s m aj es t y I s i t i nn at e
o r cre a t ed Wh at i s t h at S u d ar an a ? Wh at i s t h e m e a n s
'

i n g a scr i be d t o t h e word Wh at work does i t perfor m ?

How does i t perv ade t h e un i verse ? Who ar e t h e Vy uh as ,
how m any an d of wh at k i n d t h at h ave s prung fro m ,

i t 0 s a ge ? A n d f o r wh at purpose do t hey ex i s t a n d of
, ,

wh at n a t u r e i s H e t o who m t hey belong (t h e vg/ l hi n ) PA n d ‘

o f wh a t k i nd i s i t s t h e S u d a s a n a s ) con n e c t i on w i t h Vi snu
’

( r

s up posed t o be ? I s i t (t h e Su d ar s a n a ) n e c e ss a r i ly an d '

a l w ays found i n conn ec t i on w i t h H i m [ a lo ne ] or e lse

w h e r e t oo T h i s i s t h e dou b t w h i ch h a s ar i s e n i n m e
1
“

fro m t h e perus al of v a r i o u s S as t r a s Solv e i t 0 h oly on e '

.
,

I h av e d uly a ppro ach e d t h e e T e ach m e m as t e r 1 .

,

D u r v as a s a n sw e rs t h a t t h i s i s a co m m on doub t
am o n g t h e w i s e a n d t h a t i t s sol u t i on w a s once o b t ai n ed
,

by N ar a d a fro m t h e only o n e i n t h i s world who i s a bl e

t o sol v e i t n a m e ly t h e gr e a t g o d S i v a [ who i n t h e for m o f
’
,

A h i r b d h n y a i s ] t h e h i ghes t r e pr e s e n t at i ve of knowledge
2
u .

1
C l a i w h el
z a
“
f a v o r it s y m b ol l r e ady i t h e V d as a d
e a u e a n e n

pr b b l y l g b f r e T h w rd i s e d i
o a on e o . j t i w it h c k i
e o us n co n unc on a r n

d is cu s b r e r t w i t V i n i t h fir t t a
-
ea o of t h is h pt r
u, n e s s nz a s c a e .

2
S t il l d p d t f t h l at t e r
e en en S mk or h i s t e ch e r s e
e on a ar s a n a , a , e

II 3 It m y b
, .
pa i s i t h at
e s ui N ar d ih ym ni t h i s h ap t e r
fr 1 11 a a s
’
n n c

(a s l a so i XXXV n ) A h i b , d h
9
y 1 b d
9 1 so l i pr ai e d rs u n a, a ou n u , s s a

th e b ol t
a s u ( t t )
e on e v r at i fi d
st a an ( i l g t p t ) r e at o r
i a e e -
s s e on e n a r a , c

an d d tr y r f the
es o e iv r e et ; b t it h
o un l d b re m m b r d
e s , c u s ou e e e e

fir t t h t h i
s , a e d ry A v a t ar
s a s e con d o d l y t h t t h is
a rt of a, an sec n , a so

h ym ns i i m p l y pr p g t i g
s s t h at b fi d x g g r t i o f t h
o a a n on a e e a e a on e

i
an c en t S uk t w h ic h m v d M
as M l l er t i v t theo e me ax u o n en na

h en ot h i m f o
e s t h e r l ig i r f t h V e d i b rd
e on o e c a s .
N ar ad a an d A h i r b u d h n y a t h at i s t h e A h i r b u d h n y a , ,

S amh it a B ut he on ly agreed t o g ive i t i n an a br i dged

.

for m : t h e ex t en t o f t h e or ig i n al S am h i t a w a s t w o
hun dred a n d for t y ch a p t ers ; t hen t i m e h avi ng ,

a dv a nced an d hu m a n c a p ac it y de t er ior at ed i t w a s ,

red uced f o r t h e benefi t o f m e n

,
“
t o h a lf t h e or i g i n al ,

an d now a fur t her a br i dg m e n t t o only s i x t y ch a p t ers

h ad beco m e necess a ry
2
.

C h a p t e r 2 Expl a n at i on of t h e word S u d ar s an a
.
'

( s lok
'
as 7 t o 9) i t d e n o t e s V i n u s l Vi l l t o b e
(s t/ (2m i t i s
’
- -

s a mka lp a ) d a r s a n a (se e i n g s i gh t ) m e a n i ng p r et e e n t
3
'
/
, ,

( prospec t i ve t hough t ) an d 8 a
( w e ll perf e c t ly ) e xpr
4
e,s ,

s i ng i t s b e i ng un i m ped e d by t i m e a n d sp ace E v e ry t h i ng .

i n t h e world be i ng d e pe nde n t on t h e S u d a r an a t h e s
'
,

l at t er s pow e r i s o f course n at ur a l (s i ms id d /t i l ca s ] 1 2 )
’
, , c , .

an d n ot cre at ed T w o o f N ar a d a s qu e s t i o n s a r e
’

herew it h a ns w ered A f t er so m e m or e qu e s t i on s of
.
-

N ar ad a (t o be a ns w er e d i n t h e cours e of t h e
A ft r w h i h Vi n v e i h d t h t N ar d h d
c s u m f
an s e so a a a a no e an s o

a pp l y in
g to Him d re i ctl y , r
w h e e as S i va as a m u n d an e be in g w it h
'

h is res1 d e n ce on the K ai l as a , w as , o n t h e c o n t r a ry , a c ce s s i b l e t o h i m .

2
I n the s am e w a
y P ad m a S a mh i t a c l aim s to h a v be e e n re

d u ce d fr o m 1 5 m il l i o n s t o th en to an d fi l l y to
na

s t a n z as .

3
Syd m ba h n
y am ; cf t h e e g i n n i n g o f ad h y ay a X X X
z s . b .

4 '
dv
T h e i i n e w il l i s i n s e p e r a b l e o m w i s o m a n d a ct i o n s ee ,
fr d III
30 . Th e o o t i ks r b
(com i n e w it h p a i n p r e ks a na ) i s u s e i n t h i sd d
s en s e in C h an d o g y a an i s a , 2 Up
3 d VI
T a d a s s a ta ba l m s y ri m .

r a aye y fit d
p j
“
T h at [ a h m an ] w i s h e :Br w il l b e m an , w i l l be d I y I
b r
o n w h i ch p
as s a g e i s c l e a l th e as i s o f t h e a o e ry
e n it io n Cf'
b b v d fi . .

al s o M a i t r ay a na an i s a Up
I I , 6 n a a in g h ow d a a at i e in
g t i e rr t Pr j p b r d
of h i s l on e l i n e s s c o n t e m l a t e h i m s e l f an d pt h i s a ct d by
b e c am e t h e c e a t o of al l r
ein s (
g r
s a d t m d n a m a bh z d h db
y y a t , s a ba k e t h
’

pra i d a s zz a ti ) .
 S am h i t a) t h e re follows (S I 2 2 l ) a lon g expl an at i o n
o f t h e con cep t o f th e H ighes t B r ah m a n
“

n at ure of wh i ch i s e xper i enc e d i n L i ber at i on only an d

1 02

”
fl .

t h e re a l ,

fl
,

wh i ch n obody c an hope t o at t ai n by h i s o w n effor t s ,

even if he would fly up w a rds i n sp ac e l i ke t h e k i ng of

b i rd s (G a rud a) for a t hous a n d ye a rs w i t h t h e veloc i t y
of t hough t Th e l as t sec t i on i s concerned w it h t h e
.

defi n i t i on of t h e s ix G u n a s of God (s e e a bove p 3 1 l ) , . .

C h a p t e r 3 Th e objec t of t h i s ch a p t er i s t o
.

expl ai n t h e Su d ar s an a by i den t i fy i n g i t w it h t h e K r iy a
S ak t i o r a c t i v e s i de (force a spec t ) o f t h e Lord as
'

d i s ti ngu i shed fro m H i s for m a l s i de (m at t er a sp ec t )

c alled B h u t i S ak t i T h e ch ap t e r op e n s by expl ai n i ng
’
.

m e a n i ng o f S a k t i : i t i s t h e s ub t le cond i t i on
’
th e
s z d cs m d v a s th d ) o r t h i n i n i t sel f
(
i d ) of e x i s t ence
( n td
‘

an / ri
g y
- -

( b h d v ) arecogn
, i z a ble by i t s e ffec t s only E ac h m an i .

f e s t at i o n of l i fe (t h ei r ) h a s a S a k t i i ns e p a r a bly con nec t ed

'
/r

w i t h i t b u t t here i s al so on e o m n i pr e sen t S a k t i t h e
,
'

S ak t i of G od
'
.L ak m i i s t h e Lord s v i br at i o n in
s
’ “

”
the for m of t h e world (p r u sp h n ru td j g n m ayi ) ; a n

s h e i s conn e c t ed w i t h H i m a s t h e m oonl i gh t i s w i t h t h e

m oon or t h e sun sh i n e w i th t h e sun ; d iffer e n t fro m

,

H i m only a s a n a t t r i b u t e ((Um r m a ) d i ffe rs fro m i t s be a rer

rm i n ) o r ex i s t enc e (t h ) fro m h i m who ex i s s
(d h u ,
at a t

(b h a r a t) M .a ny of t h e n a m e s of L a k m i a r e en u m er at ed s

a n d e xpl ai ned i n s] 7 to 2 4
. Th e n a f t e r m en t i on i ng
.
,

t h a t S a k t i i s t wofol d a n d B h u t i S a k t i t hreefold (de t ai l s

' '

o f wh i ch fol low l a t e r ) t h e res t of t h e ch a p t er ( sl 29 '

, .

5 6) i s occup i e d w i t h t h e m u t u a l rel at i on of t h e t w o
S a k t i s a n d t h e i den t i t y of t h e K r iy a S a k t i wi t h t h e
' ’

S u d ar s a n a The S u d a r s an a i s a ccord i ng t o s t a n z a 3 0 ,
.
'
,

w i ll (i cch d ) e m bod i ed i n w i sdo m (p r e ks d ) a n d r e sul t i ng

i n a c t i o n (kr i yd ) .
 1 04

ph i losoph i c v i e ws (s lok as l t o N ar a d a co m pl ai ns
t h at t here a r e so m a ny d i fferen t op i n i o n s a bou t cr e at i on ,
‘
so m e hold i ng t h a t i t i s e ff e c t ed by t hree ele m en t s ,
”
o t h e rs a ss u m i n g f o u r ag ai n o t hers fi v e s ix seven z

, ,
“

,
“
,

e i gh t n i n e t e n o r e lev e n ele m en t s ; so m e t r a ci n g i t
" 7
, , ,
”
b a ck t o an egg o t hers t o a lo t us o t hers ag ai n t o fi re "
,
“
, ,

to a no t her body t o kn owl e dge or t o t h e V o i d

A h i r b u d h n y a a nswers t h a t t h e v a r i e t y of op i n
i on s h a s s e ver a l c a uses : firs t t h e n at u r a l i m p oss i b i l i t y f or ,

h u m a n speech t o express a dequ at e ly t ru t h s concern i n g

t h e A bsolu t e t h en t h a t people i gn or a n t of syn ony m s ,

(p y y
a u r d n ni d o n n d l t
j ) of t en m i s t a ke d i fferen t n a m es f o r

d iffer e n t t h i ngs ; t h at t h e i n t ell e c t u a l at t ai n m en t s of m e n

d iff e r con s i d er ably ; an d fin ally t h at G o d h as an i n fin i t e , ,

n u m ber o f d i ffe r e n t a spec t s o n e o f wh i ch o n ly i s gener ,

a lly gr a sped a n d t a ug h t by a ph i losopher

, A h i r b u d h n ya .

1
F i r w t r r t h C h a d g y U p i d V I 4 ti l
e, a e , ea n o a an sa , .

2
r
E a t h , w at e r , fire, v i e w f a m at e r i l i s t i c t e a ch e r of t h e
a ir ; o a

B ddu
’
h a s t im e , al s o app r t l y f B dd h i t s t (t h e Ja ak a s )
a en o a u s ec n .

3
Th e f r ou an d et h e r v i w of m a y U p a i ad s a d of ce r t ai n
e n n s n

m at e r i al i s t s .

4
T h e fi v e a n d t h e s ou l a v ie w m e n t i on e d i n t h e Jai n sc ri p t u re s
a n d c a l l e d (by t h e c o m m ) (t . a s a s th a c ad a -
.

Th e f r ou , th e s ou l , an d pl e as u r e an d r
( ge ap rd da s b
ai n
e s u

s t an ce s
) ; th e s ap t a kd y a - t fid a o f a riv l af t h e B dd h a (P a k u d h a
o u

K acc a an a
y v i d t l y al o f s m e
) an d e en s o o l at e r p h i l o p h e r s so .

6
Th fi e B dd h i A h a mk ar a
e v , d M u (B h g a d G i t a VII
, , an an a s a va ,
or , p i b l y t h e i g h t A k s a (fi e r t h w i d t m s p h e r e
os s , e ar s r , ea , n , a o ,
s un , he v m a t ar )
en , m e r at e d i M a h a
o on , s at k m a a S a m
sh it a en u n s an u r

(I n d r ar at r a I , 30
7
Th e ei
ght an d the s ou l ; B h ag a v a d G i ta V I I , 4 5
-
.

8
See a b o v pp e . 80 81 -
.

Of . t h e t h e o ie s , in t h e r Up an is a d s,a bo ut Ta p as , Te j as , A gni
V a i s ’v an ar a , an d K al ag n i .

T h a t i s , a n o t h e a g g e g at e [ of S an h as ] orr ot h e Sk an d r k d r
h as ( y/
l e ft a : a g e at e
g g
”
or r
t u n , s t em e e in g t o t h e r k r f rr
S a u t r an t ik a s ch oo l of u h i s m an d i t s oc t i n e of B ddt h e s a n t a tt d r ’

k y
.

T h a t (cf n e t n o t e )
. x a n ot h e s u s t an ce r
i s m e an t i s l e s s l i e l b .

E vid y B dd h i
12
en tl th e two u s t s c h oo s l of t h e V i j fi an av é d i n s
'
an d S un y av ad i n s ar e m e an t .
 1 05

conclu d es by m en t i on i ng t h at of t h e B r ah m i c d ays “

so m e ar e ple a s a n t wh i le o t hers show an e x cess of r ai n

, ,

w ar e t c
, an d
. t h e n a t t h e reques t o f N ar a d a t urn s t o
, , ,

t h e ques t i on o f t h e ad h ar a 34
The S u d ar s a n a i s t h e p e rpe t u al suppor t (ad h ar a ) of
'

t h i s whol e B h u t i or un i ve rs e [ of n am es an d for m s ] - -

wh i ch i s borne by i t j us t as ge m s (pe arl s ) ar e

borne by t h e t hr e a d runn i ng t hrough t he m or as t h e ,

le a f (be t el le a ves ) by t h e p in [ p i erc e d on wh i ch t hey ar e

offered for s al e ] The Su d ar s an a i n uphold i ng t h e u n i
.
1
'
,
”
verse i s t h e C al a n a C akr a o r Wh eel of Mo t i on (9
,
“
) . 4 1 -4 2

an d as such h a s a pecul i a r for m i n e a ch of t h e t hree

p er i ods a ppe a ri ng respec t i vely as t h e
, Wh e el of “

Cre at i on t h e I Vh e e I of W i t h d r a w a l a n d t h e Wheel
“

o f Con t i n u a nce wh i le e ach of t h e t hree ag ai n op e r at e s

as a whol e a s well a s t hrough a n u m ber of m i nor
”
wheels corresp ond i n g t o t h e s e ver al T att v as T hen .

t here i s a s t h e coun t e rp a r t of t h e C a l a n a C a kr a t h e
, ,

Ma h ar at r id h ar a C a kr a or I Vh e e l c a rry i ng t h e G re at
N i gh t wh i ch i s s ai d t o h ave a s i n gl e spoke a n d t o be
m ed it at ed upon by t h e s ages Wh e n cre at i on beg i ns .
,
”
t here a ppe a rs firs t t h e Whe e l o f D a wn h av i ng t w o
spokes ; t hen as t h e d i sk of S a m k ar s ana t h e Wheel of
, ,

Sun ri s e h av i ng t hre e spok e s ; t h e n w i t h P r a d yu mn a t h e

2
, ,

Whe e l of Lordsh i p h av i ng four sp okes t hen w i t h ,

A n i r u d d h a t h e Wheel o f Po t e ncy h av i ng fi v e spokes

“
,

aft e r t h i s t h e Wheel of t h e Se a son s h av i ng s i x spokes

“

an d represen t i n g t h e t welve S u b Vy uh as ; t he n t h e -

t welv e sp ok e d
-
Gre at S u d a r s an a Wh e el connec t ed '

w i t h t h e A v at ar as ch i ef an d s e con d ary ones an d fin ally

,
3

1
Cf C h an d o g y a
.
d II 2 3 3Up an i s a , . .

2
R e ad ( co j ) mj fi d t mt i k d h d k m
ea
;
n .
a r a ra a .

D oe s t h i s m e an t h at t h e r e a e t w e t y f o r ch ie f A v a t ar a s
3
r n -
u

1 4s
 1 06

ly a ho u s a n d spok e d wheel h old i ng t h e H i ghes t He a ven

t -
.

Th e n (9 ) t her e . follow
1 -
9t h e w he e ls e n g a g e d i n N o n

pure Cr e at i o n a m e ly t h e P a u r u s a C a kr a w i t h t hre e
n, :

spok e s an d t h e S ak t i C a kr a h av i n g t h i r t y spokes
1

,
' “

an d co m pr e h e n d i g t h e N ai yat a C a kr a (w i t h t h i r t y
n

spok e s ) t h e K al a C akr a (w i t h s ix spokes ) e t c t h e

, , .
,

Wh e e l of Sp a ce ( w i t h o n e spok e ) t h e W heel of ,
“

”
A ir (w i t h t w o etc a n d fi n a l ly t h e Wh e el .
,

of t h e Sen s e s (w i t h el e v e n spokes ) .

C h a p t e r 9 a f t er t h e e n u m er at i on m en t i oned b e
,

fore o f t h e w h e e l s of Non p u r e C re at i o n gi v e s a m os t
“
-
,
”
c i rcu m s t a n t i a l descr i p t i on of t h e Whe e l of Mo t i on “

( cr e a t i on con t i n u a nce
, w i t h d r a w a l ; s t 3 3 ) c a,lled h e r e

M ah av i b h ut i C a kr a t h e Whe e l o f t h e G r e a t Spl e ndour

,

( or : of t h e Pow e rf u l M a n i f e s t at i on
) a n d t h en d e scr i b e s ,

by m e a n s o f o nly five s t a n z a s (3 6 the Whe e l of

Wi t hd r a w al (S a m h r t i C akr a) w h i ch does a p p a ren t ly
n ot d i ffer fro m t h e
(pr a c t i c a lly i nd e scr i b a bl e ) W he e l o f
t h e Gr e a t N i gh t
”
e xcep t i n h a v i g l i k e t h e Whe e l of n ,

G r e at Spl e ndour an i n fin i t e n u m b e r o f spok e s The .

Wh e e l of G re at Sp l e ndour i s d e scr i b e d a s we a r i ng a
g a r m e n t v a r i e g at ed by m i ll i a rd s of m i ll i a rd s of Cos mi c
E ggs ; i n fin i t e n u m b e rs of Sp a c e s [ e a ch perv a d i ng a
u n i v e rse b u t ] a pp e a r i ng [ fro m t h i s h i gher po i n t o f
v i e w ] l i ke i n s i gn i fic a n t sp e cks ; crores of crores of
Mah a t s wh i ch a r e a m a h t (n ot gre at ) e t c e t c A m ong -
n . .

t h e i m a g e s t h ere i s t h e o n e m en t i on ed a bov e (p a r t I I ,

sec t i on 1 en d ) o f t h e cloud s a d t h e fo l low i ng bold

, , n

1
vd
E i en tl y co n n e c t e d w it h t h e t h r e e cl as s e s of s ou l s m e n t i on e d
a b v p
o e 5 4 , 11 7
. . .

Pr b bl y N iy at i t h r e f ol d K al t h e t h r e G
2
o a : , e a, e u na s , a n d the
l ow r tw e ty th r pr i i p l e
en -
ee nc s .

A i b i g p r i v e d by t w o s s ( a d s ki )
3
r e n ea e ce ense r n n .

Ca l a n a z t r e m u l o u s m o t i o n , t h at i s , sp an d a .
 1 08

an d th e l i ke ; an d ren ders poss i ble t h e con

()
3 h ow i t

t i n u an c e o f t h e world by m e a n s of t h e d i v i n e S a s t r a s
' 1

such as t h e D i scus Plough Cl ub Conch e t c used by t h e

, , , , .
,

Lord i n H i s A v at ar as i n order t o fi gh t t h e u n r i gh t eous ,

an d h o w o n t h e o t her h a n d i t keeps effe c t i ve t h e o n e

, ,

h undred an d t wen t y m ag i c al A s t r a s t h e i m prec at i on s ,

by E si s e t h oc g en u s omn e
, .

C h a p t e r s 1 ] a n d 1 2 ar e i n t ended t o show
how t h e regul at i ve po w er (p r a m an ) o f t h e Su d ar s a n a '

m a n i fes t s i t self t hrough t h e word t h at i s by ,

m e an s of t h e sys t e m s of r e l i g i on a n d ph i losophy Fo r , .

s ays s t a n z a 1 2 of ch ap t er 1 1 : To r e s i s t successfully “

t h e en e m i es of v i r t ue t w o m e an s ar e requ i red : t h e
,

a rr ay S a s t r a s an d A s t r as a d t h e S as t r a
’

(/
t n ah a
) o f , n .

C h a p t e r 1 1 beg i ns by e x pl ai n i n g why t h e
A v a t ar a s o f G o d beco m e n ecess a ry i n t h e course o f
t im e .Th e re a son i s t h e i n ev i t a bl e de t er i or at i on of
t h e world i n t h e course of t h e Y ug a s : firs t i n ,

de e d t her e i s a pr e d o m i n a nce of t h e S at t v a Gu na
, ,

b u t soon i t beg i n s t o d i m i n i sh ow i ng t o t h e i n ,

cess a n t gro w t h of R aj a s a n d T am a s an d so t h i s ,
“

S at t v i c d i vi ne l i m i t beg i ns t o fl uc t u at e (s l A f t er .

t h i s i n t roduc t i on t h e ch ap t er t a k e s up t h e d e s c r i p

t i on of t h e or i g i n a l S as t r a wh i ch t h e beg i nn i ng
’
at ,

of t h e gold e n a g e c a m e down fro m he av e n l i ke a “

,
” ”
t hund e rcl a p d i spell i ng al l i n n e r d a rkn e ss I t w as
“
, .

procl ai m e d by Sam k ar s an a I t w as a n h a r m on i ous whole .

co m prehend i n g w i t h i n i t ev e ry t h i ng wor t h knowi ng f o r

m an t h e V ed a s an d V e d ang a s I t i h as a s an d Pur ana s
: , ,

S amkhy a Y og a P as u p at a e t c (1 2 0
, ,
'
a n d cons i s t ed
, . 5 .

W po
ea ns w h i ch , h o w e v e r, in r ad is t i
co n t n c t i on to th e
A s tr as , can ne v r e be use d by m rt l o a s, b t u l y by
on thei r di vi ne

b are r
e w it h w h om t h e y ar e i s e p a r b l y co
n a nn e ct e d .
 1 09

of a ch a p t ers T h e fi rs t m e —t h e d i v i ne M a n us
m i ll i on . n
1

t h e M an av a s a n d M an a v a m an av as r e gul at e d t h e i r w h ol e
l i f e by m e a n s of i t t o t h e s at i sf ac t i on o f t h e Lord .
2

”
B u t t hen by t h e ch a ng e of t i m e t h e d i v i s i on i n
“
, ,

Y ug a s a n d w i t h i t t h e shr i nk i n g of S at t v a an d t h e
,

grow t h of R aj a s bec a m e m a n i fe s t at t h e b e g i n n i ng
,

of t h e Tr e t a ag e ; a n d t h e h i gh soul ed B r ah m a n a s
“
-
,

w i sh i n g w i sh e s (long i n g for pl e a sur e s ) t h at b e a u t i ful ,

”
sys t e m (s zn l m s u n m s d s n n m) t ook a sl ow cours e
' '
a
'
u .

Then t h e d i v i n e E i s t a k i ng cou nsel d e c i d e d t h at s , ,

fro m th e or i g i n al S as t r a sep a r a t e sys t e m s s u i t ed for '

t h e d i v e rs i t y o f i n t ellec t s should b e e xt rac t e d an d , ,

a f t er h a v i n g p r ac t i sed severe a us t e r i t i es for very

m a ny y e a rs t h e y s e t t o work w i t h t h e r as u l t t h a t A p an t a r a
, ,

t a p a s (V é c y ay a n a ) f a sh i on e d ( t t ks n ) t h e t hr e e V e d a s u u
,

K a p i l a t h e S am khy a H i r an y ag ar b h a t h e Yog a a n d S i v a, ,
'

( A h i r b ud h n a)
y t h e P a u ata
p wh i l e the Lord H s i m
'
self ,

ex t r ac t ed as t h e pures t e ss e nc e of t h e sol e d i v i n e
,
“

as t r a sys t e m (ta n tr ) c a ll e d P afi c a r at r a d e s c r i b
'
the a

i n g H i m a s P a r a Vy uh a Vi b h a v a etc
, an d b e i ng , ,

recogn i z a b le by h a v i ng L i b e r a t i on a s i t s sol e r e sul t

C h a p t e r 1 2 T he five r e cogn i z e d ph i losop h ic al.

sys t e m s descr i b e d i n t h i s ch ap t e r a m e l y t h e T r ay i (or , n

V e d i c sc i e nc e ) t h e S am k h y a t h e Yog a t h e P as up at a
, , , ,

an d t h e S at t v a t a (or P afi c a r at r a ) ar e t h e s a m e as t h e ,

five sc i ences (yn d n d n i ) m en t i oned by Vai s am p ay a n a i n '

’
t h e S an t i P a rv a n of t h e M a h abh ar a t a I n t h e l a t t er
'

,
.

Ye p ro l ct u
2 '

. ri d t s a rg e ; f o r
'

o rig i na l c r e at i o n as di s t in
g u is h e d
fr om Br ah m an s’
c r e a t i on s e e XV , 20 .

2
Cf x v , 1 0 HI
. .

3
Se e r
m y a t i c l e D a g S a s t i / a n t m i n t h e J o u 11 a l o f t h e r
G rm e a 11 O r 1 e 11 t a l S o c i e t f or 1 9 1 4 , a l s o t h e s t S an sy it fir kr
P r e f a ce i n ou r t e t e i t i on , x 40 , d u ot i n
g t h e
’
p
s l o a S fi m kh a m
.

g/ q k
Y og a lt, e t c .
 110

howev e r m erely t he i r n am es ar e m e n t i oned f or w it h

, ,

re a son t h e p resen t ch p t er h a s a cl ai m t o o u r S pec i a l a

at t e n t i o n t h e m ore so a s t h e S am kh y a descr i b e d i n i t
,

i s n o t only c a ll e d by t h e n am e S a t i t a n t r a Sys t e m of s ,

t h e S i x t y Top i cs wh i ch i s t h e n a m e of t h e source o f
t h e oldes t S am khy a t re a t i s e w e possess t h e S am khy a ,

—
K ar i k a b ut ac t u ally cons i s t s of s i x t y t op i cs wh i ch
a r e en u m er at ed t hough unfor t un a t e ly n o t e xpl a i n ed o n

t h i s occ a s i on We h ave a n a lyz e d t h i s ch ap t e r a n d t r i ed

.

t o i den t i fy t h e s i x t y t op i cs i n a p a per r e a d i n A t he n s

i n 1 9 1 2 b e fore t h e I nd i a n S e c t i on of t h e I n t e rn a t i on a l
Congress of O r i en t al i s t s an d subsequen t ly p ubl i shed
e e previ ous no t e ) H e r e a f e w r e m a rks m us t suffi ce
( s . .

B y T r ay i or [ V e d i c ] Tr ia d i s m e a n t t h e whole
a u t hor i t a t i v e l i t e r at ur e of B r ah m a n i s m t h at i s n ot only , ,
‘
t h e t h r e e Ve d a s b u t a lso t h e A t h ar an a a n d a l l t h e
, v

t wen ty o n e s o c a ll e d a ux i l i a ry sc i e n c e s down t o p ol i t i cs
- -

t) a d t h e sc i e nc e o f prof e ss i on s
( W i t , n

T h e Sa s t i t a n t r a cons i s t s of t w o s o c a ll e d c i rcles -

”
th e
“
c i rcl e of n at ur e an d t h e c i rcl e
”
of e d uc t s (v a i l r ta m a n ql l a ) co m p r i s i ng resp e c t i vely
a -
a ,

t h i r t y t w o m e t a phys i c a l a n d t w e n t y e i gh t e t h i c a l t op i cs
- -
.

A l l t h e for m er h a v e b e e n a dop t e d by t h e P anc ar at r a

2

wh i ch h owev e r h as e xp a nd e d t h e fi rs t of t h e m (Br ah
, ,

m an ) by a dv a nc i ng t h e t h e ory o f t h e Vy uh as a n d t h e
conc e p t i on of L ak m i T h e s e cond p a r as i s e v i d e n t ly
s .
, a,

th e K fi t a s t h a P u r u s a (S a mas t i P u r u s a
) of t h e P anc ar at r a ;

th e h rd t o
t i ei gh t h ar e i d e n t ica l
w i t h t h e M ay a S a k t i '

N i y at i K al a , , an d th e t hre e G un a s t a ken sep a r at el y the

Wh i ch is k pte se p ar ate b e c au s e it ch i e fi
y de al s w it h e x or
cis m an d i n c an t a t i o n s .

2
I Ve d i d n o t co m e t o t h i s co n c l u s i o n u n t i l e ce n t l r y an d c ou s e

q uen tl y f ai l e d r
m o e or l e s s , i n t h e a t i c l e m e n t i o n e , t o r d a rr i v e at th e
e xpl a n a t i on o f n o s 3 , 9 , a n d 1 0
. .
 112

peop l e of s t rong vows (1 3 o u r a u t hor see m s v ague .

l y t o i nclud e i n t h e n am e also t h e less ph i losoph i c al sec t s

( p
K a a l i ka s e t o
) , .
l
.

T h e S et t v a t a sys t e m fin ally i s s a id t o e m br a ce t h e , ,

follow i n g t e n t op i cs : 1 B h ag a va t 2 lra r man 3 M aya

Z
.
, .
, .
,

4 . kal a , 5 . ka r ta vya , 6 . t a S es i '

i ki b r i g/ ( , 7 . s am ama,
y
8 . i
c n ta, 9 m d r g a , an d 1 0
. . m oks a . Of h e s e t h e firs t
t ,

an d l a s t r e qu i re n o e xpl an at i on ; no 2 .
, s ai d t o be t h i r t een
fold (1 5 m us t r e fer t o t h e K r i y a P ad a ; n o 3 i s ao
.
g
.
,

cord i n g t o 1 5 t h e knowl e dge o f t h e seven p a d ar th d h

. 1 2
,
3

7d
6 a ppe a rs t o r e fer t o t h e p a fi ca kd l a w i d h i or rule o f t h e -

five t i m e ly Obs e rva nces o f t h e d ay (a bhig mn a n a e t c )

fl
, .

d e scr i b e d for i n s t anc e i n t h e t h i r t e en t h ad h y aya of t h e

, ,

C a ry a P ad a of P ad m a T an t r a ; by hu r t n g/ a i n al l p r o b ab i l i

l i t y ar e m e a n t t h e fi v e cer e m on i es (k 1 7 7 1 7t ) o r s a cr am en t s t
'

tl l

( s a m s l t d m ) co n s t i t u t i n g t h e i n i t i a t i on
'

wh i le no 6 .
,
”
as shown by 1 5 l are th e spec i a l d u t i es
. s o .
,

co n nec t ed w i t h t h e sever a l c a s t es a n d s t a g e s of l i fe ; n o .

7 r e f e rs t o Yog a n o 8 t o m ed i t at i on an d n o 9 , . .

pres u m a bly t o B h ak t i 5
.

A bo u t t h e re m ai n i n g sys t e m s (B uddh i s m J ai n i s m , ,

s lok a 5 1 s i m ply re m a rks t h at t hey ar e f a ll ac i ous

'

sys t e m s (s i s tr d bh d s ) foun ded by G ods or B r ah m ar si s

'
t u

th e
1
I a m a T an t a ( , 1
n P d
w h i ch , h ow e e , i s l at e r I . v r r th a n

ou r v '

S a m h i t a, S i a i s m a e t h e a u t h o of t h e h e e s s t e m s d r t r y c al l ed
K p ’
a al a , S add v
h a S a i a , a n d P as u p at a
'
'
.

S e b v
2
pp 2 2
e a o e, . .

3
Th i g t pi t g ri s
n c
fs, VI I 4 5 t h oe s e v e f o l d
cs , ca e o e .
, n

l l ed th e ve M h ab h ut s B t p k ti i fi d
’

m d y a p m nd m
'

n a a a ca e s n a a . u ra r -
na

s eem t b d i t i g i h d fr m
s o e
p t p d i th j i d
s ni X V 1 2 1 3 Of
u s e o sa a a t i a - '
i na n ,
-
.

Va sik th th r

fl
th v
e se t g ri s
en f th ca e
j
o l l ed a
e
g o e ns e
’
as e e e ca s i n an a,

sa m fiy az d s
a, e ant g d d s t g ori s i Y t D i p
“
u
"
e s a ar no re a1 e a ca e e n a . .
,
fi t h ap t r ( d p
i s c e e .
, .

Of t h xpr i d l d S l
. e w t kd b i
e Is a S mh i t a
e s s on t t a
'
d t SO a c a n
’
v i a a

XXI 41 (q t d by G i d a a y l o t p uo e ov n c i a, o . ca . .

Al m g p t h a m a m -
L II 3 3 an na an a n a a t an , , .
 113

wi t h t h e obj ec t of sp re ad i ng con fus i on a m on g t h e

w i ck e d .
1

A m ong t h e synony m s of t h e t e r m S u d a r s an a
en u m er at ed t owa rds t h e end t wo n am e ly Pr an a an d , ,

M ay a ar e wor t h n o t ic i ng
, .

C h a p t e r 1 3 i s a rev i e w o f t h e obj e c t s of l i fe .

The only t h i ng wh i ch i s a l w ays an d e v e rywhere t h e “

s u m m u m b on a m
(h i tam ty n tm n
) of m e n i s o f course a u
, ,

t h e a bsol u t e d i scon t i n u a nc e of t h e succ e ss i on o f sorro w s ,

a n d t h e e t e rn a l h a p p i n ess i m pl i ed i n i t wh ch
(sl i i s .

t an t a m oun t t o th e a t t ai n m en t of one s r e a l n at ure t h a t i s

’
, ,

t h e n at ure o f G o d ( bh n g a m n n w ya td bh z g rva ttd ) (SI

‘

r z
,

The t w o w ays (s d d h un a ) l e a d i ng t o i t ar e s a cred know

ledge (j fi d n u ) a n d rel ig i on (d h r ma ) of wh ich t h e l at t e r
-
a ,

i s t h e s t ep p i ng s t one t o t h e for m er T here ar e t w o

-
.

k i nds of s acred knowledg e t o w i t t h e d i r c t (s aks d t , e .

'

kd r a m a ya ) a n d t h e i nd i rec t (p a r ol t ) knowledge of G od ga .

O f t hese a g ai n t h e l a t t e r i s t h e c a use of t h e for m er

, , .

Rel i g i on i s also t wofol d i n t h at i t i s e i t h e r 1 ) m ed i at e

(yn n v a d h d n n w t) worsh i p t h at i s worsh i p of so m e r e
p r e ,

s e n t at i v e of God such a s t h e god B r a h m an or (2 ) t h e ,

i m m e d i at e worsh i p (s d ks d d ar d d l w n a ) of H i m whose -

m a n i f e s t at i on (t ibia 15i ) a l l t hos e gods a r e P afi car at r a

-

1 .

worsh i p i s of t h e second k i nd Ve d i c a n d P as u p at a ,
'

worsh i p of t h e firs t S t udy of t h e S am khy a resul t s i n .

t
P ad m T t r I 1 44 £11 t h e y s t m f o d e d i dd i t i o
I n a an a , . . s e s un n a n

t o ( t d e r i v d fr o m ) t h
no P afi at e th e Y g f Br ah m a e ca r r a ar e : o a o n,

t h e S am k h y a f K pil B dd h i t S y a ad ’
th d th A h t
’

o a a, e u s Li n v a an e r a a

S as t r
'

(Jai i m )
a b t h f t h l t t e r l i k t h P an at
n s o
p o o e a , e e car r a, r

c l i m d by t h e L rd H i m e l f (
a e m l y i t h B dd h
o d R bh A a s na e n e u a an sa a v

t ar as m e t i ed i t h B h ag v t P r a ) t h re e S i v it
'
n on a d th
n e a a a u na n e a e

sys t m f o d e d by S i v a ; t h T y i b i g i d d m e t i e d a '

e s un e ra e n , n ee , n on s

f th P afi a at ot r e k ed
’

co d i t
n i zo
q a s ne u n on o e c r ra n c on

as p h il p h i l s y s t m P s i bl y t h s s i y s t m s
a os o ca e the .me os e e x s e ar e sa

as th i e m / dh
s xil whi h sa rd i g t XXXIII 64 f r
a z a- a r nu z c , ac c o n o , o ou

S a mh i t a t h i d l P r h it m t b
, e a q a i t e d w it h
ea a c a us e c u n .

15
 1 14

i n d i rec t , of the V ed an t a d i rec t k nowledge of G od

in ,

wh i le Y og a pr a c t i ce a lso le ad s fi n a lly t o d i rec t know

ledge . T h e t w o m und a ne obj ec t s a r e w e a l t h ( a r th a
)
an d lov e Thes e an d r e l i g ion a r e ch a r ac t e r i zed
by m u t u a l i n t erd e pend e nc e i n t h at e ach of t he m m ay
beco m e t h e m e a n s fo r a t t ai n i ng one o r bo t h of t h e o t her
t wo . H ow e v e r n e i t her w e a l t h n o r l ov e b u t only rel i g i on
,

i s an u nf ai l i n g i ns t ru m en t wh i le L i b er a t i o n (m oksa ) i s
,

n ever a m e a n s for acco m pl i sh i ng a ny t h i ng s ad h a n a ) b u t

(
only a t h i ng t o b e a cco m pl i sh e d (s i d hya ) For t h e c .

a t t a i n m en t of a n y of t h e fou r obj ec t s bo t h i n t ern al a n d

ex t e rn a l m e a n s m us t be e m ploy e d I n t h e c ase of lov e .
,

for i ns t ance t h ese ar e : (1 ) t h e s i nc e re r e sol v e [ t o fulfil

,

on e s du t ie s as a househ older ] an d (2 ) t h e cere m ony o f

’
,

m a rr i a ge .

0 h a p t e r 1 4 t re a t s o f B ond age an d Li ber a t i on .

Th e soul belon gs t o t h e B h ii t i S a k t i b e i ng t h a t por t i on

’
’

of h ers wh i ch ow i ng t o T i m e p a ss e s fro m b i r t h t o r e
, ,

b i r t h un t i l h av i ng e n t ered t h e p at h o f t h e S as t r a i t i s
,
’

a t l ast r e born i n i t s own (n a t ur a l ) for m (s e e n d bh ti d ya te ,

s c : r fi en u )
.
p t h at i s
, l i ber,a t ed T h e re a son a n d obj ec t o f
.

t h i s s a m s am i s shroud ed i m ys t e ry i t i s t h e
n pl ay of
G o d t hough G o d a s t h e perfec t o n e c a n h ave n o de s i re
,

for pl ay i ng B u t how t h e pl ay b eg i ns a n d h o w i t e nds ,

.

t h at i n d e e d m ay be s ai d
, , The W i ll of God c alled S ud a r
.

s ana , t hough o f i nn u m er a ble for m s m a n i f e s t s i n five

,

p r i nc i p al w ays t o w i t th e S a k t i s c alled C re at i o n Pre

, ,
'

serv a t i on an d Des t ruc t i on [ o f t h e un i verse ] a n d O bs t ru o

, ,

fl
t i on ( n i rah
g ) or rrO bscur a t i on
(t ir od h d n
) a n d Fur t her a

a nc e f a vour i ng
) [ soul
( g
u n u ra h u, o f t h e
] A t t h e .

”
beg i n n i n g G od obs t ruc t s t h e souls by obscur i ng
or con t r a c t i ng t h e i r for m (akd r ) pow e r n
,

an d kn owl e dge (vi/ an ” t h e res ul t b e i ng t h e t h ree

 116

r e se m bl i ng a shower o f co m p a ss i on
“
co m i n g dow n
upon h i m wh o h as be e n beheld by G od (Vi s n u g am i 1
-

hs i ta ) I t i s i m poss i ble t o d e t er m i n e w hen a n d how t h e

.

subl i m e m e rcy o f V i s n u bre aks i n B u t n o sooner .

h as i t h a ppened t h a n bo t h t h e K a r m an s (good an d b ad )
beco m e s i len t For w i t h reg a rd t o a soul se i zed by
,

t h e gr a ce of God t hey a r e a s p owerless an d c on s e q u e n t

, , ,

l y a s i nd iff e ren t a s robbers a r e t ow a rds a t r aveller

, ,

gu a rd ed by a s t rong r e t i nu e The bre ak i n g i n of gr a ce .

c a uses t h e soul t o d i scern i t s go al (L i ber at i on ) an d t o s t r i ve

a f t er i t by m e a n s o f t h e recogn i zed sys t e m s (S am khy a ,

Y og a s i n gly o r co n j o i n t ly The N i g r ah a S ak t i ’
, .

h as t h e follo w i n g syn ony m s (s l I llus i on I gnor an ce '

.
, ,

G re a t Delus i o n Gre at G loo m D a rkn e ss B ond age an d

, , , ,

Kno t of t h e H e ar t .

C h a p t e r 1 5 t a kes up t h e q u e s t i o n as t o w h o i s
en t i t led t o t h e s e ver al obj ec t s of l i f e (p u mi s ar th a ) .

Z
The a n swer d e al s firs t w i t h t h e five s y s t e m s (s i l r

r /z an t
) o n ly
n O f t h
. e s e t h e S at t v a t a or P anc ar at r a a lone

i s d e s t i n e d for t h e M a n us a n d t h e i r p ur e d e sc e nd a n t s .

Those i ll us t r i ous fi rs t m e n c alled S id d h a s (perfec t

“

on e s ) l i v e a h undr e d y e a rs e a ch i n a bsolu t e p ur i t y ,

obs e rv i ng t h e rul e s of c a s t e a d per i ods of l i f e n - -

t he n ob t ai n L i ber a t i on Thos e on t h e o t her “

an d .
,

h a nd who h ave spr u n g

, fro m t h e m ou t h e t c o f “
, .
,

B r a h m an ar e pr i m ar i ly en t i t l e d t o t h e four lower
sys t e m s only t hough t h e y c an , a scend to th e

T h at i s , c h os e n ; f
( . K ath a k a Up an i s a d I , 2 23. :
ya m er a i m
vr n n te te n a l a b h y a lj .

2
Th ese i d e al fir t m s en ar e d e s cr i b e d at l g t h d co t r a s t e d
en an n

w it h t h e l at e r m e ( ff pr i
n o s n
g of Br h m a ) i V i k s e a S mh i t a
a n n sv a n a ,
I oc . ci t , pp
1 2 6 1 29 (n o t e e s p e c i a
.
-
o o : l l y p 1 26 b t t m
c nu t . Vy ah i r tti m

s a t a ta
m ku r va t e t e J a g a t u t e l z )
p S e e 0 11 u
. t h e m f r t h e r P ad m a T a t r n a

I , 1 3 5 fi l w h e r e , h o w e v e r , a s m V i s nu t il a k a 1 , 1 4 6 , i t i s t h e
. .
g od
Br ah m an fr o m w h om t h e y r e c e i v e t h e h ol y s ’as t r a .
 117

S at t v at a s t at u t e I f t h e y e m br ac e t h e I ’
as u p at a , e t c
'
.
,

they h av e t o g i ve up t h e Ve d i c r it es wh i ch
a r e co m p a t i

ble w i t h t h e Yog a only .

Then follows t h e d i scuss i on o f t h e c as t e s an d th e

per i ods o f l i fe (s t 2 6 b ti l ) t h e conc e p t i on o f wh i ch i s
- -
.
,

on t h e whol e t h e or t hodox on e Fo r a S ad r a i t i s
, .

m or e m er i t or i ous t o serv e a B r ah m a n a t h a n a m an of
e it her o f t h e o t h e r c as t es Non hur t i ng (L -
(

t ru t hfulness forg iv e n e ss a n d conj ug a l loy al t y a r e

, ,

obl ig at ory vi r t ues for al l c a s t es T h e Sa n m y as a As ma .

m a i s for t h e B r ah m a n a b u t m ay excep t i on a lly be

e m br aced by t h e K s at r iy a a lso ; t h e K s at r iy a an d t h e
V ai s y a ar e e n t i t l e d t o t h e firs t t hr e e A s r a m a s
'
Th e '
.

secon d b i r t h i s t h e i nv e s t m en t w i t h t h e s acred t hr e ad ,
t h e t h i rd t h e i n i t i a t i on i n t o t h e P aii car at r a 1Vh e n
'

B r ah m ac ar y a i s co m pl e t e d the s t ud e n t m ay s t a y ,

w i t h t h e t e ach e r as a N ai t h i ka o r he m ay e n t e r s ,

an
y of t h e o t h er A r am as The G r h as t h a as w e l l
s
'
.

as t h e V an a p r a s t h a w i ll r e a ch t h e he a ven o f B r a h
m an by s t r i c t ly o bs e rv i ng t h e i r resp e c t i v e du t i e s ;
w h i le by a cqu i r i ng at t h e s a m e t i m e t h e h i gh e s t
, , ,

knowledge t h e y w i l l be l i b e r at e d U nless h e be o n e of
, .

t h e l at t er cl a ss (a J i i an i n or Know e r ) t h e V an a p r a s t h a
‘

w i ll e n d h i s l i fe by m e a n s of t h e G re a t D e p a r t ure
( m al i d
p r a s th d n a )
-
[ or so m e o t her l a w ful k i nd o f r e l i g i ous
s u i c id e ] I n t h e l ong descr i p t i on of t h e S a m ny a
fi

s i n t here i s no t h i ng ex t r a ord i n a ry e xc e p t perh a ps t h a t

h i s end i s co m p a r e d j us t a s t h e B uddh i s t N i rv an a w i t h
, ,

t h e go i ng o u t of a l a m p
’
.

S ri t t z a t a f 15 :
“ “
as u n a L i d /z i
'
S c s ri t tc a ta
p
'
- -

Like k
. .

2
t h os e en um e r ate d in t h e L aw B o o s an d S a mn y as a U p a
n i s ad s .

3
P r a d i p a i m s fi n t ai ci l z , s l 7 5 Cf t h e
' '
. . s r
i m il a i m a g e e m l o e p y d
( i n IV
, 7 6 ) f or L a k smi s
’
a so t i on i n t o b rp V i s n u a t t h e e n d of a
c os m i c d ay .
 1 18

C h a p t e r s 1 6 t o 1 9 I n a dd i ti on t o t h e for m s .

descri be d t h e Su d ar s an a or K r iy a S a k t i m a n i fes t s
,
'
'

i t self a l so i n t h e for m o f M a n t r a s t h at i s sounds ( , an d ,

t he i r gr a ph i c sy m bols ) a n d t h e holy u t t e r a nc e s co m posed

o f t h e se The descr i p t i on of t h i s s o c a ll e d M an t ra m ayi

.
-

”
K r i y as ak t i (1 6 ) .o r9 -
Sound
1 0 body o f L a k
-
s m i ( 1 6 .

4 4
) i s t h e obj ec t of t h e nex t a d h a
y y as .

C h a p t e r 1 6 beg i n s by ask i n g who i s e n

t i t led b e nefi t by t h i s for m of t h e S a k t i The
'

to .

a n swer i s t h at i t i s t h e p rerog a t i ve o f t h e B r ah m an a who

a c t s i n a gree m en t w i t h h i s k i ng The l at t er i s p r ai sed

.

i n ex a l t ed t er m s a s t h e tou t e ns e mbl e o f t h e gods ,

e tc .
,an d a forc i bl e d e scr i p t i on i s gi ven (s l 2 0 2 7 ) .
-

of t h e i n t e rd e pend e nc e of t h e t w o h i gh er c a s t es wh i ch
a r e l i ke A gn i a n d So m a a n d n e i t h er of wh i ch c a n pros
,

p er w i t hou t t h e o t h er The h i gher

. a sover e i gn t h e ,

m or e i s he e n t i t led t o t h e u s e of t h e M a n t r a S a k t i
'

m os t of a l l t h e ca l m z w ti n t h e n t h e mm z d a l es t a r n fur t h e r
' '

,
'

the vi s a e s wa r a
y an d fi
, n a lly a lso t h e ch i ef m i n i s t er

( m a h d m d tr ) suppos
o , i ng h e b e longs t o t h e t w i ce born -
.

( S I 3
. 6 fi l ) S p e.ech b e g i ns w it h t h e N ad a resembl
1

i n g t h e sound of a d e e p b e ll a n d p e rcep t i bl e t o p e rfec t

Y og i ns on ly ; t h e N ad a d e v e lops i n t o t h e B i n du (A n u s v a
r a) wh i ch i s t wofold a s t h e s a bd br a h m a n or ,
'
a-

”
“
Sound B r ah m a n a n d t h e B h u t i (r e l a t ed t o e a ch
o t her as t h e n a m e a n d t h e b e a rer of t h e n a m e ) ;
an d t h e n fro m t h e B i nd u p r oc e ed t h e t w o k i nds o f
sounds t o w it th e vo w e ls (8 m m ) an d t h e conson a n t s
,

T h e vo w e l s a ppe a r i n t h e follow i ng order

”
fi rs t t h e a c all e d u n u ttur n ch i e f soun d ) t hen t h e i , ,

Or t h e l a s t l i n g e r i n g of t h e n a s a l s o u n d i n t h e co rr e c t c h a n t i n g
of t h e s y l l a bl e C M ; c
f b e l o w a d h y ay a 5 1 (e xp l a n a t i o n o f t h e T ar a
.

M an t r a ) .
 1 20

t here p pe a r : t h e bit soun d or worl d of experi ence

a

n am el y P r ak r t i 5 29 h 27 M a ll at A h am k ar a an d , ,
2
, ,

M a n a s ; t h e fi v e den t al s an d fi v e cerebr al s represen t i n g

”
respec t i vely t h e five kn owledg e senses a n d t h e fi v e “

a c t i on sen ses t h e five p al a t a l s an d t h e five gu t t ur a l s

correspond i ng t o t h e T a n m at r as an d B h fi t as ; a n d
( fin a lly ? ) fro m t h e ord i n a ry l t h e cereb r a l
(V ed i c ) l w h i c h ,

however i s n ot coun t e d a s a sep ar at e le t t er

, .

C h a p t e r 1 7 sh ows h ow e ach le t t er o f t h e
”
a lph a b e t h a s 1 ) h ree V ai n a v a for m s n a m ely
( t s
a ,
” ”
gross s u b t le an d h i ghes t on e expressed by
,
“ “
,
”
cer t ai n n am es of Vi s n u ; (2 ) o n e R au d r a for m c al led
a f t er one o f t h e R u d r a s ( t h at i s by one o f t h e n am es of ,

S i v a ) ; an d (3 ) o n e S ak t a for m be i n g t h e n am e of on e
’ '

t h e l i m bs org a ns o r orn am en t s of t h e S ak t i of ’
of , ,

V i sn u Fo r i n s t a nc e t h e it sou n d i s e xpressed i n t h e
.
,

Va i s n av a al ph a be t by t h e t h ree n a m es K a m a l a (Lo t us ) ,
K a r al a (Lo f t y ) an d P a r a P r a kr t i (H i gh e s t N a t ure ) a n d
, ,

i n t h e B and r a a lp h a b e t by t h e n a m e K r od h i s a (A ngry '

Lord o r Lord of t h e an gry ) w h i le i n t h e S ak t a alp h abe t

, ,

i t i s i d e n t i fied w i t h t h e t hu m b of t h e 1 i g h t h an d o f t h e
G oddess Fo r M a n t r a s con n ec t ed w i t h V i s n u S i v a o r
.
,
’
,

S ak t i t h e r e spec t ive a l ph ab e t s shoul d alw ays be e m

’

ployed These a lph a be t s see m t o serv e a double

.

p urpose : e n a bl i n g t h e i n i t i at e t o quo t e t h e M an t r as .

w it hou t en d a nger in g t h e i r s e crecy an d pro v i d i n g h i m 2

w i t h a h a ndl e f o r t h e i r m ys t i c i n t e rpre t at i on These .

‘
I n th e em p l y m t f t h i al p h b t t h e v w e l s (v ag e l y
o en o s a e o u

i d e n t ifi e d w i t h th e f a ce f t h e G dd
o ) t e xpr
o ed (
ess as m ar e no es s

XVIII 2 ) or e
. xpr e s s e d by t h f t h e V a is
os e o a al p h b e t (as i n av a n

d i c at e d i b i rl 9 ,

2
Cf R am ap fi r v at ap a n i y a
. i s a , e n d (s l Up n ai e l
an
y d
as s e t
'
v r
R
.

in g th at t h e am a d r
i a g a m (c o n t a i n i n g t h e M al a M a n t a i n t h e r
y t
m s ic l a n g u a g e ) i s a s e c et ha r
t o u n e s t an e en rd
f or t h e d r d v
H ig h es t o
”
( L rd
r a l z a s a m P a r a m e s r a r as d i d u r a m a m
y
’
y p g ) .
 121

l i s t s t h e n ar e
, , k ey to th e Man
an i nd i sp e ns a bl e
t ras Th e r e a e
. ho w e v e r m or e such sy m bol ic word s
r , ,

i n u s e a s c a b e g a t he r e d for i ns t a nc e fro m t h e second of

, u ,

t h e op e n i n g s t a n z a s of o u r S a m h i t a w h e r e t h e word i n l n ,
c

(m oon ) m e a n s t h e l e t t e r fro m t h e m ys ti c alph abe t

e m p l oy e d i n R am ap fi v at ap a n i y a U p a n i ad ( l 7 4 r s s
'
.

e tc . e tc .

C h a p t e r 1 8 t ak e s up t h e or quo t at i on
( wh i ch i s i n r e al i t y a s,or t of d e v e l o p i n g ) of t h e
,

S a k t i M a n t r a n d S a u d a r a n a M ah am a n t r a (bo t h of
'
a s
'

w h i ch con t ai n a s t h e i r ch ie f cons t i t u e n t t h e word

w / a rd m
. i s
'
t hous a n d spok e d
f
exp r e ss e d r e sp e c t i v e ly
-

t hrough t h e S ak t a a n d t h e Va i n a v a a lp h a be t )
'
of th e s
,

B i j as ge rm s h am a n d p l t a n d of t h e A ng a an

a ux i l i ry ) M ant ra ca b r a a s ud / d ; a n d c h a p t e r I 9
( a y i

con t in e s t h e s u bj e c t by descr i b i ng t h e w e ll known fi v e

u -

A h g a M a n t r a s r e f e rr i n g t o h e a r t h e a d h ai r l o c k a r m o u r
"
-
, , , ,

an d w e apon fur t h e r a n U p ang a M a n t r a t h e C a kr a ,

G ay a t r i an d a n u m ber of M a n t r a s refe rr i ng t o t h e C o u c h
, ,

an d o t h e r w e a p on s of V i n u C
e tc .
,
s .

C h a p t e r 2 0 d e sc r i b i ng t h e al t /re d or i n i t i at i on ,

op e ns w i t h a b e a u t i ful d e fin i t i on o f t h e i d e a l t e a ch e r w h o
should a m ong o t h e r t h i ngs b e c a p a b l e o f sh ar i ng i n
, ,

bo t h t h e sorro w n d h a pp i n e ss o f o t h e rs (M i tl e id an da

li l i t/ i m l ) of b e i ng l e n i e n t t ow a rds t h e poor o f i n t e ll e c t
r u e , ,

e tc an d.
,m us t b e w e l l v e rs e d i n V e d a a n d V e d an t a

( U p a n i a ds ) P a i i c a at r a
s a d , o t h er sys
’

t e m s (
’
t n tr ,) n a a .

I nr l n s e l rh a r d
’
mz i kfi i v? n td m , r f rr i
e e n
g t o t h e l e tt e r i in t h e na me

p r rb
i m o t a n t c o n t i u t i on t o t h i s s u e c t i s v o l 1 o f A t h u
2
A n bj r r
rk
.

v
A a l on s
’
Ta nt i Te ts n am e l x
T a n t r ab h id h an a , w i t h l a y I

j
n i h a ut u
g an d M u d r an i h a nt u
g con t a i n in
g co l l e c t i o n s of s u ch

o rd
s u s e d , a m on
g t h e S a t as
'

k
(a n d e l s e w h e e ) , a s s m o l s f o r l e t t e s r y b r .

2
Cf N rs i mh a p fi r v a t ap i n i
. Up an is a d II , 2 w ith com m e n t a ri es .

16
 1 22

Th e d i sc ipl e un m a rr i e d o r m a rr ied b u t b e l o n g i i
, ,
”
n e c e ss i ty t o t h e t w i c e born
“
m us t w i t h p
-

s i nc e r i t y confess t o t h e t e ach e r e v e ry t h i ng h e
”
“
don e o r n o t don e af t e r wh ic h h e m ay b e a c
,

ed on prob at i on an d af t er so m e y e a rs d e fi n i t
, ,

if h e h as succ e e d e d i conv i nc i ng t h e t e n

t h a t h e i s fr e e fro m gr e e d an d i nf a t u a t i o n c a ,

of gu a r d i ng t h e secr e t t r ad i t i on (r / eg/ am n d ya g a iN -
i

e tc . I n t h at c a s e w i t h t h e usu a l Ny as a s e t c
, , .

S u d ar a n a M a n t r a i s i m p a r t ed t o h i m of w h i o
s
'
,

t hr e e Esis a r e : t h e P a r a m at m an (i n t h e hi ; “

sens e S a m k a r s an a a d A h ir b ud n

the b ody b e i ng a lso on t h i s occ z ,

r e g a rd e d a s t h r e e f ld n a m e ly as cons i s t i n g of t h e
o , ,

bo d y t h e s ub t l e body c a ll e d
, and t he c

or at o m ic body Th e du t ies o f t h e d i sc i pl e ar e desc

.

a t so m e l e ng t h e i m por t a nc e of
(sl 4 3 . t h co n f e

h i m s e lf a n d wh at e v e r b e lon gs t o h i m b e i ng o nc e
e m ph a s i z e d T h e M a n t r a shoul d o n no a ccou n t b e
.

for a m un d a n e purpos e or t r i fl ing obj e c t b u t on ] ,

t h e p ro t ec t i on o f t h e t hr e e worlds gov e rn m e n t or l , ,

only for w e lf r e ot for des t ruc t i on

fl
a , n .

C 1 a p t e r s 2 1 t o 2 7 a r e d e s cr i p tiv
1

m ag i c a l d i a gr a m s c a l l e d r a t s a or yan tm '

r s p e c t i v m e r i t s a d t h e w ay o f m e d i t a t i ng upo
e e , n

Y a n t r a D e v a t as T h e l at t e r a m ong who m a r e
.
,

S u d a r s a n a P u r u s a (2 6 l ) an d t h e t w e lv e S ub Vy
. e .
-

2 6 a r e descr i b e d a t so m e l e ng t h o n t h i s occ a
( . 3 8

I n c i d e n t ally t her e i s a descr i p t i on of t h e K a l i

2
 1 24

se e n l a s t sec t i on of p ar t I I o f t h i s I n t roduc t i on
in t he .

S u c h feel i n g o f i den t i t y i s a l so a t t r i bu t ed t o t h e
l i b e r at ed .
1

Fro m 3 1 t o t h e end of 3 2 t h e e i gh t Y o g ang a s

. 1 a

a re d e scr i bed a t so m e leng t h a n d n o t w i t h ou t so m e

or i g i n a l i t y : (1 ) t h e t e n cons t i t uen t s o f Y am a (br hm a a

m n o t reg a rd i ng on e s w i v e s a s obj e c t s o f enj oy m e n t ;

’
ca / a z

o n c o r d an c e of spe e ch hough a n d a c t i on ) ()
2
j w t t
“

c
f
( /
i a r z
, ,

th e t e n N i y am a s (s r m l d h a c o n fi d e n ce i n t h e w ork
Z
'
z

enj o i n e d ; s ti l / a c on v ic t i o n t h a t t h e re ex i s t s a s ti a
(
'

g z
, ,

so m e t h i n Sl l l
g
g
a cces s i bl e
,
'

7 II
'

t hrough t h e V e d a s only )
,

() 3 e l even c h i ef pos t ur e s ; ()4 t h e Pr a n a y a m a w i t h a long ,

phys i olog i c a l i n t roduc t i on o n t h e t ubul r v e ss e l s c all e d a

”
N ad i s (for m i ng t h e wh e el i n wh i ch t h e soul m oves
a bou t l i ke a sp i d e r i n i t s web 32 ) a d t h e t e n w i nds . 2 2 n

of t h e body a n d d i rec t i on s a s t o t h e p u r i fic at i on
, ,

w it h i n t hr e e m on t h s of t h e whole sys t e m of N ad i s ; (5 ) ,

fl
P r at y ah ara wh i ch i s n o t m e r e ly a n e g a t i v e a c t (w i t h
,

d r aw a l o f t h e s e nses ) b u t al so a pos i t i v e o n e (n i c e s wn m

fl
n

e n t er i ng i n t o G od Dh r an a
B l f/ t ()6 a t h
’ '

i N I e ,

keep i ng of t h e m i nd i n t h e H i gh es t S e lf (7 ) D in/ i n ( n,

m ed i t at i on o n t h e wh e e l for m e d Vi sn u (S a ml r s n n a -
n

P u r u s a ) w h o i s h e r e d e s cr i b e d as e i gh t a r m e d c l a d i n -
,

j e w e l s w i t h l i gh t n i ng a s h e s as t h e h ai rs of h i s h e a d
,
-
,

etc . an d
()8 S a m adh i wh i ch i s r e a ched by gr a d u a lly ,

i n t e n s i fy i ng D hy an a u n t i l t h e S i ddh i s o r m a g i c a l pow e rs
ak i n g one s body nfi n ly s a ll b e co m e
’

( of m i i t e m e tc
) , .

m a n i fes t a n d S p i r i t s a n d gods beg i n t o s e rv e t h e Yog i n .

C h a p t e r s 3 0 3 4 3 5 a n d 4 0 a r e occu p i e d , , ,

w i t h t h e subj e c t o f t h e A s t r a s o r m ag i c a l we a pon s ,

A t l e as t i n t h e S a i a S i
1 '

v
h an t a (S c h o m e r u s , l oc ( i t , dd . . p .

b u t u n ou t e l d b dy al s o in the P afi ca r at r a , h o u g h t h e w i s h t of

k a i i z ka r y a (a o e b v p 5 8) i s of c o u s e i n c on s i s t e n t w i h i t
. r t .
 1 25

t h at i s occul t forc e s of n at ure of an obs t ruc t i ve or

, ,

d e s t ruc t i ve ch a r ac t e r wh i ch c an b e s e t loos e d i rec t ed a n d

, , ,

w i t hd r aw n by t hos e w h o kn o w t h e S p e lls conn e c t ed

w i t h t he m .

C h a p t e r 3 0 t r a ces b ack t h e or i g i n of t h e A s t r a s
t o t h e cre at i on of t h e world B e for e cr e at i on t h e Lord 1
.
,

Z
h a v i ng n o t h i ng t o pl ay w it h (l i l ip l u r z z a ) could fi nd i u r o
2

no s at i sf a c t i on (n o r ti m e b/ e ) He con sequen t ly m ad e
Z
o r ,
.
,

H i m self m a n i fold ( t i n d om ni b l m l w l p a y/ t) by
( a fr a
3

cre a t i n g Pr a dh an a a d P u r u s a (p r i m or d i a l m at t e r n

an d t h e soul ) a n d t h e n fro m t h e for m e r w it h t h e ,

h e l p o f h i s S a k t i i n t h e for m of T i m e t h e M ah at
'

, ,

th e A h a m k ar a etc do w n t o t h e gross e l e m en t s
, .
, .

O u t o f t h e se H e t hen for m e d t h e Cos m i c E g g an d i n t h e ,

l a t t er H e cr e at e d Pr aj ap at i (t h e fou r f ac e d B r a h m an ) -

wh o look i ng at t h e Ve d a s fr a m e d as b e for e t h e m a n i
,
“
, , ,

fold a m es a n d for m s o f t h e gods

n So t h e H i ghes t ,

Lord t hough al l o f H i s w i sh e s a r e ever fulfill e d could ex

, ,

e r i e n c e by m e a n s o f t h e be i ngs cr e a t ed by H i m s e lf t h e
p , ,

fl avou r of pl ayi g (l i l a r a s a ) H e d i scov e red ho w e ver

n -
, ,

t h a t t h e r e w a s i n H i s cr e a t i on a t e nd e ncy t o w a rds t h e b a d
w h i ch could b e coun t e rpo i s e d only i f H e w i t h a por t i on of

H i m self would beco m e t h e p ro t e c t or of H i s cr e at u r e s .

So H e c r e at ed as a n i ns t ru m e n t ag ai n s t t h e w ick e d
,

D a i t e a s a n d D an a v a s ) H i S u d a r s an a for m a d the
( y s , , n ,

1
W ith the b eg in n in g of t h is ch a pt r f e c . ch a pter XL I an d

XXXVIII , 1 0 fl ] .

2 “
Wh
For H i m wi h f l fil l d r t i e t
al l of os e s es a re u e , c ea on , c , can

(P Pr k a S I 1 4 )
.

h v p rp d i t h e r f re p l ay
” ’ ”
a e 11 0 u os e . a s a .
, . an s, e o

S f a t h e h p t r is
3
o p a r ap h r
r f s om e w l l k
c a w e Up a as e o e -
no n a

i ad p ge whi h b l g t w h at t h V i i t ad it l l s gl t l ’
n s as s a s c e on o e s s va a ca za a ra

te xt r il g m
or i m d p l r l is m i
s e co n c t h at t h yin on s an u a n e

sh wo th t th w rl d t h t i
a th b dy f G d (cf L II 2 3 b i g
e o , a s, e
“
o o o
”
, , e n

d G i t a XI
.

a r pr d t i
e of Bh g uc on o w s l a te t i H im b f r
a ava , a n n e o e

cre t i a on ,
 1 26

gods a n d k i ngs be i ng un abl e t o use t h e l at t er H e ,

prod uced fro m i t t h e A s t r a s o r m a g ic a l we a pon s Thes e .

,
‘
a l it t l e ov e r a h u n d r e d ar e en u m er a t e d by n am e a n d
,

i n fi v e groups a ccord i ng a s t hey h a ve sprun g fro m

”
t h e m ou t h br e a s t t h i g h s f e e t o r
, , o t her l i m bs of , ,

t h e S a u d a r s an a P u r u a Th e firs t four c l a ss e s cons t i t u t e

s .

t h e P r av a r t ak a (offe n s i v e d es t ruc t i ve ) t h e fif t h cl a ss t h e
, ,

N i v ar t ak a o r U p a s a m h ar a (d e fe ns i v e obs t ruc t i v e ) A s t r a s , .

A d e fi n i t i on o f t h e s e t w o k i nds i s found i n -
1 5

wh e re t h e s e con d a r e descr i b e d a s h a vi n g t h e h a nd s
j o i n e d i n suppl ic a t i on wh i le t h e firs t ar e s ai d
t o l ook a s t hough t h e y were t o d evour a l l t h e wor l d s

( tt um i i f i S e s o b/z n r a n d n i )
'
’

o .

C h a p t e r 3 4 g i ves t h e S p e lls e n a bl i ng o n e t o
us e t h e Si x t y t w o P r av a r t ak a A s t ra s C h a p t e r 3 5
-
,

t hos e f o r t h e four t y t hr e e N i a r t ak a A s t r a s Her e a g a i n

-
v .
,

as m a
y be e xpec t ed t h e occul t a lph a be t s a r e ex t ens i ve ly
,

us e d .

C h a p t e r 3 5 t ow a rd s t h e end r ai ses t h e

fl
,

q u e s t i on a s t o whe t h er t h e A s t r a s h ave a m a t e r i a l for m

h a n swer i s t o t h e e ffec t t h at t h e y
( n i z ir t i
) or n ot T e .

h av e i nd e ed v i s i bl bo d i es o f a d r e ad ful a ppe a r a nce

, ,
e ,

m ore o r less h u m a n l i k e w i t h a m ou t h s t ud d e d w i t h
-
,

t err i bl e t e e t h roll i n g ey e s l i gh t n i ng as h e s i n s t e ad
, ,
-

of h ai rs e t c a n d t h at t h e y d i ffe r i n colou r so m e be i ng
, .
, ,

grey l i k e a shes o t h e rs r a d i a n t a s t h e sun o t h e rs ag ai n

, ,

wh i t e e t c , fur t her t h at t h e y c a rry t h e i r m i gh t y

.

w e apon s w i t h a r m s r e s e m bl i n g hug e i ron b a rs .

I n con t i n u at i on of t h i s g e n e r al d e scr i p t i on C h a p t e r
4 0 d e scr i bes i nd i v i du a l l y e a ch of t h e o n e hundred an d

t w o A s t r a s by wh i ch h e r e ho wever t h e v i s i b le w e a pon s , ,

1
C h pt r
a e X L en ume r at es 1 02, b u t cha pte r s XXXIV an d
XXXV m e n t i on a pp ra entl y s om e m or e .
 1 28

cons i s t i ng figures of (n a m e ly t h e S u d a r s a n a sur

P u r u
'
sa

rou nd e d by t h e t w e lve S ub Vy fi h as -
a n d t h e l a tt e r
,

of M a n t r a s only i n t h e pl a ce of t h e figur e s T h e m e d it a .

t i on o n t h e seco nd for m i s f o r t h e t e a ch e r o f M a n t r a s ,

t h e B r ah m a n a only t h e worsh i p of t h e fir s t i s m uch

,

r e co m m e nd e d t o k i ngs a n d o t hers d e s i rou s of m at e r ia l

fl
pros per i t y (s ri ) who t o ensur e co m pl e t e success m ay
'
, ,

bu i ld a S p e c ia l c i man a (k i n d o f t e m pl e ) f o r t h e purpose .

The v e ry p r e p a r at i on o f t h e so i l (lcn r s n a ) for such a a

bu i ld i ng i s a h i ghly m er it or ious ac t .

The fi n a l p a r t of t h e ch a p t e r (s l 4 9 l ) a n sw e rs . .

so m e doub t s such a s how K e s a v a e t c b e i ng t h e Lord , .

,

H i m s e lf c a n b e m ed i t at ed upon a s H i s r e t i n u e
,

C h a p t e r 3 7 h a s t w o p ar t s T h e fi rs t p a r t

fl
.

e nj o i n s t h a t i n t i m e s of gre a t d a n ge r w hen t h e e n e m y i s,

ov e rrun n i ng t h e coun t ry t h e k i n g sh al l con s t ruc t an d

,

worsh i p a n i m age o f t h e S i x t een ar m e d S u d a r s an a of

- '
,

who m a d e t a i l e d d e s cr i p t i on i s g iven .

The seco n d p a r t (s l 2 2 l ) i s devo t e d t o t h e

. .

exp l a n at i on of N y as a wh i ch i s d e cl a r e d t o b e a t h i rd
S i l/
l c N IN
(rIe l i g i ous e x ped i e n t ) i n a d d i t i on t o wors h i p a n d
I

Yog a T h e word a j / as (p u t t i ng down g i v i ng ov e r

.
o
, ,

renou nc i ng ) i s h e re und e rs t ood i n t h e s e n s e of b/m kti t h e ,

s ix cons t i t uen t s of wh i ch ar e e n u m er a t e d a n d wh ich i s ,

d e fi n e d t hus : T a ki ng r e fug e is the

pr ay i ng t h ough t : I a m a r e cep t a cl e o f S i ns n a ugh t , ,

h e lpless ; do t hou b e co m e m v re m edy

t h e M a n t r a t o b e e m ploy e d be i ng 0 Lord w h o a r t
“
:

i nv i nc i ble t hrough t h e a l l conq uer i ng t ho u s a nd spokes

-

”
[ of Thy d i scus ] I am , t a k i ng refug e i n Th ee .

T h e a c t of t a k i ng r e fug e i m pl i e s a l l a u s te r i t i es p i l ,
~

gr i m a g e s s a cr i fic e s a n d ch a r i t i es b e c a us i t m e a n s
, , , e

s e lf s ac r i fi c e t h a n wh i ch no t h i ng i s h i gh e r
-
, The .
 1 29

d evo t ee shoul d m e d i t at e
s acr i fic e (g/ u r fip God
l

on as a r no o

(l i a r m d e w m ) :
t u H i s body be i ng t h e a l t a r H is m ou t h
/ ,

t h e A h a v a n i y a fi r e H i s h e a r t t h e Sou t h e r n fi r e
, th e

e ne m i e s o f H i s d e vo t e e s t h e s a cr i fi c i a l a n i m a ls H is .

S i x t e e n a r m s t h e pr ie s t s co m p a s i o n H i s s acr ific i al. s

g i ft , etc Wa rn i ng t o t h e k i n gs n ot t o n e g l ec t t h e
.

S u d ar a n a wor sh i p
s
'
.

C h a p t e r 3 8 d e a ls w i t h t h e or i gi n an d cur e o f
d i s e a s e s I n ord r t o e xpl ai n t h e for m e r t h e a u t hor
. e

beg i ns by d e scr i b i ng (i n fi v e lo ka s ) t h e d i ssolu t i on of s

'

‘
th e world 1 Vh e n P r a l ay a [ a n d t h e G re a t N i gh t ]
.

w a s ov e r t h e a ccoun t con t i n u e s t h e Lord i n o d e r ,

r

t o pl ay cre a t ed t h e worl d on c e m or e : firs t (

, p a r un
) /n

”
the n am e s a n d fo r m s
“
the n (p u n c h ) P r ak r ti ,
2

con s i s t i ng o f t h e t hr e e G un a s c alled May a w i t h , ,

w ho m H e beg a n t o e nj oy Hi m s e l f S he ho w e v e r “
.
, ,

possess i ng a s n l ti (f m a l e e n e rgy ) f o r e ach o f t h e

r e

cr e a t ures a n d g i v i ng t he m ple a sur e m a d e t h e m e ag e r

3

t o enj oy her an d so b e c a m e (l i t : b e co m es ) t h e c a use of .

t h e obscur at i on of t h e [ t ru e n at ure of bo t h t h e ] i n d i v i d
”
u al a n d t h e h igh e s t soul O w i n g t o h e r i nflu e n ce m a n
.

begi n s t o iden t i fy h i m self (t h a t i s h i s soul ) w i t h h i s body ,

t h en h a v i ng sons e t c he for m s t h e i d e a of t h e
, , .
, m i ne
t h i s l e a ds t o lov e a n d h a t r e d a n d h e r e w i t h t h e s e ed s ,

( t as a wah) h a ve a pp e a r e d t h e fru i t s o f wh i ch a r e i n e v i t
,

a bly a n ew l i fe cond i t i o n e d by t h e good o b ad u s e m ad e r

of t h e pr e c e d i g o ne Th e d i s e a s e s t h e r e fore a r e
n .
, ,

no t h i ng b ut t h e S prou t i ng for t h of t h e s i ns w e h av e
co m m it t ed i n for m er l i ves .

1
I d i t i g t h t h t t h K ar m h i (t w h i h t h d i
n ca n us a e ic c a n o c e s e as e s

b l g) h
e on b l t b gi i g
as n o a so u e e nn n .

2
T h e c e at i o n o f r n am es an d f rmo s r r f rr d t
he e e e e o as

c o n n e ct e w it h d im a pr ry r
c e a t i o n i s , of r
co u s e, d f r t fr m t h
if e en o e one

rb
at t i u t e d
t o t h e g od a h m an Br .

3
T h at i s , s o u l s bl i fi t d n i z p u r u s d lg .

17
 1 30

There follow five m ag i c a l r e c i pes f o r cur i n g (l )

er , () 2 con su m p t i o n
(3 ) , u r i n a ry t roubles ()
4 ,

.
e n te r
y an d , ()5 ep i l e p sy I n t.h e s e ver a l c ur e s t h e

ow i ng o f cer t ai n subs t anc e s i n t o t h e s acr i fic i al fi r e ,

u s e o f ves sel s w i t h Y a n t r a s e t c engr av e d o n t h e m

.
,

l presen t s t o B r ah m i ns pl ay a n i m por t a n t p a r t wh i le ,

c t ic a l l
y n o i n t ern al m ed i c i ne i s prescr i bed f or t h e

ie n t .

C h a p t e r 3 9 N ar a d a w i sh e s t o know whe t her

.

re i s n ot O me re m edy f o r cur i n g a l l d i se ases ,

t r oy i n g al l e n e m i e s a n d at t i n i ng w h a t e ver o n e
, a

;h t d e s i re t o a t t ai n T h e. a n s we r i s a d e scr i p t i on
”
;h e c e re m ony c a l l e d Ma h abh i s e k a G r e at B a p ti s m
ic h e v erybody c a n h a ve p e rfor m e d t hough i t i s ,

c i a l l y reco m m e nded t o k i ngs a n d go v e rn m e n t offic i a l s .

should be execu t e d i n a t e m ple o r o t h er s acred

l d i n g on even a n d p ur i fied ground a n d co m m e nces
, ,

h t h e d r a w i ng of t h e M ah e n d r a c i rcle a n d S a ud a r
a d i agr a m cul mi n at es i n a fi re s acr i fic e (l om )
, i a

f or m e d by e i gh t R t v i j s (correspond i ng t o t h e e i gh t
ee t i on s of s p ace ) a n d ends w i t h t h e b a p t i s m by t h e
,

ef p r ies t wh o succ e ss i v ely spr i nkles t h e p e rson con

ned w i t h s a cr e d w at er fro m e ach of t h e n i n e p it chers
ployed H e who h as gon e t h rough t h i s cere m ony
.
,

'

i l l pro m p t ly a t t a i n wh at ever be i n h i s m i n t
C h a p t e r 42
.
b e fore r e l at i ng t h e t w o s t or i e s t o
,

su m m a r i zed l a t er con t ai ns t h e follo wi ng

,

()I N a r a d a i nqu i r e s a bou t t h e or i g i n l e r a td

( pre
,
f

in g d e i t y ) e t c , of th e
.
, A ng a M a n t r a s d e scri b e d i n
t er 1 9 A h i r b u d h n y a a n s wers t h a t he h a s e x t r a c t ed
.
p .

m fro m t h e A t h a r v a V ed a a n d t h at t h e i r d e td i s t h e
,
n/ l

rd H i m sel f i H i s S ud a r s an a for m t he i r p u rpos e t h e

n ,

!t e e t i n g o f t h e body o f t h e devo t ee e t c , .
 1 32

re q u e s t H e a ppe a rs t o h i m i n t h e A l l for m a n d fin a lly a s -

e ig ht a r m e d
1
-
.

C h a p t e r 4 6 D e fin i t i on of t h e i d e a l P u r oh it a P re
. .

a r a t i o n s for a n d descr i p t i on of t h e S u d ar s a n a Ho m a a
p , , ,
.

fire s acr i fic e t o b e p e rfor m ed for t h e k i ng A t t h e end .

t h e l at t e r s e at ed on a con s e cr a t e d t hron e i s a no i n t ed
, , .

C h a p t e r 4 7 D e scr i p t i on of t h e M ah as an t i K ar
.

ma n, a gre at cere m ony t o be e m ployed by k i ngs wh i ch ,

a lon e h a s t h e pow e r t o a v e r t ev e r y e v i l a n d secure

co m pl t e prosper it y bo t h i n t h i s world a n d t h e nex t O f
e .

for m er k i ngs w h o h a ve perfor m ed it t h e follow i ng a r e

m e n t i on ed A m b a r i a S uk a A l a rk a M an d h at r P u r fi r a
'
: s
, , , ,

R aj o p a r i c a r a D h u n d h u S i b i a n d S r u t a ki r t a n a In
' '
v as , , , , .

t h i s c e r e m ony t h e A s t r a s d i v i d e d i n t o e i gh t groups a r e
worsh i p p e d w it h e i gh t d i fferen t m at e r i a ls a n d M a n t r a s .

C h a p t e r s 3 3 +2 4 5 a n d 5 0 con
, ,
‘
t ai n a n c i e n t storie s (p u r d r tz a i i i /M i s c 45 ) r , . 9

i n t ended t o i llus t r a t e t h e e ff e c t o f t h e d i v i ne we a pons

a n d o f cer t ai n a m ule t s or t a l i s m a n s .

C h a p t e r 3 3 Th e S u d ar s a n a i s t h e Whe e l o f .
'

T i m e t h e H i ghes t S e lf t h o n e w h o t urn s i t a n d wh o
, e

a ppe a rs B r ah m an V i n u a n d S i v a at t h e t i m es o f ’
as , s ,

cr e a t i on con t i nu a nce a n d d i ssolu t ion of t h e worl d as

, , ,

B ud dh a t o t h e B a u d d h a s a s J i n a t o t h e J ai n a s a s , ,

th e Y aj fi a P u r u s a t o t h e M i m iu n s ak a s , an d as the
K ap i l as
pr e fe r a bly i n H i s d i scus
Z
P ur us a t o th e , b ut
for m (ca l mm p u d / m ) a n d alw ays so when He ia

w a n t s t o p ro t ec t so m e d e vo t e e an d t o check h i s
ene m i es t o i ll us t r a t e wh i ch t h e s t o r y o f M a n i
,

s e k h a r a i s n a rr a t ed T here r e i gned i n t h e t own

1
G d i H i A l l f rm i
o n l l d i th Gi t a t h o
s -
d rm d
o s ca e n e us an -
a e

w h il e H l l y pp r
e usua rd i g t t h t a r (XI ea i Hi
s , a cc o n o a s ou ce , n s
f r rm d h p
ou -
a It i
e st w rt h y t h t i
a e . t d f t h l tt r w
s no e o a , ns ea o e a e , e

h av e a b v
o e th e ei
g ht
-
a rm e d sha p e .
c lled M an i s e k h a r a who m a rr ied B r ac i a s c e nded t h e
a
'
,

t hron e wh e n h i s f a t h e r r e t i r e d t o t h e for e s t a n d h a d ,

born t o h i m t hrough P r aci sev e n sons A t t h at t i m e .

t h e d e m on Vi k a t ak a an d h i s n u m e rous desc e nd a n t s
s

h a d beco m e t h e pl a gu e of t h e cou n t r y a n d V i k a tak a , s

h av i ng o b t a i ned fro m Br a h m an t h e b e e n of i nv i nc ib il it y ,

no t h i ng w as l e f t t o t h e k i ng b ut t o a pply for hel p

t o t h e Lord H i m self So i n o rd e r t o l e a rn h o w t o
.
,

a pp ro a ch t h e l at t e r M an i e k h a r a w e n t o n t h e a dv i ce '
, s ,

o f h is P u r o h i t a t o t h e s a g e D u r v as as a n d d i r e c t e d by
, , ,

t h e l a tt e r t o s al a gr am a o n t h e S a r a sv a t i (t h e hol i ness
,

of wh i ch p l ace i s brough t i n t o c on n e c t io n w i t h t h e
V ar ab a A v a t ar a a n d d e scr i b e d at leng t h i n s ] 7 8 t o .

Her e h e wo rsh i ps t h e Lord for o n e m on t h w i t h

a r ca n u, j ap t an d r
, aft e r wh ich He a ppe a rs
t o h im e i gh t a r m e d e t c a n d e mi t s o u t of H i s br e a s t
,
-
, .
,

t h e A i n d r a C a kr a (b e i ng t h e A s t r a descr i b e d i n 4 0 .

2 3 firs t o n e t hen t e n t h e n a h undr e d e t c fill i ng a l l

, , , .
,

sp ace an d k i ll i ng t h e a s ur a s .

C h a p t e r 4 2 a f t er h a v i ng descr i bed t h e sy m p t o m s
,

b e t r ay i n g t h e a ppro ach o f hos t i le m ag i c (s e e a bove

p. t e lls t w o s t or i es i llus t r at i ng how t h e l at t e r
m ay be coun t e r ac t ed .

S t o r y o f K as i r aj a (s l 3 5 K a i r aj a a . s
'
z

worsh i pper of M ah ad e v a c a l ls i n t o e x i s t enc e w i t h t h e , ,

help of h i s g od a [f ro/ 2 o r m ag i c al for m at i on w h i ch h e

, ( ,

1
T h e s e t wo n a m e n t io n e by S ‘
m es ar e al s o a a na i n t h e e a ce d y pr f
to h is R g v e d a B h a s y a , e d M a x M u e l l e , v ol I , . I , whe e al so the r . p . r
ry
c ou n t d
i s m e n t i o n e i n w h i c h t h e t o w n w a s s i t u a t e , n a m e l , K i ta k a d y
(pr b b l y
o a a p rt
a of Sou t h B il ar ) i .

2
Th e r e is a K as i r aj a
'
am o n g the ki n
g s of th e L un a r D y n as t y .
 1 34

s e nd s des t roy D v ar ak a a n d Kr s n a The l at t er

Z
o ut to .

se e i n g t h e M tg/ a pp ro ach i n g e mi t s t h e ( ,

S u d a r s a n a a g ai ns t i t w her e upon t h e fr i gh t en e d “
,

hurr i es b ack t o i t s m a s t e r a n d p e r i sh e s w it h h i m
a n d h i s t own by t h e S u d a r s a n a wh i ch a f t e r h a v i ng don e
'
,

i t s w ork r e t urns t o t h e Lord

, .

S t o r y o f S r u t a k i r t i (54 40
’
S r u t a ki r t i .
'

k i ng o f t h e S ai i r as t r a s r e i gn i n g i n B h a d r as al a devo t ed
, ,
“

”
t o t h e gre at S u d a r s a n M a n t r a h i ghly v i r t uous w as
a , ,

n o t s a t i sfi e d w i t h rul i ng t h e s e v e n con t i n e n t s b u t w i shed

”
t o conquer a l so a no t her w orl d He conse q u e n t ly
“
, ,

h a vi ng worsh i p p e d t h e S ud a r s a n a e n t e red h i s gorgeous ,

a er i a l ch a r i o t a n d , a cco m p a n i ed by h i s a r m y
, s e t o ut

t o con qu e r Sv a s t i k a t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e G a ndh a r va s rul e d

, ,

by k i ng Vi nav i n od an a T h e l at t e r a m us e d s e nds o u t h i s
.
, ,

a r m y o f S i ddh a s a n d G a nd h a rv a s b u t t h e y a r e be a t en Th e , .

G a ndh a rv a ki ng t hen a pp e a rs h i m sel f i n t h e b at t le b u t ,

S r u t a ki r t i d e fe a t s h i m i n a f e roc i o us s i ngle co m b at an d
’
,

t h e G a ndh a rv a a r m y i s co m ple t e ly be at en a second

t i me .Then t h e G a nd h a rv a k i ng i n h is desp ai r e m ploy s , ,

t h e G andh a rv a A s t r a (b e i ng t h e t h i r t y four t h o f t h e -

P r a v a r t ak a A s t r a s ) wh i ch S pr e ad s confus i on a m on g t h e
e n e my t hough i t c a n no t r e a ch S r u t a ki r t i h i m self w h o
'

i s pro t ec t ed by t h e S ud a r s a n a T he b at t l e h a v i ng t h us
.

co m e t o a s t a nds t i ll S r u t aki r t i i s i ns t ruc t e d by h i s pr i e s t

,
'

i n t h e m ed i t at i on o n t h e gr e a t Wh e el h a v i ng s i x t y four -

spok e s an d i n i t s c e n t re t h e G o d s i x t y t w o a r m ed a n d ,
-

c arr yi n g t h e S a m b ar a A s t r a s ; a n d h e le arn s fro m h im 1

a l so t h e M a n t r a s f o r a l l t h e A s t r a s of t h e t w o cl a sses .

H e t h en re t urns t o t h e b at t le a n d m ed i t a t i ng w i t h , ,

h i s e y e s fixed on h i s a r m y i n t h e m a n ner i n d i c at e d ,

1
b
’

t h o u g h acc o
z r,
’

rd i n
g to c p r
h a te 34 s x y
i t -
t w o is t h e n um b r e o f
the P r a v ar t a k a A s t a s r .
 1 36

‘
a se at ( i s g r 7 3 mm ) fur n i shed w it h a Y a n t r a an d
r n n, 1 .
,

c a uses t h e a m orous k i ng t o s i t down on i t Then he .

i nduces h i m t o a rr a nge for V e d a r e c i t at i on m us i c an d , ,

d an c e a n d t o g o h i m self for t h e t i m e of o n e m on t h
, , ,

t hro u gh cer t a i n m ed i t at i o n s a n d c e re m on i es e a t i ng only ,

food t h at i s seven t i m e s con secr at e d The fi n al effe c t o f .

t h i s i s t h a t a l l t h e en e m i e s o f t h e co u n t ry d i e t hrough
d i s e a se or t h e swor d a n d t h e k i n g h as ag ai n a t horn
,
“

l e ss e m p ire I nc i d e n t a l ly a r e m e n t i on e d v a ri ous
.

m e t hods for produc i ng r a i n

1
.

o f V i s it ] a a r i gh t e ous k i ng re i gn
()
2 S t o r
y ,

i n g at V i s al a(Vai s al i ) H i s w i f e r e c e i ves t h e news

.
,
’

t hrough a vo i c e fro m h e a ven t h at her s o n w i ll d i e w i t h ,

i n four d ays The k i ng h av i ng gone t o t h e her m it age

.
,

of th e s age Pul ah a i s a dv i sed by t h e l at t e r t o w e a r a

,

fi n g e r r i ng (o y/ a l i g ) be a r i n g t h e S u d ar s an a wh i ch
-
c n '
,

would w a r d o ff de a t h He does s o ; t h e serv a n t s of

fl
.

Y a m a a rr i ve a n d t a k e t o fl i gh t fr i gh t ened by t h e ,

d i v i ne A s t r a s c o m i ng for t h fro m t h e f e lly of t h e Whe e l .

G re a t a s t on i sh m en t o f t h e god s at t h e de at h con quer i ng -

power of t h e S u d a r s a n a .

()
3 S t o r y o f S u n a n d a ( 4 8 l ) There . 3 4 .

r e i gned at S r ii g ar a p u r a a k i ng c all e d S u n an d a who

,
' '

h a d a s o n c al l e d S u m at i O nce t h e l at t e r h av i ng gone
.
,

o u t hun t i ng m ee t s i n a for e s t a very be a u t i ful N ag a g i rl

,

w h o e nch a n t s h i m an d t a k e s h i m w i t h h e t o t h e N ag a r

worl d T h ere s h e d e l i vers h i m t o A n aii g a m a fi j ar i t h e

.
‘

d a ugh t e r o f t h e N ag a k i ng V as u k i w h o m a kes h i m h er ,

1
r
A n d ot h e t h i n g s w h i c h a r e s t il l l e s s l i e l k y
t o b e t h e t e ac h i n
g
of a P u r oh it a t o h i s k p r d r
i n g , s u c h a s t h e i m o t an t i s c l o s u e t h at , i n
o rd r
e b r r r fl r fl r
t o o t a i n a g a m e n t o f a ce t a i n c o l o u , a o w e (o r ow e s
) of
r
t h at c o l o u s h o u l d r fi d X L VIII
b e s ac i c e ( r , d b dy T h e e i s u n ou t e l
a l a
gre in t e rp r fr
o l at i o n h e e r x pr b b y b
om s o m e ot h e t e t , an d o a l et w e en

s l
'
. v r ks
’
v d pp r d
1 6 an d 1 7 o n e o r s e e a l l o a s h a e i s a ea e .
 1 37

h usb a nd . H a ppy beyon d m e a sure ow i ng

i n t ercours e w it h t h e pr i nc e ss he forge t s h i s w h
K i ng S u n an d a af t er h av i ng h ad a v ai n se a rch
,

h i m ev e ry wher e ce a ses o u t of gr i ef t o t a
”

, , ,

Th e n h i s P u r oh i t a goes t o t h e her m i t ag e
t e a cher K a nv a on t h e b a nk of t h e T a m
r e por t s t o h i m wh a t h as h a ppened K a n v a . .

”
en t ered i n t o a t r a nce s e es t h e s t ory o f t
,
“

wh i ch i s a s fol lows : A f t e r fu t i l e at t e m p t s a
i n t h e N ag a world a hus b a nd wor t hy of t h e
A n a ng a m a i i j ar i t h e N ag a g i rls beg a n t o 10 0 1
’

o n e o n e ar t h an d so d i scov e r e d S u m at i i n th e
,

wh i ch he w a s h un t i n g On e o f t h e gi rls c all e .
,

spec i a lly p rofic i e n t i n w i t chcr a f t (m d yd e i s d r a - '

c e e d e d i n e n t i c i n g h i m t o t h e N ag a world w h e r ,

now l i v i ng un a w a r e of h i s p a s t a s t h e hus h a i ,

ch ar m i ng d a ugh te r o f k i ng Vas u ki Th e r e .

m e a ns of br i ng i ng h i m b a ck n a m ely t h e gre a ,

s a n a d i agr am i nscr i bed wi t h gold e n le t t e rs on

'

( p
d u r a im
) W i t.h t h i s m ess ag e t h e P ur o h it a r

h i s k i ng T h e l at t e r
. d e l i gh t ed h a s t h e , ,

m i rror a t once cons t ruc t ed a n d w i t h i t s h e lp e i , ,

n e t h e r regi on s an d a rr i v e s at B h o g av at i t h e c ap i ,

N ag as H e fi nds h i s s o n a n d a bduc t s h i m t og e t
.

h i s w i fe an d fe m ale s e rv a n t s ; he i s howev e r 0 , ,

by V as u k i a n d h i s a r m y of N ag a s I n t h e e n s ui .

t h e N ag a s ar e conqu e r e d by t h e P ra s v ap a n a an d
A x / 5 1 l D - _ L J c - ~ L h f L 1 - A n
 1 38

()
4 S t o ry of C i t r a s e k h a r a There
w as o n th e b a nk o f t h e S a r a sv at i a be a u t i ful t o w n c alled
, ,

Bh ad r a v ati rul e d by a k i ng c alled Ci t r as e kh ar a The

,
'
.

f at h e r of t h e l at t er h ad onc e u s i ng an aer i a l ch a ri o t
,

p r e sen t ed t o h i m by I n dr a at t acked an d k i lled a D an av a

,

c all e d S ari k u kar n a o w i n g t o wh i ch de e d t h e s on o f

' '

S ai i k u k a r n a c a ll e d A m ar a n a w a s i ncess a n t ly h a r a ss i n g
' '

, s ,

C i t r as e kh ar a a n d h i s t own
'
When t h e t w o a r mi es
.

h ad m e t for t h e seven t een t h t i m e before B h a dr a

v at i a n d re t urn e d h o m e a g ai n a f t er a d r a wn b at t le ,

C i t ra s e kh ar a m a de up h i s m i nd t o a pply for d i vi ne
h el p an d s e t o u t i n h i s aer i al ch a r i o t for t h e K ai l as a ’

I Vh i l e he i s dr i v i n g ov e r t h e m oun t a i n s h i s ch a r i o t ,

suddenly s t op s shor t o n t h e p e a k of t h e M a nd a r a He .

a l i gh t s an d
, a f t er h a v i ng w a lked for a wh i le m ee t s o n
, , ,

t h e b a n k of a t a nk Kuber a t h e god of r i ches wh o t ells

, , ,

h i m t h at t h i s i s t h e pl ace wher e M ah al ak s m i i s l i v i ng t o ,

worsh i p who m h e h ad co m e h e r e ; a n d t h at as i t w a s due ,

t o h e r t h at h i s ch a r i o t h a d s t op p e d h e should t h er e fore ,

a pply t o h e r Hereupon Kub e r a d i s a ppe a rs b u t sends a

.
,

G u h y a k a who off e rs h i s s e rv i c e s t o t h e k i ng a n d proposes

t h a t t h e y shou l d sp e nd t h e n i gh t on t h e spo t wh i ch t hey d o , .

Then i n t h e m orn i ng t h e G u h y a ka t a k e s t h e k i ng t o t h e
,

p a l ace of M ah al ak s mi The k i ng t h e n s i ngs a b e a u t i ful

.

hy m n t o M ah al ak s m i w h o i s ple a sed a n d g i v e s h i m a
,

b a n n e r show i ng t h e S u d ar s a n a d i agr a m (y/ m ti i t z d im rim)

'
r
'
r / .

The k i ng t hen re t urn s t o h i s c a p i t al a n d conquers by ,

m e a n s of t h e b a n n e r t h e a r m y of t h e A sur a s
, .

()5 S t o r y o f K i r t i m al i n
(5 0 K i r . 1

t i m al i n t h e son of k i n g B h ad r a s r ng a at Vi s al a w a s a
,
'
,

gr e at h e r e O nc e d ur i ng t h e n i gh t when h e w a s t ak i ng a
.
, ,

w a lk ou t s i d e t h e t own h e s a w a B r ah m an a s i t t i ng u nder a
,
’

S a mi t r e e a bsorbed i n Yog a a n d sh i n i n g l i k e fire H e

'

, .
 1 40

w it hou t be i ng seen t h e t ow n of t h e k i ng a n d s i l e n t
, ,

b e g i n s t o d e s t roy h i s a r m y T he k i ng un a bl e
.
,

recogn i ze t h e c a us e of t h e grow i ng d i s a s t er i s at fi r ,

a l a r m ed , b u t t hen i nfor m ed by M a n e j a v a w h o h
, ,

m e a nwh i l e r e t urned h e e m ploys t h e V ar a n a A s t r :

,

c a us i n g t h e eleph a n t t o b e co m e m o t i on less On l e ar .

i n g t h e news fro m so m e o f h i s re t i n ue I ndr a b e co m ,

a ngry beyond m e a sur e a n d by h i s order t h e a r m y

, , ,

t h e gods l i k e t h e g ap i n g oc e a n at t h e t i m e
“

”
P r a l ay a se t s o u t for Vi al a A t err i ble b att le b
s
'
.

g i n s t o r age an d t o t urn i n f a vour of t h e gods T l l t .

r a nks a r e n o t sh a ken eve n when t h e k i ng e m p l o

t h e d i vi n e A s t ra s ( A g eya for I ndr a h
“
n ,

coun t e r w e ap on s (p rai yu s tr a ) n e u t r a l i z i ng t h e i r e ff e
-
i

B u t t h e n t h e s i t u a t i on b e co m i ng d e sp e r at e t h e ki i
, ,

sudd e nly re m e m bers t h e Yog i n s i ns t ruc t i on co n c e r n i i

’

a ch ar i o t w i t h a m ag i c a l a wn i n g (r i t mz ) h as t u
,

l at t e r m ad e a n d r e t urn s w i t h i t i n t o t h e b at t le N e w
, .

am azi n g ch a ng e t a k e s pl ace : t h e V i n u C akr a s e ?

s

for t h by t h e ki ng fro m h is ch a r i o t c a us e s a l l t h e Dev

t o f a ll on t h e ground fro m wh i ch t h e y a r e un a ble t o r i
,

ag ai n , h av i n g b e co m e m o t i onl e ss ; wh e r e a s al l t h e d i v i
m i ss i l s c a s t by I nd r a A s t r as a s w e ll as S a s t r i '
e ,

s i m ply d i s a pp e a r i n t o t h e Vi n u C akr a s l i ke m ot“

”
[ d i s ap p e a r i n g
] i n t o t h e fire l i ke s t re a m s [ d
a ppe a r i ng ] i n t o t h e oce a n A t l a s t t h e r ag i ng I n d
.

h url s h i s t hund e rbol t at K i r t i m al i n ; b u t even t

t hun d e rbol t i s a b sorb e d by t h e V i s n u C a kr a T .

h i ghly a s t on i s h ed I n d r a n e w a p pro a ch e s t h e k i n g
ch a r i o t ; an d K i r t i m al i n h av i ng r e sp e c t fully r i s e n b e f c
,
 141

the k i ng of t h e god s a n d s a l u t e d h i m w i t h fr i e ndly

words expl ai n s t o h i m h i s i nv i nc i b i l i t y whe re upon t h e
, ,

t w o p a r t a s fr i ends .

C h a p t e r s 5 l t o 5 9 expl ai n Vai s n av i t e M a n t r a s ,

so m e o f wh i ch a r e descr i b e d fro m t hr e e s t a ndpo i n t s : t h e

gross t h e sub t l e an d t h e h i gh e s t I nc i d e n t a lly
m a ny i t e m s a r e m en t i oned wh i ch t hrow l i gh t o n c e r t ai n
ph i losoph i c a l a n d e t h i c al d oc t r i nes such as t hos e of t h e
Vyi i h a s of B h a k ti e t c These ch ap t e rs b e i ng t oo
'

, , .

t echn i c a l t o a d m i t of a su m m a ry l i ke t h e p reced i ng

ones we h av e t o con fine ours e lv e s t o c a ll i ng at t en t i o n t o

,

s o m e ch a r a c t er i s t i c p a ss a ges .

The firs t M a n t r a e xpl ai n e d i s t h e T ar a o r T ar a k a

M a n t r a t h at i s t h e s acr e d syll a b l e OM I n i t s gross
, , .

se n se i t s i m ply con s i s t s o f t he l e t te rs 0 a n d m m e a n
"

i n g respec t i v e ly o t an d mi n a n d t h us repr e s en t i n g
’

c t
,

t h e s e n t enc e : E v e ry t h i ng ( s e r mo n ) l i m i t e d
(m i )
“
f am i s

t h re ad e d (6 mm ) o n H im I n it s sub t l e “

sen s e i t i s co m pos e d of t h e l e t t ers

’3
u m deno t i ng a
, ,

respec t i v ely : (1 ) t h e w a k i ng s t a t e a n d gross un i ve rs e

w i t h A n i r u d d h a a s t he i r p ro te c t or ; (2 ) t h e dr e a m
con sc i ousn e ss a n d sub t l e un i v e rs e s u per i n t e nd e d by
P r a d y u m n a ; (3 ) t h e s ws ap ti s t a t e a n d correspon d i ng
un ivers e w it h Sa m kar s an a as t h e i r gu a rd i a n d e i t y -

t hen (4 ) t h e echo of t h e m ( ar d h a m d tr d
) repr e s e n t i ng
V as udev a (t h e tw i g/ ) ; fur t h e r (5 ) t h e l a s t l i nger i ng
ct

t h e n a s a l sound wh i ch i s t h e und i ff e r e n t i at ed S ak t i ’
of ,
”
t h e Lord a s t h e fif t h s t age ; a n d fin ally (6) t h e
“
of , ,

s i lenc e observ e d af t e r t h e pronu nc i a t i on o f t h e sy ll a ble ,

wh i ch i s Vi s n u as t h e H i ghes t B r ah m an I n its .
1

”
“
h i gh e s t s e nse i t m e a ns t h e belong i ng t oge t her
1
Cf Dh y a b i d
. na nUp i d 4 ; l
u b v p 52
an s a a so a t o 3 e .
, no e ,

an d p . 53 .
 1 42

( expressed by t h e l e t t er m ) o f ( l ) a t h a t i s V i n u possess , , s

e d of t h e ac t i ve S a k t i a n d ( 2 ) a t h at i s V i n u possessed
'

, , s

t h e i n ac t i v e S a k t i n a m e ly d ur i ng t h e cos m i c n i gh t
'
of , , .

OM i n i t s su b t l e s e ns e i s s ai d t o fur t her d e no t e
B r a h m an Vi s n u S i v a a n d t h e A v y akt a o f t h e P a ur a
, ,
'

n ik a s ; t h e S ad akh y a A i s v a ra S a d v id y a a n d S i v a of
, , ,
'

t h e P as u p at a s an d Vy a k t a A v y ak t a B ur u s a an d , , ,

K al a of t h e S amkhy a s .

A no t h e r i ns t ruc t iv e ex a m pl e o f t h i s sor t of l i ngu i s t i c

occul t i s m i s t h e e x p l a n t i on (5 2 ) of t h e word n a m a s . 2 -
8 8

respec t ful ob e i s a nc e bow e t c ) occurr i ng i n OM n a m e, .

Vi s m w e an d m a n y o t her Ma n t r a s I n t h e gross sen se .

t h e word i s d e cl a r e d t o m e a n p r ap u tt i or s e lf surr e n der -

,

t h e s ix cons t i t uen t s a n d obs t a cl e s of wh i ch a r e h e re

-

expl ai n ed a t so m le n g t h (s l 1 4 e I n t h e sub t l e .

sense t h e word i s r e g a rd e d a s co n s i s ti ng o f t h e t hree

cons t i t u e n t s n u m o a n d wh i ch t og e t h e r r e p r e s e n t t h e
, , s,

s e n t ence : N o (we ) selfish reg a rd (w o n g/ o ) for on e s self r

’

an d on e s o w n (s m m i n s mye
’
n am e ly t h e f am ous
s
’

S amkh y a fo r m ul a mi s m i me m l t d /Mu n i f prop e rly under e

g

,
”
s t ood (s l '
The h i g hes t sen s e fin ally i s e xpl a ined
.
“
, ,

by m e a n s of t h e M a n t r a key (1 7 ) i n t h e follow . 2 1
,
2 4
, 1 1

i n g w ay : 7 m s i gn i fi e s p at h m ch i ef a n d t h e a

fl
fl
V i s a rg a H i ghes t Lord t h e co m b i n at i on o f t h e t h r e e

m e a n i ng t h at t h e ch i ef p a t h for a t t ai n i ng G od i s t h e
o n e c a ll e d rev e ren t i a l ob e i s a nce (l a l l
) l ll l .

T he gross sense of Vi s m w e e tc in .
,

t h e M a n t r a s con t ai n i n g t h e s e words i s d i scov e r e d i n t h e

d at iv e r e l a ti on (s e lf surrend e r t 0 G od ) for wh i ch re a son
-
, ,

her e a n d of t e n else wh e r e t h e gross s e n se i s c alled ,

L I 41 W t k i t t h t m d kh y i
, . e a e rr p t ia fsa d fi l hy a s a co u on o sa r a

S amk h y K ar i k 6 4 T h f r m l i l B dd h i t i
.

2
a a . e myo u a s a so u s c see

On th e Pr b l o em of N i rv ana in the Jou r n a l o f t h e P 3 1i

T e x t S o c i e ty f o r 1 90 5 , p . 1 57 .
the i n fin i t y c a use as co m p ared wi t h i t s
of the

produc t s .Th e s e cond s t a n z a ref e rs t o Sa m k ar san ; a

for h e i s t h e Lord o f I m m or t al i t y o r t h e o n e w i t h
w h ose help t h e soul t hrough food (c am e ) t h at i s t h e , ,

m a t e r i a l un i ve rse re a ches L i b e r a t i on
, The t h i rd s t a n z a
.
,

a f t e r pr a i s i n g t h e gr e at n e ss of S a m k ar s a n a s t a t es t h at ,

P r ad y u m n a s s e rv i c e i s s t i ll gr e at e r (fro m t h e world ly
’

s t a ndpo i n t ? ) bec a us e he i s t h e cre a t or of P u r u sa a n d

P r ak r t i . I n t h e four t h s t a nz a t h e on e qu a r t er “

o f God wh i ch a lone h a s b e co m e t h i s world i s n a t ur a lly

i den t i fi e d w it h A n i r u d d h a t h e I nn e r Rul e r (d a t m/ ma i n )
, u

o f al l b e i ngs who pervad e s bo t h t h at wh i ch h as food “

(z e x
p e r i e n c e o f pl e a s ure a n d p a i n ) a n d t h a t wh i ch
”
h a s n o food n a m e ly t h e a n i m at e a n d t h e i n a n i m a t e n at ure
, .

A f t er t h i s th e
, s t r a ng e s ay i ng of t h e fift h s t a n z a ,

t h a t fro m t h e B urus a h a s sprung t h e Vi r aj a n d fro m ,

t h e V i r aj t h e B uru a i s n o lon ger e n i g m a t i c al : t h e

s ,

fi rs t B u ru a i s of cou rs e A n i r u d d h a an d t h e secon d
s ,

P u r u s a t h e g o d B r a h m an t h e V i r aj be i n g t h e P a r a
,

V i dy a o r H i gh es t P r a k r t i t h a t i s t h e m at t er (i n t h e
, ,

for m of an E g g ) ou t o f w h i ch t h e god B r a h m an i s cr e at ed .
1

The a bo ve i n t erpre t a t i on o f t h e B uru a S ii kt a s

b e i ng p rob ably con nec t e d w i t h t h e o r i g i n o f t h e

t h e ory of th e V y uh a s a w ord o n t h e l at t er
,

m ay n ot be a m i ss h e re Th e or i gi n al worsh i p p rove d
.
,

by a rc h aeology a n d t h e B u d d h is t scr i p t ur e of on ly ,

V asu d e v a a n d B al a d e v a Sa m k ar sa n a can s i gn i fy no t h
z

i n g else i n o u r op i n i on t h a n t h at by t h e or i g i n a l
, ,

P a fi c ar at r i n s Kr s n a w a s worsh i p ped a s t h e t r a n scen den t

H i g h e s t G od a n d h i s bro t h e r t h e
, God o f S t r e ng t h
,

as H i s i mm a n e n t a sp e c t a ppe a r i ng as t h e worl d t h i s ,

dog m a o f t h e doubl e a sp e c t o f G od b e i ng s i m p ly t h e
1 Cf . a bove p . 81
 1 45

P é fi car at r a sol u ti on o f t h e ol d ol d I nd i a n proble m of ,

a God b e co m i ng t h e w orld w it ho u t sh a r i n g i t s i m e r f e c
p
t i on s A f t erw a rds when t h i s or i g i n a l n on B r ah m a n i c
.
, ,
-

P afi c ar at r a w a s t o be brough t i n t o a gree m e n t w i t h t h e
'

V ed a a n d t h e f a m ous s ay i n g o f t h e P ur u a S u k t a (four t h s

s t a nz a) a bou t t h e four qu a r t ers of G od o n e of wh i ch ,

only h ad beco m e t h e wor l d t w o m ore m e m bers o f t h e ,

f a mi ly o f Kr s n a n am e ly h i s son an d gr a nd son were , ,

de i fied t h at i s m ade a spec t s of G od t h e gr a ndson n at ur a lly

, , ,

t a k i ng t h e pl a c e for m erly occup i e d by t h e bro t her A nd .

w i t h t h i s i den t i fic a ti on t h e p a r all e l i s m of t h e Vy fi h as
w i t h t h e o t her wel l known t e t r ads (s t a t es o f co nsc i ous -

n ess cons t it uen t s o f t h e syll a ble OM e t c ) w a s o f

, , .

course a lso es t a bl i shed .

2

C h a p t e r 5 9 t ow a rds t h e e n d (s l 5 4 , gi ves '

.

a r é su m é o f t h i s S a m h i t a of t h e P ai i c a r at r a t h e d i v i ne
“ ’

o n e co m pre h end i n g S ani kh y a a d Yog a e t c t h e very

3
n , .
,

secre t on e t h e h i ghes t sc i enc e corrobor a t i ng al l H p a n i

“

s ad s an d w a rn s a g ai n s t i m p a r t i n g i t t o a nyone excep t
4

a t rue devo t ee o f V asud e v a .

Th e n on -
Br ah m a ni c or ig i n f t h e s y s t e m h as b e e n e m h as i z e
o p d
by Pr f G rb o . a e in th e in tr do u c t i on t o h is G
i t a t a n s l at i o n a n d r
e l s e w h re e .

N ot h i n g b r ig i r d

fl
3
ou t th e of t h e V y i i h a t h e o y c an b e g a i n e
'

a o n

fr om th e U p a n i s a d s, e in g r f rr d it b e e e t o on l y
i n a f e w of t h e
l at e s t , t o w i t M u d g a l a , T r i p ad v i b l n i t i m ah an ar ay a u a , a n d G o p al o tt ar a
'

t ap i n i . k
M u d g al a s p e a s o f A n i r u d d h a a s t h e P ad a N ar ay a na a n d
m e n t i o n s o n e P u r u s a S a mh i t a c o n t a i n i n g a s u c c i n c t e x p l a n at i o n o f
t h e B u ru s a S u t a k
T r i p ad v i b h i i t i i s t h e o n l y p an i s ad w h i c h l oo s
’

U k
k
.

l i e a P afi c a r at r a t r e a t i s e G o p al o t t ar at ap i n i (1 0
. l ) ide n t ifie s .

S a m k ar s a na , P r a d y u m n a , A n i r u d d h a , a n d K r s n a (i n t h i s o rd e r ) w i t h
t h e V i s v a , T a i j a s a, P r aj fi a , a n d T u r i y a , a n d w i t h t h e a , u , m , an d
’

a r d h a n wt r d I n th e U
p a n i s ad s , g e n e r al l y s p e a i n g , t h e P afi c ar at r a k
k
.

i s a s u n n o w n a s s h o u l d b e e xp e c te d o f a s y s t e m o f n o n Br ah m a n i c -

o r ig i n .

Lit . c om m e n s u r at e with( mm i t d ) ca ,

Or , i f th e co mp ou n d (s a r r a r e d i wm b m z h o l d )
-
/ -
is a B a h vr i h
u i

co n t ai n i n g t h e s w e et s o f al l the Up an i s a d s or th e li k e.

19
 1 46

C h a p t e r 6 0 con s i s t s of a n o t her r é s u m é of t h e
S am h i t a a n o t her p r ai se o f i t an d a n o t her w a rn i n g n ot
, ,

t o b e t r a y i t s con t e n t s t o an un wor t hy person Th e .

follow i n g ph r a s e s a r e re m a rk a bl e “
I n wh i ch [ S a m hi t a]
t h e s t at u t e (vi d h i ) of t h e S am khy a Yog a i s t hough t o u t
-

i n i t s t o t al i t y ( )
I T, a nd T h i s t e a ch i n g of A h i r b u d h
”
n
y a c a ll e d t h e E ssence of Ph i losophy (ta n tr a M m
) -

fur t her t h e s t at e m e n t (2 4) t h a t t h e S am h i t a i s
a llow e d t o b e i m p a r t ed only t o m e m bers o f t h e t h ree

h i gh e r c a s t es .

T he ex i s t ence of t h e P a r i s i s t a (Supp l e m en t )
s e e m s t o p rov e t h at o u r S am h i t a w a s a t o n e t i m e a
m uch s t ud i ed work . Th i s P a r i s i st a O pen i ng i n t h e
,

for m of a d ia logue be t ween N ar ad a a d Vy as a c a lls n ,

i t self t h e H y m n o f t h e t hous a nd n am es of t h e holy

“

S u d a r s an a I t en u m er a t es h owev e r a f t er so m e i n
, ,

s t r u c t i o n s a bou t t h e M a n t r a o f t h e hy m n e t c , only five

.
,

h undred an d s i x t y such n am es a rr ange d i n groups

a ccord i ng t o t h e co n son a n t o f t h e a lph abe t w i t h w h i ch

t h e y beg i n . T h e n am e s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a vowel such a s ,

U n m e a a n d U d y a m a m e n t i on e d i n 1 2
s . of t h e Sam
5 3

h i t a ar e m i ss i ng i n bo t h t h e M S S av ai l abl e The
, . .

P a n d i t wh o at t aches gr e at i m por t a nce t o t h i s l it t le

,

work i s p rob a bly r i g h t i n s t at in g (i n h i s seco n d foo t

,

no t e ) t h at i t s p u b l i c at i o t hou gh forb i dden i s n o t l i kely

n, ,

t o d o m or e h a r m t h a n t h at o f t h e S a m h i t a i t self .
 (T h r ee ex tr a cts fr om S ci ttv a tw S a m hi ta)

I . TH E D IVI N E T WE N T Y FO U R FOL D M A C H I N E R Y
- -

or E X I S T E N C E

The n i n t h ch ap t e r of S at t v at a S am h i t a a f t er ,

h av i ng en u m e r at e d t h e t h i r t y n i ne V ib h a v a s t w e lv e -
,

S a kt i s an d p r i nc i p a l b od i ly orn a me n t s (d i v i n e orn a
'
“
,

m en t s an d we a pon s ) con t i n ues ,

cu ks ye bh d nép a ka r a 1m m
'

w
” ad n g/ a ga rm
i u t ta m m n l
’
ud ud e l ib/u rea wul r ti n d m yo ti s l h a te s d s u u e l l (9 0 ) v rt
'

an d t hen g i ves t h e fol lowi ng e x t r aord i n a ry list

( l 9 1 9 4)
'
s .
-

1 . T i m e (lod l l p) a T he s e ven s age s o f old 3

2 . Sp ace (Dig/ i t) f T he pl a ne t s a n d fix e d
s t a rs ;
Regul at or The Vi d y ad h ar as 1
“

3 .

4 . T he S as t r a w i t h '
T he N ag a s ;
A ng a s
1

5 . The Vid y ad h i p at i s ; 13 . T he A p s ar a ses ;

6 . The Rudr a s ; 2
T he pl a n t s :

7 . T h e Pr aj ap at i s ; The a n i m al s ;

I ndr a a n d h i s re t i nue ; The s acr i fices wi t h A

’

8 . ii
g as

m u s t h e m e a n t t h e Tr a i
ks a zz a m , b y w h ich
1 ' ’

S d s trm y nd ndil al a
g y
d
i n c l u i n g D h a m a s as t a r
P a r ana e t c
'
r
(s e e a o e an d . b v p .

p os s i l by
th e
“
e an t a s Vd Up d
( an i s a s ) , b u t n ot t h e [ n on e an t i c ] -
Vd
p p b
h i l o s o h i c a l s y s t e m s , t h e s e e i n g e e e t o b y n os 1 7 a n d 1 8 r f rr d . .

2
S a m m l r d l z s a g a p d l z S i r d lg
'
T h is as s a e a
g e a s t o b e co
. pu t, pp r rr p
d d
t h ou g h s a m u d r a i s , i n e e , a m on g t h e e i t h e t s of S i a p v ’
.

3
M m z a y a lg s e p t a p i t r ve ; cf
, h ag ita X , 6 . B
(an d a o e G . b v
p . 61 , no .

c l ou d s ti e , at m os p h e r i c g od s ; f n a bh a s c a r d lg,
“
J i m zd d l i
’
'
4
c .

kh e ca u i lg, a n d t h e n a m e s of thei rk i n g s (J I m fi t a -
v ah a n a ,- k et u ) in
N ag an a n d a .
 1 50

17 .
[ H i gher ] Knowledge 21 . The m oon ;

( g/ )
i dre

I nferi or K n owl edge 22 . The sun

i d ya)
1

(p
a ar t? c ;

19 . Fi re ; 23 . W at er ;
W i nd (ai r ) ; 24 . Eart h .

Then follow t he conclud i ng words

i ty u kta m a ma e l kscmc l

cu t ur c i ms a ti s amkl uya m
’ ’
ca bit c h? ) na
p a l ca r a m z m m a h a t II
T he non i ncl us i on i t h i s l i s t of m e n an d A
-
, n , sur a s ,

P i s ac as e t c
'
i s e xp l a i ned by t h e word g i r cd zm g a m wn i n
, .
,

sl . 9 0 quo t e d a bove Fo r p l a n t s as d e v a t as cf . .

B uddh i s m T h e i ncl us i on of a n i m a ls
. h ow e ver i s , ,

s t r a nge I t i s a lso no t ewor t hy t h at t h e G a n dh a rv a s ar e

.

e vi den t ly i ncl ud e d i n I ndr a s re t i nu e wh i le t h e A ps a

*

r a ses a r e n ot .

II . FOU R K IN D S or W O R S H IP

S d ttva tu S amh i td 2 ,
2

s ai d : Tell m e conc i sely 0 E t ern a l

S a mk a r sa n a ,

O ne , i n wh at m a n ner worsh i p (up d s d ) i s enj o i ned o n t h e

worsh i ppers devo t ed [ t o t h e Lord ] .

T he holy Lord s ai d : L i s t en ! I w i ll d uly expl ai n t o

t h e e t h at wh i ch t hou h a s t a sk e d m e h av i ng known ,

w h i ch one m ay be fre e d fro m r e b i r t h -

.

T h at pure B r ah m a n (s a d bra /am a ) a b i d i ng i n t h e

he ar t wh i ch w a s t h e g o a l (i de al ) of t hose [ S i ddh a s ] who

fl
h e ld t he i r [ respec t i ve ] offices at t h e beg i n n i ng of cre a
l

1
He r e w e h a ve e m or e t h t wo S i
on c e c e n ce s m e n t i on e d a b o v e p 9 7. .

2
A v e ry d iff e r e t (pr m t r e ) t r a
n e a u n s l a t i on o f m o s t o f t h i s p a s s

a
g e h as be e n g i ve b y B h a d k a i h is
n n ar r n Va i s n a v i s m, e t c , pp 3 9 l
. . .
 1 52

()
4 [ worsh i p Of
B u t f or ] t h e M a n t r a d i agr am r e
th e
l at i ng t o t h e [ t h i r t y n i ne ] Vib h av as a n d f o r t h e cere -
1

m on i es connec t e d t herew i t h none a r e a u t hor i zed b u t t h e

[ t ruly ] see i ng on e s w h o h a ve co m pl e t e ly c a s t off t h e i de a

,

o f t h e m i n e a r e s a t i sfi e d w i t h do i n g t he i r du t y an d whol ly
,

devo t ed i n d e ed speech an d m i nd t o t h e H i ghes t

, , , ,

Lord 2
.

Thus m uch a bou t t h e a u t hor i z at i on Of [ t hose O f ] t h e

four c a s t es w h o h ave e m bra ced t h e [ S at t v at a ] rel ig i on ,

suppos i ng t hey h ave been duly i n i t i at ed w i t h t h e

”
M a n t r a s prescr i b e d .

II I D E S C R IPTIO N VY I TH A s , TH E
‘

. or TH E FO UR FOR

P U R P OS E O F M E D IT A TIO N

S d t t i ra ta S a m h i ta 5 ,

firs t for m Of t h e Lord i s a s be a u t i ful

N ow , t h e

[ as t o co m p l e x i on
] as
[ ]
ar e t h e snow t h e
j a s m i n , ,

an d t h e m oon I t h a s four a r m s a gen t le ,

f a ce an d lo t us l i ke eyes
,
I t h as a g a r m en t Of -
.

x p l i d i h p t r IX f t h S mh it a m l t r h p t r s
1
E a ne n c a e o e a . so e a e c a e

b i g a pp r e t l y al
e n r f e rr e d t
a n I A hi b so S th ei bh m o . n r . . e va av a

d ta c k m d
e va -
r i b d i h ap t e r L V I s h l d b e m p r e d
a ra es c e n c ou co a .

Th i ‘
1 fo rt h l a t h e s us is t f t h o e Br ah m a a
c ss , amo
g n , co n s o s n s, n

th e P fi at i a wh h v
c ar ba do e d m i x d t h a t is Ve dic
r ns, o a e a n n e , ,
w r h ip
o s d th th r h
, an d pr f r t h p t h Of d e v t i to t h at
, on e o e an , e e e a o on

O f Y g a (c m p t i b l w i t h V d i w r s h i p a b v p
o o a e T h ey a e e c o , o e . r

Of o r s e al s q al i fi e d f V y h a w r s h i p '

c u , o u or ii o .

Th i
i
‘
p as s ag b i g b d l y pr e s e rv e d i t h e d i t i o I h a v e h ad
s e e n a n e n , ,

s ve r l
e t im a t o f ol l w i t s ( l ig h t l y
es, m d ifi e d f )
o r e pr d c t i o s o f“
o u n

in L k m i T a t r (X 2 7
a s L ak m i T t ra a t l l y m e t io s
n a , s an c ua n n

S é t t v at a S a mh i t a i n XI , 28 .

4
T h at i s : i n t h e K rt a a g e I n t h e n e t a g e (w h e n t h e a o u na
. x R j G
a pp re a s ) i t ch an e s
g g a u al l r d y
i n t o r e d , t h e n , i n t h e D v ap a r a a g e , i n t o
y e l l ow , an d n al l , in t h e fi g y
al i a e , in t o l a K
c , a n an a l o o u s c h an
g ge b k
t a in gk p r
l a ce a s t o t h e o t h e V y i i h a s ot h a s e g a s t h e i c o m l e i o n
p
'

b r rd r x
an d t h e c o l o u of t h e i r
g a m en t , r r
 1 53

yellow s i lk a n d i s glor i fied by a golden en s i gn .

1

Wi t h i t s ch i ef (fron t a l ) r igh t h a n d i t a n nounces pe ace

t o t h e t i m i d wh i le w i t h t h e co rrespond i ng lef t h a n d i t i s
,

hold i ng a wonderful co n ch Wi t h t h e o t her r igh t h a n d .

i t i s hol d i ng t h e S u d a r s an a , a n d w i t h t h e o t h e r l e f t a
'

he avy cl ub res t i ng o n t h e grou nd L e t h im i m ag i ne a t hus

fl
.

for m ed V a s u d e v a [d well i ng ] i n t h e e a s t ern d i rec t i on .

H av i ng t h e [ be a u t i ful red ] a ppe a r a nce Of t h e

Si n d ur a t ree a n d t h e S i kh a r a o n e f a ced a n d four a r m ed
’ ’
- -
, ,

w i t h a g a r m en t rese m bl i ng t h e [ blue ] flower O f t h e A t a s i

a x pl a n t ) d s ngu s ed by a p a l m yr a ree
( -
i t i i h
, t [ as h i s

equ al t o t h e firs t Lord as reg a rd s h i s fron t a l p ai r

Of h a nd s b u t hol d i ng a plough sh a re i n t h e h a nd i n wh i ch

fl
-
,

t h e o t her h a s t h e d isc us a n d a pes t le where t h e o t her ,

h as a club o n a t hus l i ke S a m k a r a n a [ dwell i ng ] i n -

s

t h e sou t hern d i rec t i on l e t [t h e d e vo t ee ] m ed i t a t e .

e t h i m fur t her ed at e
] h rd ghes
[ L m i t on t h e t i H i t
Lord Of t h e splendour O f a m ul t i t ude of fi r e ie s
,
-

a sse m bled i n a n i gh t o f t h e r ai ny se a son o n e f aced an d ,

-

four ar m ed we a r i ng a g a r m en t O f red s i lk adorned w i t h

-
, ,

h i s ens i g n (b a n ner ) sh o wi n g t h e M ak ar a (s e a eleph a n t )

1
-
.

1
T h is r
i s , Of c o u s e , t h e e a g l e e n s i g n (g a r n ql a rl h vaj a ) It -
.

must a pp r
a e n t l y b e i m ag i n e as e in
g ca die b
s o m e on e O f t h e rr d by
L o rd s ’
ret in u e (a N i t y a ) ; cf e l ow t h e n ot e . b
on
’
P r ad y u m n a s
ba e r
nn .

2 '
k
Or S i h a r a, t h e com p o d ( i d fi s i l rl
un s n ra
'
z ard d m it t i n g f
kci r a ) a o

b ot h r e ad i n
g s, w h ich m e an e s r p e ct i v e l y k i d
a n o f r by a d a s p e ie
u n c s

of th e h e m p p l an t-
. S i n d fi i a s i kh a r a m ay b e al s o t r a l at e d
ns th e :

c r ow n o f a S i n d ar a t r e e
3
Wh e n S i v a i s cal l e d t al a i i ka , t h e w ord t d l a m e a n s a c y m b a l
'

a m k ar s a n a s mm i s a d h r aj a , a s c a n b e s e e n
’

(fc . h i s da m a r n B ut S
fr om t h e p a r al l e l i s m i n t h e d e s c r ip t ion of t h e Vy i i h as , n ot t o '

s pea k O f o t h e r r e as on s I
f H i n d u s c u l p t or s re pre s e n t B al a ram a w i t h a
.

cy m b al t h i s w o u l d s e e m t o b e a c as e o f s c u l p t u r e i n fl u e n ce d by
l i t e r at u r e m i s u n d e r s t o o d Th e p a l m b a n n e r i s n ot h i n g e x t r a
.

o rd i n a r B h i s m a , f or i n s t an ce , i s s a i d t o h a v e h ad o n e
y .

C o m p ar e the s am e ba nne r (e s i g ) a rr ie d b y a A p r a
n n c n sa s in
d e s cr i p t i on e a rt h l
y am e s a k e (C u p i d )
’
th e of P r ad y u m n a s n .

20
 1 54

H is fr o n t al p ai r O f h a nd s should be i ma gi ned as before ; i n

t h e r e m ai n i ng le ft h a nd t here i s a b ow w h i l e i n t h e r i gh t ,

t he re a r e five a rrows I n t h i s m a n ner l e t hi m i m ag i ne

.

[ a s d w ell i ng ] i n t h e w es t ern d i rec t i on h i m wh o i s know n .

1
as P r a dyumn a .

[ L e t hi m, fi n a lly , m ed i t at e on h i m w h o rese m bles

co p lex on deep bl a ckness O f t h e
[ m i ] h [ ] A j
i i an a
’

as t o t e ,

m oun t ai n we a rs a fi n e w h i t e g a r m en t i s four a r m ed ,
,
-

l a rge eyed , a n d glori fied by t h e d eer as h i s en si g n

-
.

H i s firs t p ai r O f h a nds i s de scr i bed l i ke t h at O f t h e fi rs t

fl
[ Lord ] ; w i t h t h e t w o o t hers h e i s c a rr i n g : i n t h e
y .

r i gh t h a n d a sword a n d i n t h e lef t on e a sh i eld (or cl ub )

, .

I n t h i s w ay l e t [ t h e devo t ee ] m ed i t at e o n A n i r u d d h a
[ dwell i ng ] i n t h e n or t hern d i rec t i on .

A l l O f t hese [ fou r ] we a r t h e g a rl a n d o f wood

3

a r e d i s t i ngu i shed w i t h
’ ’
ow e r s , t h e S r i v at s a ( Vi s nu s
curl of h ai r on t h e bre a s t ) , an d ar e e m bell i shed w i t h t h e
k i ng o f j e wels t h e K au s t u b h a , o n t he i r bre as t [ fur t her ]
, ,

w it h lovely d iade m s a n d crown s n eckl aces a r m le t s an d , ,

a nkle t s br i gh t m a rks (m ad e w it h s an d a l wood e t c ) o u

,
-
, .

t h e fore h e ad gl i t t er i ng e ar r i ngs i n t h e sh a pe Of a
,
-

M a k a r a (s e a eleph a n t ) excel len t ch a ple t s Of m a n i fold

-
,

flowers an d w i t h c a m p ho r a n d o t h er del i c i ous perfu m es

, .

A s ad orned w i t h al l O f t hese t hus should t hey a l w ays be

m ed it at ed upon .

T h is , as w il l h a v e b e e n n o t i c e d , i s e s s e n t i al l y a d e s c r i p t i o n of

K am a, t h e I
n d ia n A m o r , a s , i n d e e d , P r ad y u m n a i s a l s o t h e n am e of

K am a r e b o r n a f t e r h i s d e s t r u ct i on b y S i v a cf a b o v e p 4 5
'
-
. . .

2
d r p
T h e w rye ( e e , a n t e l o e ) i s al s o t h e l afi ch a n a o f o n e o f
t h e J a i n T i r t h a mk ar as an t i ) , a l l of w h om c an b e s e e n e e s e n t r pr
e d , w it h thei r r p
e s e ct i e em l ems v a e b
a bo e dd d
(o r e l o w ) t h e m , v b
j ust k b
l i e l a e l s at t a c h e d p rr
t o o t a i t s , o n t h e w al l of o n e o f t h e c a e v
p
t e m l e s o f B h u v an e s v ar a (O i s s a )
’
r .

3
F or t h e fi rs t th re e ite ms f
c . a bo v e p . 52 .
 I . SU B J EC T I ND EX

A C YU TA Vib h av a ) : 4 8
(a . A v t ar
a 1 , 42 fi les : 5 5 fi l , 5 7 , 1 00 , .

fl
Vi d y e s v a r a ) : 4 2
(a
’
1 0 5 , 1 1 3 , of Vi b h a v a s
V dv
. . .

as u e a ) 8 1 o i in Of
g 4 8, 5 2 r ’

d r kt p r
.

t
. .

’
A h a a S a i ( ow e s us a i n i n g t he w h y n e ce s s a : 108 ry .

Eg g ) 4 6 , 5 5 v
A e s ‘a A v a t ara s 4-7
d r pp rt y d fi d
. . .

a h a a S u d ar s a n a a s : s e e s u o a v i d Ii : 9 7 11 1 T i r o d h fi n a
’

fl
e ne

Lk T tr X II
.

kt
.

’
A d h o k s aj a (a Vid y e s v a r a ) 4 2 ’
S a i, s o a s m i an a
Vr ,
.

A d i v a r ah a 4 8 ; c t a zi h a A v y a kt a 67 l , 80 , 1 1 1

fl
do an d
dv t
:
. . . .

A a i a : 4 9 1 1 3 , 9 1 ti l ,9 7 Il l Vy a k t a 7 8 n 4 , 7 9 n 1 , 7 0 n 4
r t
. . . . . . .

r
ae i al c h a io s 1 3 4, 1 3 8
t tr
.

r
A g am i c l i e ra u e (g e n e a l l y 2 ,1 3 , 1 6 a x n iu nax i m (a Vi b h a v a ) : 4 2 , 46
t b t h A tt r b t
. .

Ag yne A r 1 3
a 7 1 4 0 s a : a l a (f o ur i u e of G od ) sec
ttr b t
, .

Ag i V in a 1 04
a s v
’
n a ra : . A i u es .

Ah m k ar 3 9 40 5 2 75
a a l 1 1 1 , 1 20 B a l a d e v a (C) S a i n ka i s a n a ) : 4
-

A h i p f (p r
:

B r
, , , .
, . .

) 44 a l a a m a (d o (t h e s e c o n d Vy i i l i a ) 3 5
'

r s t e s on :

vtr
. . .

A hi b dh y r u 1 5 5 2 95
n a :l 1 00 fl l (a n A a a a ) 44 , 4 8
B pt
, , ,
r t
. . .
.

1 22 1 3 1 a is m , t h e G e a 1 30
,
B dr
. .

A i dn C kr 1 3 3
ra a h a a (a N i t y a ) : 5 6
d A ttri b t f G d )
a . .

a i ‘
s v a r y ( a s e c on u e o o : B h a d r a k al i : 62 , 64
A tt ri b t B vt tp
.

se e u es h ag a a ( o i c ) : 1 1 2 , 2 5
l ph b t l t 1 20 fi l 1 2 3 1 2 6 1 42 B v t kt
. .

a a e s , oc c u : h ag a a S a i 62
pp d x ,
.
, , . .

A l l f rm f G d 1 3 1 11 1
o o o : b l i a k t i : 2 4, 1 1 2 , 1 2 8 , 1 4 1 , A e n i
II
- .

A t ah P i y al
'

ni r j ar a r a : s e e iis i ar a n a .

A p r 1 3 9 A pp dix 1 B l g S k ti 5 5
.

fl
’
s a as e s ; en io a a

t ( h rp t ) 5 7 t S f Vi
, . .

fl
'
Bl i ( if ) 5 3 11

fl
A
’

n an a t e se en : ; c . e sa . i ni i n w e O s
nu : 1
d K iy aS k t i r l ti
.

fl
’
( Vi b h a ) 4 2 44 av aBhf i : f
, 30 i t an r a , e a on o

M l ( i vi t ) 1 1 5
.

l na v a a a sa (1 e 3 1 107 0 33 n

p rt f h B i d 1 1 8
,
tr
. . . .

A ng M 130 B h ti
’

a an as ii as a o t e n u :

S kti m tt r p t f
. .

’
Bh i
‘

an g l 5 1 5 2 56 fi l
e s : ii t a or a e as ec
L k m i 2 9 3 2 3 4 l 5 9 fi l 87
, , . o

A i d d h ( Vi d y
n ru a ) a
’
e s v ar a a s : -
, .
, .
,

(t h Vy fi h ) 48 5 0
e l 1 0 2 tl l 1 14 l a :

B i d 1 1 8 il l
, , .
, .
, .

63 l 64 80 82 84 1 0 5 n u :

A pp d ix b d i im l t m d 58
.
, , , , , , .

1 4 1 1 44 1 4 5 2 -
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.

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. .

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e a, n t r a i n un wo n s o :

b d y t m i 1 2 2 5 7 5 8 ( d d d m)
.

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.
.

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fl
-

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. .

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, .

t
. . . .

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:

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.

un a an a : r i ai , es : see i snu

rr w ( m b l m ) 5 2 A pp d i x III
a .

a o s e e Br h m 27 28 l 36 en a an

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.
, .

a v an 1 07 3 43 45 fi l 48 r a u na , ,n
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.

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.
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(p ri d f l i f ) 1 1 7 B r h m a ) 82 l 87 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 2 5
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as :

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, .

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A s u as c ) 1 3 8 111
na B h as , e tc i a i i ni n , a s an n s o :

l d d i l i t A pp d ix I ,
. .

B h a il
.

no t i nc u e n s Eg g en ra in n a : see

m i (t h i rd ) b d y 1 2 2
, . .

a to c o B h mf d K 79 ra in a
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. .

a o c o s ou s :B hm id y a r i v r 5 8 ( d d d m) ra av e a en u

A tt ri b t L rd b r d i g 2 4
.
. .

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u es ) i f h u n as s x ,O t e o an n

3 1 3 9 41 ( d d
, .

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d m) 6 7 ( b a B h p i 131 en u O s. n r as at :
,
B dd h ( Vi b h ) 48 (t i ) 1 1 3 ,
. .

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u a a a va w ce , ,
. .

A ur v a (a Vi b h a v a ) 46 . 132 .
 1 58

B u dd h i s m , B u d dh i s t s 99 , 1 0 4, 1 1 2 , G A N D H A R VA A s tra : 1 3 4
G an d h arva s : 6 2 (ori g i n ) ,
.

1 3 4, 1 3 9 ,
b u d d h i , a n am e of pp d i x I A en
M t d ( m b l m ) 5 2 A pp d i x III
.

(1 ) t h e c os m i c a h a ,q g rl t ; a an e e en
d v d M t 70 74
. .
, .

(2 ) t h e i n i i u al ah a G r d 57 23 46 1 0 2 S fi tt : -
a u a : v ata

h i t a X II 1 7 8
, , , ,
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fl
a

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.

ru a, s a : .

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'

zt s an s

C d ( N i y ) 56 G ld
. .

an a a t a Eg g
: 80 fi l f Eg g h o en : ; c , t e
t f r 1 17
. . .

c as e s , ou : C mi os c

G vi d ( S b Vy uh ) 4 1
. .

cu u s a c fii 31
c z cn s , e t c . ; o n a a u -
a :

G pS l
, .

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ii t K t th F ro u ou : see as a ar u s a
A pp
, . .

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ikh di v au G hy k ns, se 1 38 en en u a as :

B dy 6 2 6 7
.

di 1 x G u na o
l b ( m bl m ) A pp d ix G
:

f t h L rd A tt r i b t
.
, .

c u 41
e 52 e i : en u nas , s x , o e o : se e u es
III
, ,
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.

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ee :

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Nig h t t ,e c .

C ow an d N C 103 on - H ( Vi b h
ow : ) 43 4 5 A M“ a av a ,
r ti
. . . .

ea 11 ( b on 2 9 11 1 1 0 3 H ri ( Vi b h ) 42 44
su no. a
ki d
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trd
, .

1 1 4 1 2 5 1 2 9 1 43 l f ( V id y ) 42 ( b ; c n s a
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I dx V l
, , , .

r ti
.

f o ic ea on fr m rr t l i t ) n n e a so o e a a s

A pp dix 1
, .

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H y i H y i H y g ( ‘ ‘

en a as rs a , a as ra s , o r a a r i va a

r ti fi f t O p i i b t 104 ) 46 48 (t i ) f v ag i
.

c ea on , ee nVi b h n on s a ou av a : w ce ; c s
C r t r P r rv r D tr y r
. .

, .
.

ea o e sevr e es o e : see a a
L k 85
, , .

T im d i r rt H y i a as rsa o a :
v H i g h t 49 ti l 5 8 ti l 1 0 6 l l
. .

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DA C mi N ig h t d D y t d i th
.
, .

YS , os h v
c : h ig h r
see s an a s. ea en s, e : on e co n n e c e w
D i ri g i f 6 1
e v ar s s , o h Vy uh
n o 50 : e ac a :

D v 6 2 ( rig i ) 1 3 9 fi l A pp d i x h v l r 5 0 49 5
. .

e as : o n en ea e n s , ow e : n

f I dr
, .
, , .

th i m 1 00
.

1 ; C n h
a, e tc en o e s
d vil (i b ) 1 3 5
. . .

e n cu us h r y f h P fi at i 97 e es o t e a car r ns

D h v t ri ( Vi b h ) 45 (t i )
. .

an a H r F rm f t h S d
a a va 55 : w ce e o o o e u ar s an a
’

—
an

D h rm ( Vib h ) 42 4 6 Br h ma 109
. .

a a a Hi y g b h
av a : , . r an a ar ar a n : .

(f th r f f r Vi b h a ) 44 H ike o ( S b Vy fi h ) 4 1 ou av a s .
rs es a
'
a u -
a : .

D l ti 5 5
i r h m 1 21 u

D h r v ( Vib h ) 42 45
. .

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di gr m h a r up d h r Vi , .

Y tr i 46

fl
a a s : see an as c c a a a , s nu as

id
-

d i i pl dm i f 1 2 2 tit f l i g f 1 24
. . .

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d i ( m b l m ) 4 1 5 2 1 00 1 2 1 1 2 7 I h S k t i 5 4
: . : .

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1 3 2 A pp d ix I II f S d
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fil I da 1 1 9 en c u a r s an a .
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:

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.
.
, .

ri g i d r f 1 2 9 ti l
s e as e s , o ig rn an cu e o : n o an c e , s o o

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.

ti
.

s so u P l y on see ffi ra a y f 10 a eca on s , e c ac o 8
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. . .

s o un t
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.

D g JZ N I a 54
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. .
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D ép v g 15
ar a a f Y g e C 1 44 3 8 u as . nne u e , n ru a as : , ;
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.

f A
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o n t ar zi a a.
C m i (B r h m a d ) 2 7 l l
.

E c o,th e os c a n a : i
3 8 (t h ri ) 5 0 (O f t ) 5 9 79 fi l 1 0 4
ce J 1 04 en A I NI sM :

1 0 6 1 2 5 p l r l i ty 8 1
, , , .
, , ,

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2 9 1 06
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: , . an r an a a e s va r a
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: .

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j i v d p r 89 9 1 fi l 9 8 1 2 3
.

( Vi b h
a ) 4 2 43 1 43 a va , , . a an a a : , .
, , ,
Ek ‘
( Vi b h ) 4 2 43 ] 1 29
'

a s r ri
g at a n u a av a , c . .

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'

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.

e h en 7 6 5 2 1 0 4 1 20
s, t Ji v l k
e ten 27 a- o a :

(fi r t A ttr b t
, , , .

t i t h y f 34 I l l
. .

e m ana on ,
ji f e or o f G d)
: i i n a i u e o o : see

x r i m 1 1 } m g i bl k A tt r i b t
. s

e o c s . 0 ; c . a c, ac . u es .

F I RE RE A T O N E R I E R O M 1 0 4
C I D V D F K A H A B HA 44
K l K al ( vi t
,

d M tt r K iy a S k t i
. . . .

Fr o ce an a e see r
’
a an d a i a s ai
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e ) 6 4, 9 0 ,
K al Tim
,
B h ut S k t i
.

i a . a : see e .
 1 60

M t y A v t ar
a s a a a : 43 , 47 , 4 8 t
( w i ce ) ; Om ip t n o e nc e, e t c . : 88 n.

f E k rng t
c as a an u . 115
M tt r t w k i d p
.

t
.

fl
a e o n s of 51 o n am e n f G
s an d we a on s o od ; 52,
f A pp d i x II [
, .

M aya ( A i d y fi)

fl
I v : 89 , 1 2 9 10 8 1 2 1 ; c en
t kt v r m br d i vi pl
,
. . .
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(t ui Sa i 1 29 o e f th
e ac e o e n e co u
K
e
. -

(t h e an on k e ) :

M iz y a K o s a
'

64 , 3 6 '
: P ad N aray n ( A i d d h ) 1 45
a a a 2
n ru a
P ad f r f G d 1 44 fi l
:
kt
,
’
M fiy a S a i : 62 l , 5 9 , 60 n 3 , 1 1 0 , as , ou ,o o

P dm a L k m i) 43 2
. . :

1 1 5 , 1 43 l a a s : n

P d m ab h ( Vi b h pri g i g f r m
.
. .

M ay i y a al a : 1 1 5 M

fl
. a an a a av a s n n o
Me d h fi 5 5 A i ddh )n 2 6 4 2 44 1 4 3
ru a

dtt P d m ab h ( S b Vy fi h ) 4 1
. -
.
, , .

m e i a i on : 4 9 , 5 9 , 1 0 5 , a an a a u
pp d x II
-
a :

1 2 8, 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 fi l , 1 3 6 ; A en i ] P a k u d h a K ac c ay an a : 1 0 4
t d
. . .

r r

fl fl
me h o s i r i t wo e l ig i ou s : 97 ; P a ra m e s‘v ar i 64
f r pp d x Pr
.

flfl fl
ou : A en i 11 a a, P a s a n t i , e tc : 1 1 9
.
y . .

M i m am s a k a s : P ar a S u r m a (a V i b h av a)
'
4 2 , 4 3 , 45 ,
Mx d r p
:

i e G ou of s o u l s : s e e s ou l s 4 7 (a l s o 11 48 ( w i c e ) t
M t Lr P r a V i dy a
.
. .

on h s , o d s o f t h e : 4 1 a 1 44
rd t
.

M t r
.

o h e s of t h e w o l , h1 ee :
64 P ar i j fi t a h a r a (a Vi b h a v a) 4 2 , 46
=
.
.

M u k tas : 5 7 l , 5 0 n 2 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 86 l , . . P ar i sa d a s , P ar sa d as 5 6
yt
. .

91 l . P as u p at a s s e m : 2 , 1 0 8 l ,111 .

M il l ap r ak rt i 62 , 67 , l .

M ul ad h fir a 1 1 9 . . P at al a s ay an a (a V i b h a v a) : 4 2 , 4 3 .

P a u r an ik a s : 1 4 2 .

NA A

fl
D 1 18 P av ak a (a Vi b h a v a) 48
N adi p
:

t
. .

s : 1 1 9, 1 24 h a : 121
pp d i x I P
. .

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r tv
.

N ais th ika : 1 1 7 P i t r s (c e a i e ) , o i g i n o f 61 r
d d bd
. .

N a k uh s ’a P a s u p a t as : 1 1 1 ’
.
( e c e as e ) , o i e s of : 5 8 .

1\ a r a
(a 1 i b h a v a ) : P i y fi sah am na (a Vi b h av a) : 4 2 , 46 , 1 43
Nrd p f rt
.

aa a 46 ; 6 ( e m a ) , 1 0 1 l r rk . l an e s , o u e e n , o f t h e E g g : 5 0 , 5 5 .

1 46 o f co n s c i o us n e s s : 1 4 1
,1 5
4
P y
. .

N ara s i n1 h a (a Vi b h av a) : 47 , 48 l a of G od 1 1 4, 1 2 5 , 1 2 9
Lk
. .

N ra as i m h a o a : 85 P rac a n da (a N i t y a ) : 5 6
M tr
. .

N ara s i m h an n s t u b h a an a 1 43 P ra d y u m n a (t h e Vy fi h a) 3 5 4 2 , 48,
b t V
. . -

N ry
a a an a (t h e A s ol u e ) see i s n u (l ) 6 1 6 3 , 1 0 5 , 1 41 , 1 4 4 , 1 45 n 2
p
-

t
. . . .

fl flfl
(c o m l em en o f t h e Vy fi h a P r a d y u m n a (a Vi b h a v a ) : 45
v dv
.
7 )

as u e a ) : 5 3 (a V i d y e s
’
v ara ) : 4 2 (t o b e

t r d fr
.

( a S u b Vy fi h a ) : 4 1 -
en e e om e a a l is ) rr t t
d
.

tr
.
H
V i b h 2 44 P r a d y u m n a (an i n a m un an e Vy d h a)
(a a v a ) : 4 , .

fl
N i d r a: 44 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 64 81
Dy Br pp d x I
.

t
.

N i g h s an d a s of a h m a n : 2 8, 1 0 5 P ra j zi p a t i s : 8 1 , A
'

en i
Lr fiv f d
.

the o d : 28 l , . P ra k ara s ,fi v e , (z e ol s e l f - m an i f e s
t a t i on ) o f G o d : 2 5 l , 5 1 l
S k ti V dy
. .

’
N i g r a h a o r T i r o d h an a a : 9 8, 1 1 4 P r a k r t i (o r i a)
fi l , 1 1 6 (s n o n m s ) y y . a s mi Lk
kt
.

N il fi : 53 l a aSa i ;
’
My
dd t
.

N rv
i ana , B u h is 1 17 A v y a kt a ;
M t
.

N i t y a s : s e e an g e l s . Vy a k t a ( a h a an d e m ai n i n g r
Ta t t v a s )

fl
N i v ar t ak a A s - .

tr as : 1 2 6 , P ra k rt i K o s a : 7 9
k d
.

N i y a t i : 64 fi l , 6 2 (ob s 1 1 63 , 1 0 6, P ra l ay a 2 8 (t w o in s ) , 3 6, 43 ,5 0
pp d x I t
. . .

1 10 , A en i ( w i c e ) , 6 0 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 9 , 1 40
p
. .

N r s i m h a (a Vi d y e s v a r a) : 4 2 (t o b e '
r a m {1 n a , S u d ar s a n a a s see e g ul a r
en e e t r d fr rr t
om e a a l is ) t t v pr p
i e in c i l e
Pr M t
. .

N r s i m h a S’a n k h o d ar a (a Vib h av a) : 48 . an a (1 : ah a ) 73 l .

N y ag ro d h a S ay i n (d o ) 4 2 , 4 3 , 86
'
. . S n d a r s
’
an a) : 1 1 3 .

r
P an a s , t h e fi v e : 7 1 .

O s s c v ax r i ox of th e s ou l : 88 , 1 1 4 p r ap at t i :
fi l , 1 29 ,78 p r ar a b d h a a m a n -
k r
h o w to
tr
. .

0 M : 1 41 1 45 . neu al i z e : 1 3 5 .
P r as d t i K o s a 67 '

tr
.

fl ’
Sa k ti K
k ti f t h
6 7 11 2os a : . .

fl
’
P ra s v ap a n a A s a : 1 3 7 Sa s o e V ib h a v as 5 5 HI
tr
. .

P r a va r t a k a A s a s : 1 2 6 , 1 3 3 l , 1 3 7 , . Vy 1 1 l 1 a s : 3 5 67 n 2 . .

1 40 (1 ,2 , s , 5 3 fl ]
pr t B r kt t
.

S a y 1 m an (a Vi b h a v a) : 4 2 , 4 6
’
e s en s to ah m i n s : 1 3 0 , 1 3 5
Pr t
. . .

i i : 56 . S i l a g r am a : 1 3 3 , 1 3 9 .

P u n da r i k a (a N i t y a ) 56 S a m ka r s a n a (t h e Vy 11 h a ) 1 5 ii ] 3 5 4 2 ,
'

Pr r
.

u e G o u p : 6 1 11 4 , 82 l , 10 9, 1 1 6 4 8, 5 3 , 1 00 , 1 0 5 111 1 0 8 ,
P r M tt r M tt r
. . .

u e a e ,e tc. see a e , e tc . 122, 1 44 , 1 4 5 n 2

d
. .

P ur oh i t a, t h e i e a l 1 3 2 (a Vi b h a v a ) : s e e A n an t a ,
B r
.

P m usa

fl
a l a am a

(DL
-
V
i s nu ,e s e c i a l l a s t h e A s o l u e p y b t (a V i d y e s
‘
v a 1 a) 4 2
tr d
.

a n d t h e A n t a r y am i n ; (a n i n a m u n a n e Vy fi h a )
—
(2 ) : t h e K at a s t h a ; 81
dvd j v t
.

(3 ) : t h e i n i i u a l s o u l ( i a ) S fi m kh y a : 4 5 , 9 8, 1 0 8 1 13 ( w ic e ) ,
P ur u s a (a V i b h a v a) 4 5 , 4 8 . S a s t i t a n t ra .

of t h e S i i kh y a s
n ( K fi p i l as ) S 11 m k h y a Y o g a : 2 4 , 9 8 n 4 , 1 415 l .

S a m n y as a A s a m a : 1 1 7 r
’

F r md r v pp d x I

flfl
’
a S fi k t a : 1 4 3
us a 25 . S a u a , a n am e of S i a : A en i

P u r u s o t ta m a (Z A n i r u d d h a ) : 3 6 . k
S an a a : 46 .

(a Vi d y e s v ar a ) : 4 2 S an a t k u m a r a 4 6
P t yt
. . .

u s i : 44 , 5 4 5 6
’
-
. S a 11 k a r ac a1 y a , s s e m o f 9 7 HI .

42 , 4 6
’
S 11 11 t 11 t 11 1 ar1 (a V113 11 11 1
R ADHA : 19
t
.

’
S an i 3 6
.

R fig a (t h e K a h c u k a ) : 6 4
P rv
.

’
S 11 n t i a an 1 4 l , 1 0 9
. '

r vt
.
R ah u 46
.

3 6 (o b s 11 42 , 4 6, 5 5 l
.

Sa as a i
R ah u Ji t (a Vi b h av a ) : 4 2 , 4 6
. .

t d pr d 64
.

r ain , m e h o s o f o uc i n
g 1 3 6 .
.

S ar v as t i t va v ad i n s : 9 9
R am a D h a n u r d h a r a S ri r zn n a (a
'
'
.

or
S as t i ta n t r a 2 4 , 9 8, 1 1 0 H]
V i b h a v a ) 1 9 , 4 2 il l 4 7 HI
tr
.

d r
. . '
S as a , n e c e s s a fo r ry
R am a i a g a m 1 2 0
Lk
R am a o a (s e c o n 1 e a l r e a l 1n ) 85
.

d d bt
(1 ) c o m a i n g t h e b a d 1 0 8 :
v
~

yt (13) s a i n g t h e s o u l 7 8 Hi
.

R am fin u j a , s s e m o f ; 1 2 3 11 3
.

of . .

( 3t rt
) s a i n g t h e s a m s {1 1 a 8 3 :

pp
.

V i s i s t ad v a i t a
t
.
’ '

r
S 11 s t r a t h e o i g i n a l : 1 0 8 ti l A en

d i II
R a i 3 6 , 5 5 , 64
.

t v pr p
.

r e g ul a i e i n c i l e (S u d a r s an a) 1 0 3 ,
S
’
as
x

tr 1 0 8 1 40as :
.

c f o r n am e n t s an d
;
p fG d
,
1 0 7 ii ]
.

tr
.

w ea on s o o
R e g ul a o : a n a m e o f N i y at i ,
.

L rd
’
rt S d i d a 62
'
a S va v v :
5 4 n 2 , 5 6 fi l ,l 2 8
S t y ( Vi b h
e i n u e o f th e
.

o
) 48
. . . .

a a a av a
:

S ty L k
R s a b h a (a Vl b h a v a ) 1 1 3
I
.

49
v
R si s , s e e n : 6 1 , A p p e n i x
a a o a .

dr S au b h a r i 5 8
.

R u a see S i a
’
v .

dr pp d x I S a u d a r s ’a n a M a h am a n t r a , e t c
. .

R u a s 80 , 9 5 , A en i
S u d ar s an a
.
’
.

S A B D A A D H VA N : 1 0 7 r

fl
'
S a u i (a V i b h a v a ) : 4 8
'

br M k
. .

s a b d a a h m a n -
1 18 Se a of il 1 27
t f t t
.

r
s ac a m e n s , fi v e 24 S e l f m an i e s a i o n of G o d s ee P ra
rfi
-
.

s ac i c e , G o d a s a 1 29 k r
a as
r h ip
. .

see se l f s acri fi ce , wo s s e l f s a c r i fi c e : 1 2 3 (Y o g a ) , 1 2 8 (s a r a
Lt Lt
- -

t
.

S ac r i fi c i a l o us see o us. 11 ag a i ) .

s a d h a n a a n d s ad h y a : 1 1 3 l , 1 28 S e n e s’a V i s1 a k s e n a ) : 2 3 '

xt
. . .

’
v
S a i i s m : 6 4 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 5 cf n e . s en s e s , th e te n 7 6, 5 2 , 1 20 .

t
t w o i e m s , a l s o P as u p a t a se rv
ic e t o G o d 5 8, 1 24 .

vt t
.

S a i i e e l e m e n s i n t h e P afi c ar at r a : 2 3 , S e s a 44 , 5 7 (o b s n l )
' '
. . .

’
90 , 1 1 5 S e s fis an a : 5 7 '

vt t rt
.

S a i i e n e w o f t h e P ail c ar at r a : 3 1 ,1 1 2 S h e a h o f G e n e a io n 67
' '

M y
.

kt t
. .

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S d k sfi t S a i 5 2 , 5 4 Sh e a h of a a : 64
k t T tr dd
. a

’
S a a an a s 1 3 . Si r
h a s 1 1 6 (o i g i n a l m e n ) , 1 3 9 .

s a kt i , m e an i n g o f 1 0 2 ; cf 1 2 9 :
S id d h l s 1 24
t rd ttr b t
. . .

(hi A i u e of G od ) see
’
Si a : v (2 S a m k a r sa n a ) , 3 6 n
'

ttr b t
.

A i u es 3 , 3 8, 4 8 (t n 1 c e ) 6 7 (R 11 d 1 a ) ,
kt Lk kt B t tr
.

’
S a i see :
a s m i , K ri y a S a
’
i, h u i ( h ee v S ’
i as ) ,
’
kt
S a i, e tc . M dv
( ah a e a) , 1 4 2 , A e n i pp d x I .

21
 1 t12

fl
fl
fl
’
S i v ar oh a : 85 . TA L I SM AN : 1 35 l
S k an d h av ad i n s : 9 9 , 1 04 T an m ft t ra s ,
1 20 : 76 l
M tr
. . .

’
kt
S m rt i (a S a i ) : 5 5 T 11 r a [ k a ] an a : 141 l
p r p
.

N
— d fr

fl
S o m a, i l a as 5 5 T a t t v as , t h e in ci l e s
t ty L rd d
.

s e a l , a om i c i of : 5 7 1 , 88 HI (1 ) s e l o m om the o ow n
rd
.

tv
.

c ol l e c i e : s e e K at a s t h a P u r u s a wa s : 49 n 41 ;
dvd pr r t
. .

(2 ) of N o’n u e C e a i o n : 5 2 ; (P ra

fl
i n i i u al 86 fi l , 1 1 4 fi l , 1 2 9 ,

fl
-

7 tw g r p pr d
. .

k rt i =S a k t i +K Mai - N i y at i ) ,6 1 ,6 3
5 2 54
m ix d r t d r p by P
, n . o
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fl
e c ea e es ra own

rd
.
,

fl
d m d A i ddh
y u 82
na l an n ru a : wa s : 2 8, 66 , 7 9 11 1

p ri t d d b y S m d
.
,
t
.

33 ; su e n en e a r
e ac h e , t h e i e al : 1 2 1

t ttr b t
.

k rs n 3 9 £11 t w l a a i
a : o c as s e s n e j a s x(s i t h A i u e of G od ) : s e e ,
H ig h t H ttr b t
.

v 56 l ; f
es ea en : O ur A i u es
t p
.

l 86 c as s e s : em l e 2 6 , 5 5 , 1 2 8, 1 3 0 , 1 3 5
d Br h m 1 1 8 T
. .

S o un a an : i m e : 2 7 , 3 0 l , 3 8, 5 1 , 6 2 , fi l , 6 5 l ,
d 1 18 l pp d x
. . . .

s oun s 1 0 7 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 4 fi l , 1 25 , A en i 1

fl
Sp d T im 3 0 A pp dix I
.

t t
. .

a c e an e : en i m e a om 2 7 n 2
T dy
-

Sp
, .

H ig h t v H gh t
.

ac e , H es see ea en , i es i me Bo 62
dd
:

p h i dq t t
. .

s eec Of 1 0 4na e ua en es s im e g o ess 55

T Lt Lt
, . .

l dh f 55
'
S rac l im e o us : see o us
L k sm i T W
, .

S i r : see a ime h eel : 1 32 , 106

kt kt
. .

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T i r o d h an a S a i s e e N i g ra h a S a i
’
S idh r ( S b Vy h ) 4 1
ar a a u -
a
L k 85 T
.

t
.

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S id h o w n w a c h m e n o f Va i k u n t h a 56

fl
r a ra o a :

T t
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fl
S ih m
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11 u$ i 55

fl
r a sa :
S ri p t i ( Vi b h t t rd t
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a ) 42 4 5 a av a : u el a e i ie s 40 52
5 2 5 5 A pp d ix 1 1 1 Vd
, . .

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S i t
r va s a : en T ra y i see e a
t h i t i (p ri d ) 1 0 3 1 0 7 ,
Tr t
, . .

s e o : e a ag e : 1 09 ; of Y ug as
r t r P r rv r
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(C e a o ,

fl
S u b h a d ra (a N i t y a ) : 5 6 Trim firti ese e , De
tr y r
.

S u b Vy uh as : 4 1 l , 1 0 5 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 8 o e ) 3 8, 1 1 4 , 1 3 2 , 1 4 2

fl
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S u d ar s an a : 2 6 , 3 0 l , 1 00 1 1 3 T r i p zt d v i b h t i : 5 0
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.
-
1 1 4, -
.

T r i v i k r a m a (a Vib h a va ) 4 2 , 44 .

n a m e s of th e : 1 1 3 , 1 46 (a S ub Vy uh a ) :
T v
-
.

H om a : 132 w e l e s un s : 41
M tr
. .

139
an

.
a : 1 21 l .
,
1 3 1 , 1 3 4,
U P A N I $ A D8 e an a s Vd t
) e e e t o in r f rr d
t h e P afi c ar at r a 9 7 , 1 2 1 , 1 45 , A p
P uru s a : 1 2 2 , 1 24 , 125
p e n d i x n 1 cf I
Ve d 11 n t 11 h
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l , 1 2 7 il l 1 30 fi l , 5 2
p d r f rr
. .

r p U a n i s a s e e i n g t o t h e P a i i c ar at ra
. . '
.

w o s h i : 1 2 7 1 29, 1 3 4 -

tr 1 45 n 2
.

Y an a : 1 2 7 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 5 11 1
. .

tr
v m
U p a s a h ar a A s a s N i v ar t ak a
.

see
S u d d h a S ai a : 1 1 2
'

r t
.

r t tr
A s as
Up d r
'
S 11 d r a , e l a i o n t o h i g h e c as e s 1 1 7
'

d r a (a Vi d y e s v ara ) : 4 2
.
en
s u ic i e , e l i g i ou s : 1 1 7
.

m
U t s av a s a g ra h a s 5 , 2 6
.

s u m m u m b on u m : 1 1 3
.

S un as g a e t o i e a i o n 5 7 t Lb rt VA C Y A Y A NA : 1 09
dt V
.

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y
a (n am e a n d c o n i io n of
(a V ib h av a) 42 , 46 ;

fl
8 11
)
i sn u : v ag i s '
var a : f
c .

86 H ay a si r s a
d
.

d t
.

s un y a v a Va i d i k as m a e s l i g h of 97
'
a : -

pp rt
.

su o o f t h e u n i v e s e t h e S u d a r s an a
,
r Va ik u n t h a : s e e H e a v en ,h e a v ens (o b s .

as t h e : 1 0 3 , 1 0 5 H! 49 n
r
.

S 11 i s : s e e a n g e l s
'

Va i s' e s i k a s 64 , 1 1 2
:

t ry
. .
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S ve t a d v i p a , s o of : 1 5 l , V 11 m a11 a (a i a) 5 6 N ty
rd b pp d x III
. .

s wo
(e m l e m ) 5 2 , A en i (a S u b Vy uh a) : 4 1
p p d by
- .
.

y y
s n on m s e o l e mis l e : 1 04
(o r v am an a d e h a ) (a Vib h av a)

fl
p py
,
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.

s s e m s of h il o s o h : 8 3 , 9 7 , 1 0 9 1 1 4 -
. 4 7 fl ] .

1
t
T h e l i s e n u me a e s : t h e te n e l e m e n s te n s e n s e s rt
h e e ~
f ol nne g an , t tr dI r Or
,
M y
,
P r a k r t i , P r a s t i , a a, K 11 1a , N i a t i S'a i t h e P u r u s a H i h e s H e a e n an d t h e
y g
'

kt t v
L rd
o b ut t h e n e x c ha e e
,
t pt r x p
,
t ,
l ain in g h e s e a m i s h a t h e h ig h e s
,
inci l e d t t t t pr p
n am e l th e o y, is n ot a L rd
in c i l e pr p
h ig h e h an a p r i n C i Pl e rt
L k T t r VII
or
f a t h o m u / ta m a m a s mi an a
, ,
 11 . I ND EX OF A U TH O R S A ND W O RK S

N o t i n l c u d i n g S am h i t as m en t i on e d on l y in the Syno p s i s
pp 6 fl ] (A bbre v iat i on :
. . . S .
: S am h ita ) .

A sv x c t P TA 19 Br ma Sah 5 , 8, 2 0
Br
. . .

A b h y a m k a r a V a s u d e v as a s t fi n : s e e a h m a S 11 tr a s : l , 5 8

by
.

Y a t i ri d 1 a n 1 a t a D i p Vy a k h y a . . B h as ya on ,
’
\g a n 1 1 k h y a S 18 S a u k ai a c ar y a : 1 , 3 9 , 9 7 9 9
y by
. . . .

A g a m a p r .a m a n a Y a m u n ac 11 r y a : 1 6 , B r h a d ar a n y a k a U p a m sa d : 6 3 ,
17
ty
A g a s a S a m h i as t B rh a d Br h m a a S . : 1 1,13 (t w i c e ) , 1 7 ,
A g n i P m a n a : 4 , 5 ti l , 2 1 2 2 .

t
.

A h i rb u d h n y a S a m h i a CirR A s i q '
s oi S 12
Up d
.

t
.

()a r e f e r i e d t o i n p a1 t 1 : 1 , C h fin d og y a an i sa : 73 ( w ic e ) , 7 5 ,
5 (n (11 1 6 ( w ic e ) , 1 8 t
t C h a tt e rj i , d
. .

( w i c e ) 20 (a l s o 11 2 2 J C
H in u R eal i s m : 64
K
.
, . . .

2 4 , 2 5 (n 2 6 (n 1 , as h mi r S h ai v a i s m 1 8, 1 9 (n
b dr t x pt
. .

tt
, .

i e c q u o a i o n s (e c e s ing l e 34 ,
()
wo rd s an d h as e s) : 31, pr
3 2 (t w o ) , 3 5 , 4 1 , 4 7 (n 5 7 (11 . . D A TT A 1 11 8 12 1 S . 7,a d d e nd u m to pp . 6 .

60 . 6 6 (t w o ) . 67 , 7 1 . 9 6 , 9 7 , 1 00 . 111
P t
.

1 0 7 (t w o) , 1 0 8, 1 0 9 (t w o ) , 1 2 8 De us s e n , A l l g e m e in e G e s c h ic h e
P p p rt
.

(t w o ) 1 2 9 dcr h i l os o h ie , vol 1 , a 3 77 ;
,
Br Up d Vd
. . .

A i tare y a ah m a n a 9 6 S e c h z ig an is a s des e a 7l
by Up d
. .

B h i sy a D h y an a b i n d u a n is a 1 41
D d D t
. .

y
S a an a 9 6 . o w s o n ,J o h n H i n u C l a s s ic a l ic io n
A l a s i n g a r a b h a t t a 2 0 (t 1 1 l c e )
’
ar y 48
D tt T tr tr t d
. .

A n a n d ag i r i : 5 7 u , M a h an i r v fi n a an a ( an s l a e )

P tP
.

A n a n t ii c ar y a , a n di B 15 13
t
. . .

A n an a S 6, 1 4
Vd B vd t
. .

A t l 1 ar1 a e a 65 , 1 1 0 GAR B R E
‘
D ie h ag a a g i a 1 45
T tr k T x t
,
pp
.

rt
. .

v
A al o n , A h ur : a n i e s, u d d e n d m n to 1 4 111
pp
. . .

v ol 1 121
. . G ar g y a S , 7 , 1 8, a d d e n d u m t o
. 6 . .

Hi .

B A R N L I T, P e e r 1 9 (11 G a u dap d d a 9 3
‘
. . . .

B ask a l a m a n t r a U p a ri i s a d 8 1 G au tam iya S 5,7

p d
. . .

B h ag a v a d G i t fi 2 5 , 2 7 , 4 6, 6 1 , 7 3 , 9 1 ,
-
G o p i l o t ta r a t i p n i i U a n is a 1 45 °

t
.

9 3 (1 1 9 7 , 1 0 4 ( w ic e ) , 1 2 3 , 1 2 5 , G o v i n d ft c d r y a S a m i n , T h e P afi c a r fit r a s v
B vt
.

’
1 3 2 , A p p 1 11 3 or h a g a a S d s t r a (i n J R A S
by
-
. . . . . . .

B h a g a v a d g i t fi b h asy a Vy zi k h y zt 1 7 (11 2 ,
'

-
3 , 5 (n 20 . .

V e d an t a d e s i ka : 60 (11 22 , 1 1 2
vt P r
. .

B h ag a a a u i n a 45 , 86
B h an d ar k ar ,S i r R G : V a 1 s n a i s m, v H A MS A S : 1 2
t
. . .

’
S a i vi s m , a n d in o R e l i g i o u 8 M r H a m s a p ar a m e s v a r a S 1 2 ( w i ce ) , 1 8 :

yt t tr
. .

S s em s 3 ( w i c e ) , 1 7 (n 19 H a r i g au r i T a n a s : 1 3
pp d x II td
. .

(n . 2 5, A en i . H a n g , A i t a r e y a B r i h m a n a ( an s l a e ) tr
B h ara d v aj a S 8, 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 3 . . 96 .

do Comm on : 20 I l ay a s i r s a (H ay ag r i va ) S 5 fi l ,
'

B r v
. . . . .

h a g a a S : 9, 1 8 . . 22,23 .

B h i s m a Pa a n : 1 5 rv
D r pt v t t rd
.

r
Bu n e l l e sc i i e C a a l o g ue o f t h e JN I MH ATR AR ( hi R a a of tr M a l 1 11
'

Pa l a c e Li a an o e br ry T j r
12 95 s a n a t k u i n fira S ) 1 7, 3 6,41 t
( w ic e )
,
Up d
. . .

B ra h n i ab l n d u a n is a 93
Up d
.

B r a h m a n ar a d a S 8 , 1 7 (1 1 . . l s
'
av as y a an is a
~
3 4, 1 2 3 .
is '
v ara S : 6, 3 , 1 6 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 1 1 2 -
N rs i 1 11 11 11 p ur v a t ap an i y a Up a n i sa d : 121 ,
by
.

Ivr
.

S Vy 1 k h y 1 A l as i ng ar a 143
' '

’
e a a

b h tt
. 1 1 .

a a, 20 .
m
N rs i h as ur i 2 0 .

r pt r
JA I N s c i u e : 1 0 4 P A l mi A s A 1 1 u e an a 11 T tr
Pd Pr
.

t
1

7 , 1 8 ( w i c e ) , 230 , 2 1 , 9 6 a ma 95

fl
J ay ak h y a S u i na

d T tr
. . .

J a y o t t ar a S : 7 , 1 8 Pa m a an a 5 tl l , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 -5
N rd t tr
. . .

’
se e a a a l a fi c a r fit r a .
( w ic e ) , 3 5 , 4 2 , 4 5 , 4 8 , 5 2 , 5 3 ( h i c e ) ,
5 4 5 6 , 0 2 , 7 9 , s o, 8 2 , 83 , 86 , 9 1 , 0 2
K
-

it s “ S : 5 (1 1 6 20 t( w ic e ) , 93 ( h ic e ) , 1 0 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , tr
K pi l
. . . .

a a S : 5, 7, 18 . . 1 16 .

K a pi fi al a S : 5 l 1 3 21 P ad m o d b h a v a S 8, 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 0
j , , . . . . .

K fis y a p a S 7 , 1 8
'
P a ii c a p r a s n a S 8, 1 8
by
.. . . .

K as y a p o t t a r a S : 1 1
’
P a fi e a r at r ar a k y i Ve d i n t a d c s i k a 4 , '

Up d
. .

K at h a k a an i a 6 8, 7 2 , 1 1 6 s . 1 2 (11 l ) , 1 6 (11 l ) , 1 8
. . .

K au m fi r a S 5 ,7
m P a fi c ar fi t r o t s a v a S a g ra h a : 5 , 1 0 , 2 6
Up d by
. . .

K a u si t a k i a n i sa 7 3 ,5 8 (N d d c ru l wm ) P a r a i n ar t h a s ar a A ms e sa : 1 9 ’

Pr
.

t
. .

K se mar 1 a : 3 1 a ama S 8, 1 7 ( w i c e ) , 2 0
j
’

T tr t r
1 . . .

K nbj i ka an as ( h e e ) 13 P a r a m a t a t t va n i r n ay a p ra k as a S 1 1,27 '

.

t f rt t
.

2 8 ( w i c e ) ,2 9 ( o u i m e s ) , 5 0 ( w ic e )
L i
A K $M T tr 9 1 3 1 8 2 6 2 9 3 0 an t a : ft
, , , , , 5 3 , 5 4 ( w ic e ) , 66 , 7 9 , 80 , 86 (o e n ) ,
(t h ri ) 3 (t i ) 3 3 (f
ce ti m ) 2 w ce , our es ,
r t i m ) 3 7 (t i ) 3 8 P i
,
3 4 3 6 (f ou S 8 13 54 es w ce , ar
’
s ar a

(t i ) 4 3 4 8 4 5 4 5 9 6 0 6 64
, , .
, , .

w ce Pa m S 1 20 3 51 9, 2, ra e s var a 8, 3, 2
S Vy fi k h y fi b y N
, , , ,
6 7 (t i ) 7 (t h r i ) 7 1
, , , .
,

(l Pfi m w
m h 0 ’
a s o 11 ce ce ra e s var a rs i a

A pp di x 1 11 , , ,

7 6 7 9 (t i ) 8
. .

w uri 2
ce 0 ; en S 0
B k 2 117
, , . .

L aw oo s : P k Ag m ,
1 15 . au s ar a a a .

P k S 8 1 7 1 8 20 2 1 a us ara , , , ,

V d i M y t h l y 9 5 T h P rl l i L k 5 y
. . .

M T a t t va t r a
'

A c Do a L, e c y o og e a o 1c r a see a.

D v l p m t f E rl y 11 1 i
1 .

e e o [ 1 11 1 S
en 18 o a 1 1 1 1 11 cono 2
8,
g r phy d d d m pp 1 4 ti l 11 1 1 1 11 . .

a a
P fij fi p ty S 20
en u to
d r r a a
. .

T tr (t h r ) 1 3
.

S r
. .

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1 1 11 a
P p fi see a v a a s ra a ca an as ee

Dr m Up i d 73
.

S m g
a h ra a

M h ab h ar t 14 l ] 9 8 f B h i m
.
a a an sa .

a a a P S
1

S ip f d ; o s a ’

V S a t i P rv N 1 y i y
’ '
.
ras n a . see r ras n a an
’
an a, n P i a an , f1 r 1 an a. ‘

M h a fi ay
a n Up i d 2 5
r anaP y b h
p
p i a H d y 3 1 9 0 (t h r i )
an sa
'
.
ra t
a

a
ca
i
ras n a .
'

r a a : , ce ,
M a h as a n a t k u m ar a S . 9 , 23 , 24 ; cf .

I n d r ar at r a P r a t y a b h i Jfi i l i rd a y a T i p p a ni 1 1 5
M dr
. -
.

ah e n a S : 9 , 20 P u r zm a s (g e n e a l l )
'

8 , 2 1 , 4 4 , 86 , 9 5 , r y
Up d
. .

M ai t r ay a n a an i s a : 65 , 7 3 , 1 0 1 108
M tr y Up d
.
.

ai e a an i sa 93 ’
I ur ana S 8, 2 1 . .

M fi n d fi k y a U p a n l s a d 69 P ur u s a S 1 415
r k by
.
. .

M and d k y a K 1 i 31
‘

G 11 1 1 1l a p 1 d 1 9 3
'

1 1 .
P u r u s a S d k t a 2 5 , 5 4 , 1 43 l i l
M k
.

a n a na S

M an n S 2
12
.
.

.
.

R A MA s x A R A K s A by Ve d an t a d e s aka .

M au d g a l a S 9 , 1 8 (1 1 .

M d T tr
. .

r an i an a s (t w o ) 13 T ar a ng in i 9 7
ja .

Up d
.

Mudg al a R am f mu j a : 1 6 , 1 7 , 3 2 , 1 2 3
an i s a : 1 45
p d
.

M r
.

u l l e , Max : 1 00 .
R am a p ur va t ap a n i y a U a n is a 120, .

121
Pr f
.

NA R A DA P a fi c a r at r a ( z s l m r i o us N ar a
R e h m ke o s D ie Se e l e d e s Me n
d iy a 1 , 3 ,5 , 8 (re m a rk ) , 1 7 , 1 9 ,
s ch e n 91
l i g v c d a B l 1 11 sy a b y S a a n a
.

133
’
.

y
( 2 2,24
n
td
.

N ar d
. . ’

a S a m g ra h a 1 8
a
R ous s e l , A E u e d u P a ii c a r fi t ra . .

t
.

N ar a d i y a S (g e n u i n e o n e ) 5 , l a s n a m e 1
p
.

8, 1 8 , a d d e n d u m t o 1 41 1 1 1 q/ S A I VA
’
A g a m a s (g e n e r l l y) 2 2, 1 15
Nrd
. .
a . .

a a a P afi c ar fit r a .
’
S ai a v P 11 r 1 11 a 5 4
'

1 .

N fir a s i h a S m 8, 1 8 . .
’
v
S ai a S : 5 , 1 0 . .

N ar fiy a n i y a S ‘ 8 , 1 8 S f1 1 1 1 11 n y a S : 1 1 , 2 1
'

t
.
. .

N 11 r f1 y a 1 1 1y a (N i r a d i y a ) s e c i o n o f 8 51 1 1 1 1
'

S a mk a r s a n a S : 1 1 , 1 6
a P rvan 1 4 “L, 3 9 , 4-3 , 44 , 4 7 , 5 7 , 6 1 S 11 1 11 k h y 11 11 1 1 : K rk
.

'
.

7 1 , 7 6, 7 7 ,
t
.
1

N i k é y a s , B n d d h 1 s t : 60 , 7 4 ( w i c e ) .
 1 66

S é m k h y a S fi t ras 6 8, 6 9 , 7 1 : trtr
T r i ka l i e a u e : 1 9
by U p an i sa d
. .

B h é sy a o n , T r i p ad v i b h fi t i ma h at n fir ay a na
’

Vij ii é na b h ik s u : 1 22 d d
5 0 , 5 8 (a d e n u m ) , 1 45
Up d
. .

Sa m n y as a an is a s : 1 1 7 .

(g e n e ra l l y) . 7 3 ,
o

S a n i p a t k u n 1 ara s v 5 m i n z 20 . Up A N i s A Ds 93, 104

S a n a t k u m ara S : 1 1 ( w i c e ) , 1 7 , 20 t t
( w ic e ) , 1 2 5
Up d II dd
. . .

1 1, 1 7,
'
S an d i l y a S : e n ra S ( ) a e nd u m to
Br p 17
. . :

ah m a
’
S a nk ar fic ai y a : 9 7 98 cf

U tp l V
. . .

s d t r a B l 1 1is y a a i sna v a : s e e S p an d a p r a d i p i k fi
'

a a

by
. .

A n an d a g i r i 5 7
'
S a nk ara v i j ay a . U t t a ra n é r zi y a n am : 5 4 (a l s o 11
t
.

S an i P a an
'
rv
1 41 fi l , 1 0 9 ; cf 11 11 11 1 . .

VA I H A Y A S A S : 1 0 , 1 8 ( w i c e ) t
y iy an a.
.

by Vai kh zm a s a R a i an d A g am a : 5 5
'

S ar v a d a r s
‘
an a S a m g rah a M i d h av fi
Vai s‘a m p ay ana S : 1 2 .

Va i y y é s a S : 1 0 , 1 8
'
Sa 1 a S r 5 (n 10 . .

Br
. .

'
S a ta pa t h a ah m ana : 2 5 , 48 Vi j as an e y i S : 5 4 , 9 6 ; cf U t ta r a n fir fi
. .

’
S 1 t 11 t ap a S : 1 0 , 1 8
' '

. .
.

ya na m .

V fim a d e v a : 1 1 3
S at t v a t a S 3 , 1 1 ,1 3 , 1 8,20 , 2 1 , .
.

pp d V fim a n a S a m h i as : 5 (n 9 t
55 ; A e n i ce s
V P rv
. .

by
.

an a a an : 43
A l a s i n g ara
S fit t v at a S B h 11 sy a
d
’

b t
.

v ar fih a S : 9 , 1 8, 2 0 , a dd e n u m to
h a ta : 2 0
pp
.
.

6 HI
S a u m an t a v a S : 1 2
. .

S fiy a n a : 9 6 , 1 3 3 .
Va r a v ara m u n i see T a t t v a t ra y a B h i
Sc h e m e r us , H W D e r (; a i v as id ba
s

d
.

t
.

V fi s i st h a S : 5 ,9, 1 8
h an a : 64 , 1 2 4
V
.

t
.

F Ot v)S
ZD M r b N rv
.

a s u (Vas a 5 (n o e a 9
Sc h m d e r , D a s S a s t i ta n t ra
Vd
. .
t o :
G 1 9 1 4) 7 4 , 98 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 ;
.

e a s (g e n e a r l l y)
: 2 , 9 5 , 1 0 8 , 1 10
(
vd t
.

Ve d an t a d e s ik a s e e B h a g a a g i a b h a
. . . .

On t h e P o l e m of
-

i ana
t d
Z y a Vy akh y fi , P a fi c a r i t r a r a k s i , R a
s
1 90 5 1 42 U e b or d e n S a n der
P
I n di s c h e n p h i l o s o h ie z ur e it
h a s y ara k s fi .

M v B dd
a h a i r as u n d u h as : 6 5 , 68 .
Ve n k ‘
a e s vara, S
t
1 9 1 6 ad d e n u m to
V, J R
8
A
d
S . .

p
. . .

S e a 8 2 6, 1 4 .
. .

Vi h a g e n d r a S 1 0 , 1 4 , 1 8, 2 3 , 4 2 , 5 0 , 5 2
S i d d l u m t a P aii c a r fi t r a : I O ( e m a )
’

r rk t
.

t
Up d
.

S i t 11
'

a n i sa : 54 .
( w ic e ) , 54 ( w i c e ) , 5 5 .

’ Vi j fi an a b h i k su : 1 2 2
S i1 a S 5 10
V Pr
.
. .

i s nu a an a : 5 2
Som a S :
V III
.

by U t p
.

is n u S ( ) : 10, 12
S p a n d a p i ad i p i k a a l a Va i sn a v a
V T tr
. .

1 2 (11 .
i sn u an a 5 fil ,21 . .

'
S r i k fi l a p ar a S
'
1 2 ( w ic e ) , 1 8 . t .
V i snu t a tt v a S
Vi snu t i l a k a : 1 0 ,
1 0 , 22
5 2 (a l s o 11
.

53
.

S r i k zu a S 1 1 , 18
’

t
' .
. .

’
S r i n i v fis a d fi s a : s e e Y a t i n d r am a t a D i p i k fi ( w i c e ) , 5 5 , 7 7 , 7 8, 80 , 8 3 , 86 , 89 , 9 2 ,
Iy r P O t
.

’
S ri n i v i s a u l i n e s of

I d
e ng a ,
n ia n P h i l o s o h : 1 15 py
.

Vi sv a k s e n a S 1 0 , 2 7 ,3 6 ,3 8 ( h ic e ) ,3 9 t r
t t
.

t
.

'
S r ip r a s n a (P ra s n a ) S 80 ( w i c e ) ( w i c e ) , 4 0 , 46 , 47 , 4 8 ( w i c e ) , 49
t
’
. .

’
S r u t a p r a k fi s i k a : 1 2 (11 ( w i c e ) , 5 2 (n 1 , 5 3 , 5 7 , 59, 6 1 , 7 9
t
.
.

8 1 , 82 84 , 9 7 ( w i c e ) , 1 1 6
-
S u d ar s a n a S 1 2 .

r rk
:
.

t
.

Vi s‘v f wa t fir a S 10 ( e ma )
S u k ap ra s‘n a S 1 2 ( w i c e )
' . .

’
S v e t as‘vat a m U p an i sa d : 5 6
. .

.
Vi s v e s v ara S : 1 0 ( e m a )
’ ’
. r rk .

U p an i s a d
Y A DA A S A 93
VA P R A K
’

j rv d W t
.

TA i YA 44
Y a u e a , h i e : s e e VaJa s a n e y i S
’’
I I Tl R
T Vd
.

K d
.

am i l e a : 16 .
Y fij fi av al ki y a i n a : 74 .

Y fim n n fic fi r y a 1 6 fi l , 3 2
by
. .

T a r k sy a S ,1
4 ’
Ya t i n d ra m a t a D i p i k i S r i n i v zi s a d zt s a
'

T a t t v a s fig ara S : 7 , 1 8
i
.
27 , 41 tr
( h i c e ) , 42 , 4 9 5 1 , 5 4 , 5 6 -

T a t t 1 a s a m 11 s a , C o rr m o n : 7 3
by P
. .
tr
( h i ce ) , 5 4 (f o u i m e s ) , 66, 7 2 , rt
T a t t v a t r ay a i l l a i L o k ac ar y a : 27
90 , 9 3 , 1 1 2 , a d d e n a to p p 2 7 a n d 5 8 d
t t by
. . .

( w i c e ) , 40 , 5 0 , 54 ( w ice ) , Y a t i n d ra m at a d i p i k a Vy i k h y a Ah
5 8 ( h ri c e ) , t 79 t
( w ic e ) , h y a m k a ra Vi s u d e v a s‘fis t r i n 5 4 (n
dd d p 41
.

90, a en m to
u Y og an a n d a b h a t t a : 2 0
by V tr
. .

Ta t t v a t ra y a B h i sy a a r a v ar a m u n i : Y o g a S u as 1 1 1 .

2 7 , 3 3 , 4 0 (n 4 6 , 4 7 (11 53 Y o g a v i s i st h a : 1 2 2
tr T tr
. . .

(11 . 54 (11 . 6, 7 2 , 82 ( h i c e ) . Y og i n i an a s (t w o ) 1 3 . .
 IV I ND E X O F S A N SKR I T T E RMS
.

I n so far as n ot con t ai n e d in I ndex I .

a ki m c i t k ur a t a 1 1 5 . d h e n u 62 , 78 .

aks ar a z g u n a s fim y a : 3 3 n am a r fi a
p 1 25 , 1 29
- - :
. .

a fi at va : 1 1 5 n am a s , n am a n a 1 42
j . . .

an u t va : 1 1 5 . na a r 60 .

a d h i d ai v at a 41 . na a r 86 .

a d h i s t at r 40 n i t a v i b h ut i 50
y
-
.
.

a d h e n u (z a v y a k t a) 10 3 . n i ty o d i t a 53
k r
a n u t t a r a (z a a a) z 1 1 8 n a i m i t t i ka p r a l a a 28
tr d y
- -
.
.

an a s t h i ta 81 , 3 6 y

fl
an a as a (t a k t i) : 1 2 8
-
n
-

b tv v r
. .

a n n a (o j e c i e u n i e s e ) 1 44
p afi c a a m an 1 1 2
- k r .

a p r ak rt a 3 2 , 47, 5 1
p a fi c a al a : 1 1 2
-
k
pr pr d
.
.

a b h i g a m an a 2 4, 5 1 , 1 1 2 a a ( c o s m ic e io ) 28
pr
.
.

a b h i c fir a : 1 10 n 1 a a m a v y o m a n : 49
p bd
-

rt t
. . .

h a (c o m l e m e n o f s a ) 103 , 107, i 2 8
'

1
'
a a a r v zt r a
p . ,

l u ry as t a k a : 1 2 2
p
.

r tr
.

a v an t ar a p r a l ay a 2 8
p a ur u s i a i 2 9
- .
.

ah a
m ta 30 :

p r ak r t a p r al ay a 2 8
d
. -
.

ahi
m s a: 1 1 7
p r ak r t a m a n a l a 1 1 0
v d
. -
.

i na a e h a 1 2 2
-
.
p r f m a ( ni a h a t )
fi
I l l .

fi t rn ag a s t h a v fi d a : 1 0 4 -

p r fit ip ad i k a s t h a 1 43
vd
-
.

ab h as a : 3 4 .
p r at i s t h fi i h i
-23 , 26
33
m
‘
i cc h fi z i
a s v ar y a .
11 1 a t i s a c a ra : 1 0 3
1
.

m
i d a t a: 1 0 2 p rap afi c i t a 5 3
b r d
. . .

i y at t a : 1 0 7 ah i an a j a z 3 6

br b
. - -
.

un me sa : 2 9 ah m a hi ra 103
p dr

fl
:

br y
. -
.

i 1 1‘d h v a u n - a 41 . . ah m a u s 28
r t u - ca kr a : b h a g av a t t fi : 1 1 3
b t
.

ek an t i k a m a g a 3 9 r h a i (t w o m e a n i n g s ) : 3 2 n 1
b t
-
.

k kt
. .

al a l i h u a 63
-
'

b l 1 11 n1 i (t fi ti S a
’
i) 1 43
b
.

k ar t r (z a h a m k ar a ) :
l l l . h o g a v i b h at i : 5 0
-
.

k r
a san a : 1 2 8 . b h o k t r k t as t h a : 60
-

k al a (s p a fi c a al a) -
k ~
1 12 . m a nd a l e s v ar a 1 1 8 '

k y tr t
. .

al a m a a v a p u s 6 2 .
m an a a n u : 5 2 ; 5 8 (a d d e n d u m )
-

k y
.

a a : 104 .
m an t r o d d h ar a : 4 6 ,
k i m c i j j fi at v a 1 1 5 . . m a l a t r a y a : 1 1 5 (o b s n
-
. .
‘
k i 1 1 c i t k ar a t f1 1 1 5 . m a h 51 p r a l a y a 2 8
.
-
.

k a i uk a r y a 5 8 . m a h a p r a s t h an a
-
1 17 .

k r i y {1 k z1 r a k a s a m s a r g a l a b h y 1 43
'

- -
a m a h ab h i s o k a 1 30

fl
-
. ,

g u n a p a r v an i 1 1 1 m ah as 52
- .
:
.

g u n am a a v a us
y p 6 2 . m zm a v a s a g a 3 7
'

-
r .

g u n on m e s a d as fi : 3 1
-
’
. r
ma g a : 1 12 .

g h a f a k a s r u t ay a h 1 2 5
-
'
.
'
r vr
m i s a a g a 40 , 82
-

r
c a k a , c ak r i n 132 r
m i s a s rs t i : 3 8
'
-

t tr
. .

an a 2 , 2 4 , 1 46
:
. m r t y a n t ar a 4 1 :

t il a k fil a k a : 3 7 .
y a u g i ka : 2 4 .

t i r o d h an a p ara m p ar a : 1 1 5 -
rk a s a: 1 2 2

V di r tr
. .

t r ay i ( e c s c ie n c e 97, 1 10) . a a 2 4 fl ] .

( z v id y az p r ak r t i ) 9 8
:
. l ay an t i m a 29 .

t r a s ar e n u : 5 7 l i l a v i b h fit i : 5 0
-

pp d x I I
. .

(l i k si : 1 1 2 vr a n a ca a A kr
en i 1
dy ,n
. -

kt
. .

d i s ‘ 64 Vi a ( M ay fi S a i ,
’
62
d r
z
.
n .

h a m a , d h ar m i n : 30, 102 . 41 .
 V N U M E R I C A L I ND E X
.

E xclus i ve of un i t i es
T wo arm d V a d v
e su e 52, 1 19 n
a 131 T h r b i rt h
ee
“
s 117
d i ti Lk b d i (g r
- . .

c on on s of a smi 2 9 , 1 42 o es o s s , e tc 1 22
dit B r h ma
.
$7 H .

c on i on s of P r ak r t i (B h fi t i o r a 81 n s

kt f pr p
.

M ay a Sa
'
i) 78 n 4, 7 9 n 1 , 1 03 , . .
(O r f o ur ) ch ie i n ci l e s of

70 p r e c l a s s 1 c a l s aq 1 k h y a : 6 8 fi l ,9 8
f pr p
-

tit t
. . .

con s uen s of OM i n t h e g r os s ch ie i n c i l e s o f t h e P afi c a
sen se 1 41 r tr
a a 89
Pr
.

tr
. .

cl as s e s of A s as
~
1 26 c l as s e s of u an a s : 86

d i vi p d
. .

ne wea on s ( s a s
’
r
u n e l e as e s ou l s : 5 4 n 7

tr t t t M y kt t r
. .
'
t r a,a s a ) 1 08 c o n s i u e n s of a aS a i ( h e e
d l (m k t dMy
.

rl f ol a a K o s’a )

fl
e e ase s ou s u a,

k v l ) 59 e a a
°
3 6 , 63 , 64
tH v
. .

l i H ig h
s ou s n es ea en OM i n t h e h i g h
( v r fr e d r l
e d)
-
e e an e e as e est
”
s en s e 141 fil .

56 G u n as 67 , 3 2 , e t c
p (p r k d t
. .

g our s f m o d en u e an i n s o f i m e (g o s s , e t c ) 66 r
d ) 82 l tt
. .

mi e x m an i f e s a i o n s of A n i ru d d h a
d (t h r t i l p r t i l ) 2 3
. .

Ka n as eo e ca , ac ca (T r i m fi r t i ) 6 7
ki d f b d rt d W rd
.

M t r
. .

n s o (g o ies ene a e n on o h e s of t h e o l : 64

t r l) 58
,
p r d ttr b t
.

na u a a i s of w in e A i u e s : 3 2,
r t i (p r i m p r )
.

c ea on u e, u e 3 4 il l .

My

fl
59 P r a k r t i s ( a a,P r as fit i ,P r a k rt i )
(pr m ry Lk tr VII
.

i a a s m i T an a 16
,s e c
on

d ry) 7 9 (d i ff )
,
t
.

a p r 1 n c i p a l S a m h i as : 2 0
d
.
,
1 09 1 n r
e l i g i o u s m e a n s (s a h a n a : 1 2 8
)
( l l t iv kt Dv
. . .

’
i co ec e, h S a i s of t h e e i : 54

d i vi d l ) 82 kt L rd
.

ua
‘
v
S a i s or w i e s of th e o

K m Yg
. .

33 l

fl
ar h tw a o a , e ac o

f ld 111 kt tr d kt
.

’
o S a is h e e fol l e ch a S a i
'

m tt r (p r m i x d)
. .

a e u e, e 55 .

51
’
v
S i a s : 81
k w l dg t dp i t f M tr x g i
. .

r l ig i e ous no e e s an o n s o an a e e es s

(d i r t i d i r t ) 1 1 3
ec n ec 141
d T i t F tt r 88 l 1 1 5
, . .

W O I ‘S h l p (i m m e i a t e , a n s or e e s
d t Ti t
.

me i a e ) 1 13, a n s 1 15
Vd
.

fl
A p p e 11 d 1x H e as 1 10
bt
. . .

m e an s of c om a in g s i n 1 0 8 q h as 3 5 fl ]
t d pr r F O R ARME V d v
. .
3)

m e h o s of r e l ig m us og e s s 97 U D as u e a 5 2 , 1 1 9 n ,1 3 2
pr p
-

kt f t t h f p ri i pl
. . .

’
S a i s or in c i al m an i e s a i o n s c 1e nc es o f p r e c l as s i c a l

Lk
-
n

of a sm i 2 9 fl ] S am k h y 1 42 a :

kt rt L rd pi
. .

'
S a i s (c o n s o s ) o f t h e o 53 :
l f N ar
c as s e s o as (s l e e ng s oul s
)
l 86
t p Lb rt ti t t f 0 M i th
. .

i e a i on 1 1 3

fl
s e s to c on s ue n s o n e
Ny y btl
. .

M
U p an g as ( i m am s a an d a a) su 1 42 1 4e sen se 1
XI di l b
, .

A h irb S I, 12 h
s cu s e s , co n c 41 es,c u s , e tc. :

V dv f l d B : hm
. . . .

V y fi h a s ( as u e a , B al a d e v a ) 1 7 - o 119 1
“
1 an

K a d f h P afi a 2 3
.

n 1 , 1 44 n as o t e c ar t ra ,
yt
. . .

Y og a s s e m s : 1 1 1 M 61
an u s :

REE p t bj t f l i f 1 1 3 l 1 1 6
. .

TH a s e c s o f t h e c os m i c A h a m k ar a o ec s o e

P ad f G d 1 44 l ,
. .

75 as o o :

M h t 70
. .

a a h P afi a 22 t e c ar tra
(d ff ) 7 1 pr m d
; . .

i Vy f h i 3 5 £11
as , s u a un an e

i tr m d 81
. .

n . 3, n a un an e ,
 VI . I ND EX O F I MA G E S (S I MI L ES )

I llus t r at i ng rel i g ious or ph i losoph i c a l id

C l a y a n d p o t s 69
C l o u d (c i rru s ) : 2 9 , 7 8, 1 0 3 O
.

ce an a n ri v r 9 3 d e s

C l o u d a n d rai n 7 8
. .

Pi d l
n an v 30 105 ea es :
C l ou d an d w i n d : 3 1
.
, .

d w t r 93
.

Cow c l ou d 103 P t

fl
z
e an a e : .

C ow an d m il k 78 R i g r i
ce , f 5 8
a ns o

d b
. . .

R iv r e k 65
an an

pti
.

Em ness 29 ; f 86
R bb r
C

b t bl d tr v l l r 1 1 6
. .

F ir d e an co m us i e 10 3 f
C 1 17 o e s an a e e .

S rv t d m t r 73
. .

e an s an as e

F l m pr di g fr S pi d r
.

a e oc e e n o m am e 35 d w b 1 24
e an e .

t t
.

Ga e s an d own 93 S un an d s un s h in e 34
b
- . .
.

S u n e a m s a n d s un : 93

d r d p r
- .

Go l 1 11 fi re 92 T h e a an d e a l s 30 , 105 .

rt
.
.

T o oi s e 7 7
tr t b
.

U d um b a r a e e s w a m i n g w i h r ees : 60 .

L g ht
i n in g W al l a n d c l a y , e t c : 7 9

rd 69 Wd
. .

M lk i d i o w , th e l o n e l : 5 9 y
W d p r
an cu s
:
.

ti t
.

Mr r i ro s an d r fl e ec on s : 93 . i n l e s s a mos h e e 29 .
A DD I T I O N S
 1 76

p . 24 l . 5:
. f or y i k a , an d ad d a f oo t
v ai s e s
’
ik a r ade v a i s a

n ot e :
“
Th is i s s t r a n g e a n d s u g g e s t s t h e i d e a t h at an
o r i g i n al h a s b e e n m i s u n d e r s t o o d by t h e
”
v a i s e s i k a
“ ’

a ut h or ; c h s i xth op ic of t h e S at t v at a s y s t e m b e l o w ,
f t e t ,

fl
.

2 7, n ote 1 , a d d b e f o r e l as t s e n t e n c e : Y at i n d r a m at a D i p ik a, a l at e r
w or of k
u n ce r t a i n d at e , c o n t a i n s m u c h m o d e r n m a t e r i al
un k
n o w n t o t h e P afi c a r at r a .

3 2, l fro m b ot t m f h er r ad t a h e r t e a h e r ’

Z
“
. 6 te o : or ac e e c s c

p . 32 1 . : I s i t a m re i ide e t h at i r oas t r i a i m l o G od
co n c n ce h as n o n s a s

s ix a u s t trib t e ? I t i
s u t r e th t the tw
a o s e t s h v e a pp r e
a a ntl y

n ot m u c h i n c om m on , s t il l : m i g h t n o t t h e m on ot h e i s m of t h e
P afi c ar at r i n s , w h i ch e v i d e n t l y o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e n o rt h w e s t o f -

I n d i a, h a v e m a d e s o m e e x t e r n al b o rr o w i n g s fr om t h e g r e at
I
r e l i g i o n of r a n A s i m il a r q u e s t i on s e e m s t o a r i s e w i t h
r e g a rd t o t h e s u n b e a m s an d m o on b e am s , i n t o w h i ch
” ” - -

t h e v o w e l s a r e d i v i d e d (p an d t h e s u n l e t t e rs an d ,
-

m o on l e t t e r s of A r a b i c
-

g r a m m a r , b u t h e r e w e fi n d i t h a rd

t o b e l i e v e i n a n y b o rr o w i n g e x ce p t fro m s o m e c o m m o n s ou r ce .

41 , mi dd l e
i n s e t t h e o l l o w in g
, r a af g a h p r r p
p b
A n at t e m t at c o m i n i n g t h e s e e a l a c t i i t i e s o f t h e V y uh as v r v
h as een m a e b d by
t h e a u t h o o f T a tt v a t r a y a (e d 1 2 5 il l ) r . pp . .

f p r
i n t h e o l l o w i n g a h o i s m s (w h i c h c o n t a i n , i n e e d , a l l t h at d
b k
t h e o o h a s t o s a v o n t h e V y fi l i a s ) :
Of t h e m (t h e Vy u h a s ) S a m a s a 11 a , c o n n e c t e w it h ,
k r d
[ t h e A t t i utes c al l erb ] j fi d na a nd b d
ci l a , h a i n
g e com e t h e v b
s u e in te n p r en t of t h e d pr
i n c i l e [ c al l e ] s o u l (j l z a ) , s e v e r e i t p d
fr om P r a k rt i , a n d t h e n , h a i n g as s u m e th e s t at e of v d
P r a d y u m n a , e ff e c t s t h e a ea in g [a n d og e s s ] of th e pp r pr r
r f
S as t a a n d [ i n al l ] t h e w i t h
'
y
a w al o f t h e w o l dr rd .

P a u r dy
m 1 1 a c o n n e c t e w i t h a z s va r a a n d e l f ya , h a in g
’
y d ’
-
v
b ecom e t h e s u e in t e n e n t of t h e p r d
i n c i l e [ c al l e ] m i n pr p d d
rr
(m a n e s ) , c a i e s o ut t h e e ac h i n g o f e l i g io n a n d t h e c e a t i o n t r r
of t h e u eP r Gr p ou c o n s is t i n g of t h e ou M an a s , e t c f r .

A n iru dd11 a , c o n n e ct e w i t h S a kt i a n d t ej a s ,
'
d
e f o ms p r r
the pr
ot e c t i on
[ of t h i s w o l ] , t h e c on e i n g o f t h e n o”w rd f rr k
d r r
l e g e of t u t h , t h e c e a t i on o f t i m e a n d t h e m i e c e at i on x d r .

42 , l . : 1 0 A ft e r U p e dr a
n in s e t :r fr m P ad y m a a t h e r
“ ” “
o r u n no

P r ad y u m n a , N rs i m h a , a n d H a i ; r
5 6, l 17 f
. C d a P a d a r e d C a ud P a a nda
or an , r can a a, r c

T h e y ca b ody A s a m at t r of f a ct
”
5 8, 11 . s m to n a su e
“
e ,
th s l ie H e av eou s em s ev r t
n b i m g i d w it h o t
n e n e o e a ne u a

b dy i t b e i g b d il e
o , a d e c s s a r il y
n o l y i
o i t N ar a
ss , n n e s o, n n s

co n d it i (p ont h at i d r i g t h e G re t N i g h t w h
. s u n a , en

e ve o at
n al m t te r is
n n -
11 x is t e t
ur a We n on -
e n

m y th r f r a , k t h is
e e o ct io w h eth e r t h e
e , as a t
in m i c on n e n o 0

b d y m t i o e d i h p t e r 2 0 (s e p 1 2 2 ) i ot e it h e r
o en n n c a e s n

k w i g l y by t h e
.

a t r l
n on b dy p s
-
na d al re dy
u a o os es s e a , un no n ,
l
s o u , or l t h i rd n at u r l
e se b dy t h e l y o e r e m ai i g
a a o , on n n n
 1 77

to th e s ou l f or ge it s om p t h e Su n to H e a en
as s a fr For , v .

a c co in g rd to ew the
of vi
K au s i t a k i an isa w h ich h as Up d
b e en a o te d p d by t h e V i s i s t ad v a i t i n s a n d w a s a '
a en l pp r t y
al s o nown k to the P a fi car at r i n s , t h e l i e a e s ou l h as b r t d
s t il l m an y
s t at i o n s to as s on p
it s u t h e j ou n e om t h e f r r r y fr
Su n t o t h e i e rv r
V i r a j a (V i j a r a) w h i c h i s t h e ou n a b d ry
b et wee n t h i s a n d t h e ot h e r
w o l , a n d i t c a n n ot d o s o , rd
vd
e i en tl , in y a o il e s s co n b d d
it i o n , f o r w h i c h e a s o n Y at D i p r . .

t e a c h e s (e d . p
7 7 ) t h at n ot
. e o e c o s s in b f r r
g t h e V ir aj a oe s d
x
t h e s o u l e c h a n g e i t s s u t l e (s e c o n b
h s i cal ) o dp y
for a n on b dy
n a t u al r
o n e , w h e e as r
T r ip ad v i b h i i t i m a h an ar ay a na an i s a
‘

Up d
(c h a t e s p r V an d VI
) , o n t h e a s s u m t i on t h a t t h e V i r a j a i s p
n ot t h e s aid b oun a d ry
b u t s t i l l w it h i n t h e E g g , e cl a e s d r
t h at t h e s ou l t h ou g h at h i n
gr i n V i j
ra a e b c h an
g es i ts x
s u tl e b o b dyf or a “
m ag i c a l
’
o
”
b dy
(ke va l a ni a n t m m a y a
d i vy a tej o m a ya m r a t i s'a y d n a ml a m a g/ a m a h d v i s p n s d r ti p y a m g r a h a
'

s ar i m ,
'
l a t e s i m r
l c py
al l e
’
d
m a n tr a m a y a S a r i m ) , an d l o n g
f r
a te w a s, rdin a p
l ace f a r ou t s i e t h e E g g , n a m e l y t h e d
B r a h m a v i d y a i e , c a s t s o ff t h e rv r m ag i c al o in o e to b dy rd r
as s u m e it s n al
g fi r
a m e n t ,t h e i m m o t a l D i i ne o c on s i s t i n
g r v b dy
of t h e b
l i s s of [ ah m a] Br n owl e
ge or : of k n o wl e
ge d k d
an d b
l i s s ; v i d y d n a n d a m a y a a m r t a d i vy a
p . 60 , l . 9 , fr om b ot t o m f or re d R s is
R s is a

6 8, l . 6 fo i s my re a d
r va is ’
a a va a in
ya .

80 , l . 11 f H i ke a
er
“
re rs s
’
at H rS i k e s a '

82 , l . 1 8 f or g ro p u r d Gr p
ea ou

83 , l 2 fr o m
.
b t t om
o : f or C it r a s i kh a n d i n s
’
r ade C it r as i
’

kh a nd i n s
p . 92 , l . 4 fr om b ot t o m : f or 5 8, 5 9 re ad 5 2,53
97 , l . 5 f or ne v r e re d a n ot , as a r l u e,

1 1 0, l l . 17 an d 1 8 s h o u l d re a d : s e ve n t e e n
(o r t w e n ne s ci ty o -

e n ce s , fro m t h e s i x V e d ang a s d o w n t o p ol i i cs (n i t i ) a n d t h e t
o f pr o f e s s i o n s
s c ie n ce (v d r tt ri ) , r e g a rd e d a s s u b s i d ia ry t o t h e
Vd e as

1 1 2, n ot e 4, ad d : I t is cl e a r t h at m i/ a m a
se . an d c i n h } are th e
s a m e as s a p
p y/ a m a . an d s a wu i dhz
’

m e n t i on e i n d n ot e 3, p . 111 .

1 21 , l . 9 fr om b ot t om f or V da t
e n a r d V da ta
ea e n

1 45 , l . 9 f or P a fi c a r at r a r e d P anc a a r at r a
S U PPL E M E NT A R Y L I S T O F E RR A T A

th e ed i ti on o
f A h i r bu d h n ya S a m hi t d .

f or Swam
i

m r e ad e mcon
j . firs ts 131
—
mm

m mfi w en t er be t ween
’

d el e ( 3 1 27 rfir ) an d

l i nes 8 an d 9 ( mmeai mfi l ) .

f or ma ma s re ad sum mrs e .

re ad 118mm
h

w e el ies : e a: con
j .

re a d mx fifif
3

6 15 171113 31 at con j .
g e .

WWWn r e a d - o
c on j .

fl
be t ween l i nes 8 an d 9 i n ser t : sw
( am) .

f or re a d
{ W fi f rfi re ad H g fii i é
fiw .

aam m s i fi trfi afi am m re a d s mart s

re a d w arm
0
561 3 113 .

°
a =fifi
ai z is vi i re a d o
ar-ai m .

t o 20 belong i ng t o t h e t ex t
n ot of

S amh i t a shoul d be i n s m all t ype .

Pri t d b y
n e B e s an t at t h e V a s an t a Pr
ess, A dy r M d r
a , a as .