Assignment # 3: Chapters 3-10

Zim Joshua S. Lapitan

ECE-4A

College of Engineering
Bulacan State University

Zimjoshua16@gmail.com

CHAPTER 3
Problem 3.8 Problem 3.9

For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency
of 50Mhz and an input bit rate of 100Mbps, determine
the upper and lower side frequencies, draw the output
spectrum, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth
and calculate the baud.
Given the equation below, determine the resultant
vector and plot the output phasor diagram.
Given:
𝑉𝑄𝑃𝑆𝐾 = + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑐 𝑡

Given: Solution:
fb= 100 Mbps Resultant vector = √(1)2 + (1)2
fc= 50 MHz
Resultant vector = 1.41V
Solution:
𝑓𝑏 1
𝑓𝑎 = Phase = arctan
2 1
100 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑎 = Phase = 45°
2
𝑓𝑎 = 50 𝑀𝐻𝑧

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑏
BW = 100 MHz

𝐿𝑆𝐹 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑎
𝐿𝑆𝐹 = 50 𝑀𝐻𝑧 – 50 𝑀𝐻𝑧
LSF = 0

𝑈𝑆𝐹 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑎
𝑈𝑆𝐹 = 50 𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 50 𝑀𝐻𝑧
USF = 100 MHz
Problem 3.10

𝑁 = 𝑓𝑏 For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate (fb)

equal to 100Mbps and a carrier frequency of 50Mhz,
N = 100 M baud determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist
bandwidth and the baud.

Given:
fb= 100 Mbps
fc= 50 MHz
Solution: Solution:
𝑓𝑏
𝐵𝑊 = The bit rate in the I, Q, and C channels is equal to
2
100 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 one-third of the input bit rate, or 100 Mbps
𝐵𝑊 =
2 100 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝐵𝑊 = 50 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = 𝑓𝑏𝑞 = 𝑓 𝑏1 = = 33.33 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
3

𝑓𝑏 Therefore, the fastest rate of change and highest

𝑁= = 𝐵𝑊 fundamental frequency presented to either balanced
2
modulator is
N = 50 M baud
𝑓𝑏𝑐 33.33 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑎 = = = 16.667 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
2 2

Problem 3.11 The output wave from the balance modulators is

(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑎𝑡)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)
For a tribit input of Q=1, I=0 and C=1 (101),
determine the output phase at the end of 8-PSK 0.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 – 𝑓𝑎)𝑡 – 0.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑎)𝑡
modulator as shown in figure 3.33.
0.5 cos 2𝜋 [(50 – 16.667)𝑀𝐻𝑧]𝑡
Given: – 0.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 [(50 + 16.667) 𝑀𝐻𝑧]𝑡
Q=1, I=0 and C=1
0.5 cos 2π(33.333MHz) t - 0.5 cos 2π(66.667MHz) t
Solution:
𝐼𝐶 = 01 = −0.541 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is
𝑄𝐶’ = 10 = +1.3017 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑓𝑁 = (66.667 − 33.333) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 33.333 𝑀𝐻𝑧
+1.307
𝛷 = tan−1 ( ) The minimum bandwidth for the 8-PSK can also be
−0.541
𝛷 = − 67.5° determined by
100 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 180° − 67.5° 𝑓𝑁 = = 33.33 𝑀𝐻𝑧
3
Phase= 112.5o
Again, the baud equals the bandwidth; thus,

Baud = 33.333 M baud

CHAPTER 4
Problem 4.1
For a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 1, and C = 0 (000),
determine the output amplitude and phase for the 8-
QAM transmitter shown in Figure 4.1.

Solution:
Q – 0 → -V
I – 1 → +V
C – 0 → 0.541V
Problem 3.12
I-channel: +0.541𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑐 𝑡
For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate Q-channel: −0.541𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑐 𝑡
(fb) equal to 100Mbps and a carrier frequency of
50Mhz, determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist 𝑉8𝑄𝐴𝑀 = + 0.541𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑐 𝑡 − 0.541𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑐
bandwidth (fN) and the baud. Also, compute the results Resultant vector = √(0.541)2 + (−0.541)2
with those achieved with the BPSK and QPSK
modulators.
Resultant vector = 0.765V

2
 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = tan−1
1 0.22
−1 𝜃 = tan−1
−0.821
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = −45°
θ = 165°

Problem 4.2
Problem 4.4
Given the output signal for 8-QAM in figure 4.2,
For a 16-QAM modulator with an input data rate
determine the tribit equivalent represented by each
(fb) equal to 10Mbps and a carrier frequency of
symbol.
70MHz, determine the minimum double-sided
Nyquist bandwidth (fN) and the baud. Also, compare
the results with those achieved with the BPSK, QPSK,
and 8-PSK modulators

Given:
𝑓𝑏 = 10 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑐 = 70 𝑀ℎ𝑧

Using Table 6.1 Truth table for 8-QAM, Asked:

Binary Input 8-QAM output phase 𝑓𝑁 = 𝐵𝑊 =?
Q I C Amplitude Phase
0 0 0 0.765 V -135° Solution:
0 0 1 1.848 V -135° 𝑓𝑏
𝐵𝑊 =
0 1 0 0.765 V -45° 4
0 1 1 1.848 V -45° 10 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝐵𝑊 =
1 0 0 0.765 V +135° 4
1 0 1 1.848 V +135° 𝐵𝑊 = 2.5 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
1 1 0 0.765 V +45° 𝐵𝑊 = 𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑 = 2.5 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
1 1 1 1.848 V +45°
Problem 4.5
Therefore, the tribit equivalents of the following are:
+135°, 1.848 V = 101 For an 8-PSK system, operating with an
+45° , 0.765 V = 110 information bit rate of 24kbps, determine (a) baud, (b)
-45° , 1.848 V = 011 minimum bandwidth, and (c) bandwidth efficiency
+135°, 0765 V = 100
-135° , 1.848 V = 001 Solution:
-45° , 0.765 V = 010 a) baud = 24 kbps
𝑓 𝑓𝑏
b) 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 = 𝑏 = 24 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠 =
𝑛 3
fb = 72 kHz
Problem 4.3 𝑓𝑏 72000
BW = =
3 3
For a quadbit input of I=1, I’=0, Q=0, and Q’=1 BW = 24 kHz
(1001), determine the output amplitude and phase for 𝑓𝑏
c) 𝐵𝜂 =
the 16-QAM modulator shown in figure 4.4. 𝐵𝑊
72𝑘ℎ𝑧
𝐵𝜂 =
Given: 24𝑘ℎ𝑧
𝐵𝑛 = 3
I=1, I’=0, Q=0, and Q’=1

Solution:
𝐴 = √(0.821)2 + (0.22)2 Problem 4.6
A = 0.850 For 16-PSK and a transmission system with a
10kHz bandwidth, determine the maximum bit rate.

3
 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Solution: c. DRdb = 20log
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
• The bandwidth efficiency for 16-PSK is 4, which 2.55
means that four bits can be propagated through 46 = 20log
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
the system for each hertz of bandwidth. Vmin = 0.0128 V
• Therefore, the maximum bit rate is simply the
product of the bandwidth and the bandwidth
efficiency, or Problem 5.3

𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 ∗ 10,000 𝐻𝑧 In a PCM, if the number of quantification levels

𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 40, 000 𝑏𝑝𝑠 is increase from 4 to 64, what is the change in
bandwidth requirement?

Problem 5.1 Given:

M1 = 4 voltage levels
What sampling rate would be used for: M2 = 64 voltage levels
a. A 4kHz telephone channel
b. A music channel (20kHz) Solution:
c. A video channel (6MHz) 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀1
𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (4)
Solution: 𝑛1 = 2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
a. fs ≥ 2 fa
fs ≥ 2 (4khz) 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀2
fs ≥ 8 kHz 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (64)
𝑛2 = 6 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
b. fs ≥ 2 fa
fs ≥ 2 (204khz) Assuming sampling rate (fs) = 3000 Hz
fs ≥ 40 kHz
𝑓𝑏1 = 𝑛1 ∗ 𝑓𝑠
c. fs ≥ 2 fa
𝑓𝑏1 = 2 ∗ 3000 𝐻𝑧
fs ≥ 2 (6Mhz)
fs ≥ 12 MHz 𝑓𝑏1 = 6000 𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝑏2 = 𝑛2 ∗ 𝑓𝑠
𝑓𝑏2 = 6 ∗ 3000 𝐻𝑧
Problem 5.2 𝑓𝑏2 = 18, 000 𝐻𝑧

For a PCM system with the following parameters, Solving for the bandwidth for 4 and 16 quantification
determine (a) minimum sample rate, (b) minimum levels,
number of bits used in the PCM code, (c) resolution 𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀1 = 𝑓𝑏1
𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀1 = 6000 𝐻𝑧
Given:
𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀2 = 𝑓𝑏2
Maximum analog input frequency = 4khz 𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀2 = 18, 000 𝐻𝑧
Maximum decoded voltage at the receiver = ± 2.55V
Minimum dynamic range =46dB Solving for the change in bandwidth requirement,
we’ll got:
Solution: 𝛥𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀 = 𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀2 − 𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀1
a. fs ≥ 2 (4kHz) 𝛥𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀 = 18, 000 𝐻𝑧 − 6000 𝐻𝑧
fs ≥ 8kHz 𝛥𝐵𝑃𝐶𝑀 = 12000 𝐻𝑧

b. DR = 2n – 1 CHAPTER 6
2.55
DR = = 199.2188 Problem 6.1
0.0128
199.2188 = 2n – 1
Determine the 12-bit linear code, the 8-bit
n = 8 bits
compress code, the decoded 12-bit code, the

4
quantization error, and the compression error for a Problem 6.2
resolution of 0.01V and an analog sample voltage of
+0.063V For a compressor with a 𝜇 = 255, determine
a. The voltage gain for the following relative
Given: values of Vin: Vmax, 0.85 Vmax, 0.55 Vmax,
Resolution = 0.01 V 0.35 Vmax
Analog Sample = +0.063 V b. The compressed output voltage for a
maximum input voltage of 5V
Asked: c. Input and output dynamic ranges and
12-bit Linear Code compression
8-bit Compressed Code
Decoded 12-bit Code Solution:
Quantization Error 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
a. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
Compression Error 𝑉𝑖𝑛

Solution: Vin Compressed Voltage

𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 Gain
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = Vmax 1.00
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
+0.063 𝑉 0.85 Vmax 1.14
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.55 Vmax 1.62
0.01 𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 6.3 = 6 0.35 Vmax 2.32
610 = 000000001102
𝑉
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑖𝑡 = 1 𝑉𝑝 ln(1+𝜇𝑉 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥
b. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
Original 12-bit Linear Code = 100000000110 ln(1+𝜇)

𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 7 − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 Vin Vout

𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 7 −7 5V 5V
0.85 (5V) = 4.25V 4.85V
𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 0
0.55 (5V) = 2.75V 4.46V
010 = 0002 0.35 (5V) = 1.75V 4.06V
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 0110
8-bit Compressed Code = 10000110 c. Input DR = 20 log 5/1.75
Input DR = 9.12 dB
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑖𝑡 = 1
𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0000 Output DR = 20 log 5/4.06
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 0110 Output DR = 1.81 dB
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 = 7 − 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 = 7 − 0 Compression = Input DR – Output DR
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 = 0 Compression = 9.12 dB – 1.81 dB
Decoded 12-bit code = 100000000110 Compression = 7.31 dB

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
= ± |𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 Problem 6.3
− 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒|
Calculate the output voltage of an A-law
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = ±|6.3 − 6| compressor with the following parameters:
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.3 Vmax=5.5V, Vin-0.35V and A = 85.

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = |𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 12 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒 Solution:

− 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 12 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒| ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑉𝑖𝑛
1 + 𝑙𝑛( )
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = |6 − 6| ∗ 0.01 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝐴
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0

5
 85(0.35𝑉) Asked:
1 + 𝑙𝑛[ ]
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.5𝑉 5.5𝑉 Original Sample Voltage
1 + 𝑙𝑛(85)
Solution:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2.72𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑖𝑡 = 1
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 1001

Problem 6.4 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 = 110

1102 = 610
The original 12-bits linear code is equal to 1001 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 = 7 − 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
0110 1010 prior to transmission. Then at the receiver 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 = 7 − 6
side the received 8-bits compressed code is equal to 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 = 0
11010110. Determine the following: 12-bit Linear Code = 101100110000
a. Recovered 12-bits linear code 011001100002 = 81610
b. The comparison error if the resolution is
0.01V 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 816 ∗ 0.001
Solution: 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.816 V

a. 1101 0110 (received 8-bits) CHAPTER 7

1001 0110 1000 (recovered 12-bits linear Problem 7.2
code)
For a standard voice-band communications
channel with a signal-to-noise power ratio of 1000
b. Compression error = (Original 12-bit – (30dB) and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz, the Shannon limit
Recovered 12-bit) x Resolution for information capacity is:
= (100101101010 – 100101101000) x 0.01
= (000000000010) x 0.01 Given:
= (2 x 0.01) SNR = 1000 (30dB)
Compression error = 0.02 BW= 2.7 kHz

Solution:
Problem 6.5
𝑆
I= 3.32B𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (1 + )
If the given sample voltage is +0.2 volts, 𝑁
determine the equivalent 8-bit compressed code.
Assuming that the resolution is equal to 0.01V I = (3.32)(2700) log10 (1 + 1000)

I= 26.9 kbps
Solution:
0.2
𝐷𝑆 = = 20
0.01

12- bit linear code = 1000 0001 0100 Problem 7.3

8-bit compressed code = 1001 0100
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element.
If 1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the
Problem 6.6 bit rate.

For a given 8-bit compressed code of 11101001 Given:

and a resolution of 0.01V, determine the original 𝑓𝑏 = 4 bits per signal element
sampled voltage. N = 1000 baud/s

Given: Solution:
8-bit compressed code = 11101001 Bit rate= 𝑓𝑏 x N
Resolution = 0.001 V Bit rate = 4 (1000)
Bit rate= 4000 bps

6
Problem 7.4 CHAPTER 8
Problem 8.1
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a
baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are Determine the parity for the given bit sequence
carried by each signal element? How many signal
elements do we need?
ASCII ODD EVEN
Given: PARITY PARITY
𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
fb = 8000 A = P1000001 1 0
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠 W = P1010111 0 1
N = 1000 baud = 1000
𝑠𝑒𝑐

Asked: Problem 8.2

a) data element (n)
b) signal element (L) Determine the checksum bits for the given bit
streams.
Solution:
𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
8000 Data: 1010 1001 0011 1001
𝑠𝑒𝑐
a) n= 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
1000
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 Tx 111 1
n=8
𝑠𝑒𝑐 1010 1001
𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 0011 1001
n=8 1110 0010
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

b) n = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝐿 0001 1101 *1’s Complement

2𝑛 = 𝐿
28 = 𝐿
L = 256 signal element Rx 111 1
1010 1001
0011 1001
+ 0001 1101
Problem 7.5 1111 1111

A modulator transmits symbols, each of which 0000 0000 *1’s Complement

has 64 different possible states, 10,000 times per *No Error
second. Calculate the baud rate and the bit rate.

Given: Problem 8.3

M = 64 states
B = 10,000 Hz Determine the VRC and LRC for the following ASCII
– encoded message: JOHN. Use odd parity for VRC
Asked: and even parity for LRC.
a) Baud rate
b) Bit rate Character J O H N LRC
Hex 4A 4F 48 4E
Solution: ASCII
a) N = 2B LSB b0 0 1 0 0 1
N = 2(10,000 Hz) b1 1 1 0 1 1
N = 20,000 Baud b2 0 1 0 1 0
b3 1 1 1 1 0
b) fb = 2𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀 b4 0 0 0 0 0
fb = 2(10,000 Hz) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 64 b5 0 0 0 0 0
𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
fb = 120,000 MSB b6 1 1 1 1 0
𝑠𝑒𝑐
VRC b7 0 0 1 1

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Problem 8.4 At the receiver side,

Determine if an error occurred and find the errors.

Character LRC
Hex Even
ASCII
LSB b0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
b1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
b2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
b3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
b4 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
b5 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
MSB b6 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
VRC -odd b7 0 1 0 0 0 0

*Bits written in red ink are the errors

The remainder is zero which means no transmission

Problem 8.5:
Determine the BCS for the following data the errors.
CRC generating polynomials.
Data: G(x) = x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x1 + x0
CRC: P(x) = x5 + x4 + x1 + x0
Problem 8.6:
Solution For a 12 bits data string of 1011 1001 0010,
(x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x1 + x0) x5 1. Determine the number of hamming bits requi
= x12 + x10 + x9 + x7 + x6 + x5 red.
= 1011011100000 2. Determine the condition of each hamming bi
ts.
3. Assume a single bit error.
4. Prove that the FEC process detects an error.

Solution:
m = 12
if n=5
25 = 32
32 ≥ 12 + 5 + 1

2 – 00010
7 – 00111
XOR – 00101
13 – 01101
XOR – 01000
14 – 01110
XOR – 00110
17 – 10001
XOR – 10111 --- Hamming Code

10_110_0_01_0_010
1 0 1 1 1
G(x) = 101101110
CRC = 1001 10111000100101010

8
 Hamming code – 10111 guard band of 10 kHz between the channels to percent
2 – 00010 interference?
XOR – 10101
13 – 01101 Given:
XOR – 11000 BW = 100 kHz
14 – 01110 BW (l) = 10 kHz
XOR – 10110
17 – 10001 Solution:
XOR – 00111 --- bit no.7 has an error
Five channels, Four guard bands

CHAPTER 9 BW = 5(100 kHz) + 4(10 kHz)

Problem 9.1 BW = 540 kHz

Assume that a voice channel occupies a

bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine three voice
channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from
20 to 32 kHz. Show the configuration, using the
frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands.

Given:
BW = 4 kHz
BW (l) = 12 kHz
Range = 20 to 32 kHz

Solution: Problem 9.3

First VC will occupy 20 to 24 kHz Four data channels (digital), each

Second VC will occupy 24 to 28 kHz transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1
Third VC will occupy 28 to 32 kHz MHz. Design an appropriate configuration, using
FDM.

Solution:

The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four

channels, each channel having 1𝑀/4 = 250 kHz
bandwidth.

Each digital channel of 1 Mbps must be transmitted

over a 250 KHz channel. Assuming no noise, we can
use Nyquist to get:

C = 1Mbps = (2) (250K) (log2 L)

∴ L = 4 or n = 2 bits/signal element

One solution is 4-QAM modulation.

Here is a possible configuration with L = 16:

Problem 9.2

Five channels, each with a 100 kHz

bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What is the
minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a

9
Problem 9.4 Given: 1 0 1 0.

The Advanced Mobile Phone System Solution:

(AMPS) uses two bands. The first band of 824 to 849 @MUX
MHz is used for sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used Input 1= 1 = (+1,+1,+1,+1)(+1) = (+1,+1,+1,+1)
Input 2= 0 = (+1,-1,+1,-1)(-1) = (-1,+1,-1,+1)
for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in
Input 3= 1 = (+1,+1,-1,-1)(+1) = (+1,+1,-1,-1)
each direction. How many people can use their cellular Input 4= 0 = (+1,-1,-1,+1)(-1) = + (-1,+1,+1,-1)__
phones simultaneously?
MUX(output)
1` = (0, +4, 0, 0)
Solution: @DEMUX

Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, (+1,+1,+1,+1)(0,+4,0,0) = (0,+4,0,0)ADD = +4/4=+1

we get 833.33.
In reality, the band is divided into 832 channels. Of
these, 42 channels are used for control, which means
only 790 channels are available for cellular phone
users.
(+1,-1,+1,-1)(0,+4,0,0) = (0,-4,0,0) ADD = -4/4 =-1
(+1,+1,-1,-1)(0,+4,0,0) = (0,+4,0,0)ADD = +4/4=+1
(+1,-1,-1,+1)(0,+4,0,0) = 0,-4,0,0) ADD = -4/4 =-1
DEMUX(output) = (1, 0, 1, 0)
1`

Problem 9.5

In the synchronous time division

multiplexing figure, the data rate for each input
connection is 3 kbps. If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed
(a unit is 1 bit), what is the duration of (a) each input
slot, (b) each output slot, and (c) each frame?

Given:
Link Speed = 3 kbps
Number of input data = 4
1
Tf = kbps = 333.333 𝜇𝑠
3

Solution:

Tf 333.333 μs
a. 𝑇𝑖𝑠 = =
4 4
𝑇𝑖𝑠 = 83.333 𝜇𝑠

𝑇𝑓 333.333 𝜇𝑠
b. 𝑇𝑂𝑆 = =
4 4
𝑇𝑂𝑆 = 83.333 𝜇𝑠
1
c. 𝑇𝑓 =
3𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑇𝑓 = 333.333 𝜇𝑠

CHAPTER 10
Problem 10.1

Given the example on figure 10.3, try to

change the data and determine the resultant code then
try to recover the code using the given chip sequence.

10