Patterns of Development pg.

61
Pattern of Development - It helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
 Definition
 Exemplification
 Description
 Chronology/Procedure
 Listing - (9) Different Patterns of Development:
 Comparison-Contrast
 Classification and
Division
 Cause and Effect
 Problem Solution
- It helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the question
“What does it mean?”
Definition
- It explains information through the use of illustrations, examples, and
descriptions.
Spider Map or Semantic Map - Graphic organizer you can use in Definition.
 Is defined as
 As defined
 Means
- Some signal words for Definition:
 Refers to
 To define
 To illustrate
- It presents the general statement and then provides specific and
Exemplification concrete examples to expound on the main idea.
- It is used to provide an example of something.
Spider Map or Semantic Map - Graphic organizer you can use in Exemplification.
 For example
 For instance
 In other words - Some signal words for Exemplification:
 Namely
 Specifically
- It provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial
pattern.
Description
- The important elements of this patter are the types of description
used, the clustering of details, and the progression of description.
Spider Map or Semantic Map -Graphic organizer you can use in Description.
 Across
 Adjacent to
 Away from
- Some signal words for Description:
 Beyond
 In front of
 Near
- It organizes ideas or events according to time.
- It can either be in the form of narration or process.
Chronology/Procedure
- The most essential parts of this patterns are the main idea and the
order of presentation.
Series of Event Chain and
- Graphic organizers you can use in Chronology/Procedure.
Cycle
 Afterwards
 As soon as
 First - Some signal words for Chronology/Procedure:
 Immediately
 Prior to
- It organizes ideas using enumeration.
- It does not have the element of time.
Listing
- It presents a series of items like facts, examples, features, reasons, and
tips.
Idea Map and
- Graphic organizers you can use in Listing.
Series of Events Chain
 Also
 And
 Another
- Some signal words for Listing:
 Besides
 In addition
 moreover
 - It organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and
concepts are similar to or different from one another.
Comparison-contrast - Its most important parts are the purpose of comparison, points of
comparison, and the actual similarities and differences of the items
being compared.
Venn Diagram - Graphic organizer you can use in Comparison-contrast.
 Also
 Both
 In comparison - Some signal words for Comparing:
 Likewise
 Similarly
 Although
 Despite
 Even though - Some signal words for Contrasting:
 In contrast
 nevertheless
- It organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and
standards.
- Make sure to always double check, avoid oversimplifying as it may
Classification and Division
result in stereotyping.
- Take not of the superordinate ideas, subordinate ideas, and the
relationship between them.
Network Tree - Graphic organizer you can use in Classification and Division.
 Another
 Classified as
 One kind - Some signal words for Classification and Division:
 The first category
 The next part
Cause and Effect - It organizes details based on the cause and consequences.
Fishbone Map - Graphic organizer you can use in Classification and Division.
 Because
 Due to
 Inasmuch as - Some signal words for Causes:
 Seeing that
 Since
 As a consequence
 As a result
 Hence - Some signal words for Effects:
 So that
 Therefore
- It organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.
Problem-Solution - The problem section includes what, who, when, where, why, and how
of the problem.
Problem-Solution Map - Graphic organizer you can use in Problem-Solution.
 First, second
 Nonetheless
 One solution is - Some signal words for Problem-Solution:
 The problem
 The solution
NOTE: Signal words in each patterns of development sometimes overlaps.
Principles of Effective Writing pg. 98
Paragraph - It is a group of Interrelated sentences that talk about one main idea.
Essay - It is a group of paragraphs that talk about one central idea.
PARAGRAPH ESSAY
 Organized around a topic sentence  Organized around a thesis
 Contains introductory sentence  Contains introductory paragraph
 Uses sentences to explain major points  Uses paragraphs to explain major points
 May use a concluding sentence  Always uses a concluding paragraph
 Topic Sentence
 Body - (3) Major parts of a paragraph:
 Closing Sentence
- It is the central idea of the paragraph.
Topic Sentence - It can be a stand, or a comment, an objective statement, or a
question.
- Transitional devices, pronouns, or repetition of ideas used in order for
Cohesive Devices
all of the sentences to be linked properly.
 Supporting Details - Sentences that clarify and prove the main idea.
Closing Sentence - It concludes the details that have been presented.
 Introduction
 Body - (3) General parts of an essay:
 Conclusion
 Lead or Attention-
getter
- (3) Parts of Introduction:
 Transitional Statement
 Thesis Statement
- It is the first statement in the essay which aims to hook the readers.
Lead or Attention-getter - Its composition can use provocative rhetorical question, statistics,
startling statement, anecdote, quotation, humor, or analogy.
- It is the sentence which links the lead to the thesis statement.
Transitional Statement
- It provides a background on the topic.
Thesis Statement -It states the main idea or the argument of the essay.
- It does not directly provide support to a thesis statement.
Transitional Paragraph
- Its major function is to bridge one paragraph to another.
- It is the meat of the essay.
- It discusses the thesis statement in detail.
Body
- This is where the topic is developed and where the arguments are
laid out.
 Restatement of the
thesis statement
- (3) Parts of the Conclusion:
 Transitional statement
 Closing statement
Restatement of the thesis
- It uses a different structure and wording to uphold the language style.
statement
- It talks about the recommendations, benefits of ideas presented, or
Transitional Statement
purpose of writing the essay.
Closing statement - It is used to wrap up the essay.
 Unity
 Coherence and
Cohesion
- (5) Properties of a Well-written text:
 Organization
 Language Use
 Mechanics
- Its composition contains one focused idea.
Unity
- Its supporting ideas are relevant to the main thought.
- They are achieved when ideas are logically, clearly, and smoothly
linked to one another.
Coherence and Cohesion
- Without it, the reader may not be able to comprehend your
composition.
- It occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level.
Coherence
- It can be seen through well-defined arguments and organized points.
Cohesion - It is the connection of ideas at the sentence level.
 Use of pronounce
 Use of transitional
- (3) Techniques that can be applied in Cohesion:
devices
 Repetition of keywords
Organization - It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
- The way it is used is one of the clearest indicators of a well-written
Language Use
text.
 Clear and concise
sentences
 Avoid redundancies,
wordiness, clichés, and
high falutin language
 Avoid excessive use of - (7) Time-tested principles in writing:
“there” and “it” *Language use is achieved by observing this principles
 Precise Vocabulary
 Be consistent
 Avoid sexist language
 Appropriate level of
formality
- It is the technical aspect of writing.
Mechanics
- It should not be overlooked when writing.
  Use standard english
 Avoid contractions
 Avoid exclamation
marks
 Mention the full name
of an institution with - (6) Things to be observed in Mechanics:
abbreviation in
parenthesis, in first
mention
 Nos. 0-10 should be
spelled out while nos.
greater than 10 should
be written in figures
 Citations are used in
academic and formal
texts
The writing process pg. 134
 Preparation
 Modeling
 Generating ideas
 Focusing on a topic
 Outlining
- (10) Writing Process:
 Drafting
 Feedback
 Revising
 Editing
 Publishing
 Relevant
 Organized
- (4) How to write well:
 In-depth
 Correct grammar
 Establish your purpose
 Specify your persona - (2) Steps in preparation:
as a writer
Establish your purpose - You ask yourself “Why do I want to inform, entertain, or persuade the
audience about my topic?”
Specify your persona as a
- This will set the tone, language, and level of formality in your paper.
writer
- It is a process by which you look at different works which are similar in
nature with the paper you are about to write.
Modeling - Analyze the features such as the organization, structure, and
language use of the sample texts to determine how they achieved
their purpose.
 Brainstorming
 Freewriting - (3) Prewriting activities in Generating Ideas:
 Clustering
- It the process in which you list as many ideas as you can think of
Brainstorming
without censoring them.
- It where you let the ideas flow freely by writing them down in
Freewriting
sentences.
- It is also known as “Mapping”
Clustering - It is a technique that uses visual representations to show connections
between ideas.
 Narrow down the
topics
 Think of a question
related to your specific
purpose
 Answer the question - (4) How to properly do a topic:
with at least two
details
 The answer to your
question will most
probably lead to your
initial thesis statement
 Answer the question
that leads to your
thesis statement
 Two or three main
ideas are generated
- (4) How to organize your idea in an outline:
 You can use various
outlines based on the
structure
 Follow the principle of
writing
- At this stage, you need to focus on the content and organization.
First Draft
- Where you use reliable and valid sources.
- It is an important component of the writing process.
- It is a response to the written work which focuses on all aspects of
Feedback writing.
- It focuses more on the content, structure, organization, and clarity of
the message.
 Self-feedback
 Peer Feedback - (3) Classifications of Feedback:
 Teacher Feedback
- It is the act of improving the original paper.
Revision - Where you need to apply critical thinking and evaluation skills.
- Have a break before you do this.
Editing and Proofreading - It is the finishing stages of writing.
Editing - It focuses on grammar and language use.
Proofreading - It focuses on typography and mechanics.
APA Citations – It is used in the field of Behavioural Sciences.
 American Psychological Association Citations
 Author – Date Citation System
 Hanging Indent – Indention used in APA Citations
 Listed alphabetically in the reference list
 Reference List – It is the complete list of references compared to a Bibliography.
 Reference List – Each entry in this list must be cited in text.
 Types of APA Citations:
 In-Text Citation
– It is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay.
– It alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing.
 Parenthetical Citation
– It is a reference found at the end of a sentence.
– A citation to original sources that appear in the text of your paper.

Citing APA Citations:

 In-text Citation
o Work by 1 author
De Leon (2018) said that…
o Work by 2 authors
Lacsamana and Pangilinan (2002) said that…
o Work by 3-5 authors
Aquino, Angeles, Aras (2019) suggested…
o When it is in subsequent mentions
Aquino et al. (2019) suggested…
o Work by 6 or more authors
Carlos et al. (2019) mentioned…
o When 2 or more works, different years, and same author
David (2017, 2018, 2019) maintained…
o When 2 or more works, same year, and same author
David (2017a, 2017b) maintained…
o When 2 or more works, different authors, same last name
G. David (2019) and K.L David (2019) said…
o When 2 or more works, different authors, same initials and last name
Queency Yabut (2001) and Queentin Yabut (2001) said…
o When 1 work, different authors, same last name
David and David (2019) posited…
o Work by a group
Angeles University Foundation Integrated School (2019) purported…
o When an indirect source
Dreissen (in Swain, 2004) makes use of three methods…
o When not paraphrasing
Dreissen (as cited in Swain, 2004) describes three methods…
o When unknown author
The article “Senior High School is exhausting” (2019)…
 Reminders:
Citing APA Citations:  In 2 or more authors, the principal author
 Parenthetical Citation must always come first, following the
second high contributor.
o Work by 1 author
 But if all of the authors have the same
… (De Leon, 2018). contribution, it should be arranged in
o Work by 2 authors alphabetical order.
 In Indirect Source, Dreissen is the original or
… (Lacsamana & Pangilinan, 2002).
earlier author and Swain is the recent
o Work by 3-5 authors author.
… (Aquino, Angeles, & Aras, 2019). (recent author paraphrased what the
original or earlier author said)
o When it is in subsequent mentions  Always check the writing of ‘&’ or ‘and’ in
… (Aquino et al., 2019). In-text and Parenthetical Citations

o Work by 6 or more authors

… (Carlos et al., 2019).
o When 2 or more works, different years, and same author
… (David, 2017, 2018, 2019).
o When 2 or more works, same year, and same author
… (David, 2018a, 2018b).
o When 2 or more works, different authors, same last name
… (David, G., 2019; David, K.L., 2019).
o When 2 or more works, different authors, same initials and last name
… (Yabut, Queency, 2001; Yabut, Queentin, 2001).
o When 1 work, different authors, same last name
… (David and David, 2019).
o When 2 or more works in one parenthetical citation
… (Charles, Mather, and Carstensen, 2003; Kennedy, Mather, and Carstensen, 2004).
o Work by a group
… (Angeles University Foundation Integrated School [AUF-IS], 2019).
o When an indirect source
Three possible causes are described (Dreissen, in Swain, 2004).
o When not paraphrasing
Three possible causes are described (Dreissen, as cited in Swain, 2004).
o When unknown author
... (“Senior High School is exhausting,” 2019).

Citing Reference List:

 In books,
Author, A.A. (1967). Title of work. Location: Publisher
 In journal articles,
Author, A.A., Author J.A. (2005). Title of Journal Article. Title of the journal, volume
number (issue number), page numbers. doi:

When work has no identified author:

 For articles, chapters, and web pages,
The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).
 For periodicals, books, brochures, and reports,
The brochure argues for home-schooling (Education Reform, 2007).

By: Eingel Joy Pangilinan & Mica Lorrea David (Add me)

GOOD LUCK

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