Toledo X-6
1ST TERM SCIENCE EXAM REVIEWER
L1 : ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Electromagnetic Waves
o a wave that can travel through empty
space and through time
Radiant Energy
o energy carried by an electromagnetic
wave
o also known as “electromagnetic
radiation”
o the sun is the source that provides most
of Earth’s radiant energy
o the two types of waves are :
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Mechanical Waves
Parts of an Electromagnetic Wave
Properties of an Electromagnetic Wave
1. Frequency vs. Wavelength
o the wavelength and frequency of
electromagnetic waves are related
Wavelength – is the distance between one
point on a wave to the nearest point just like it.
Frequency – is the number of wavelengths that
pass by a point in a certain period of time
as frequency decreases, wavelength increases
as frequency increases, wavelength decreases
2. Wave Speed
o em waves travel through space at
300,000 km/s, or the speed of light
How do Electromagnetic Waves form?
- electromagnetic waves form when an
electric charge accelerates by either
speeding up, slowing down or changing
direction.
- this happens when a charged particle
vibrates, as shown in Figure 1 :
1. an electric charge is surrounded by an electric
field. if the charge moves up and down, the field
also moves up and down.
2. a changing electric field produces a magnetic
field. a changing magnetic field produces a
changing electric field.
3. the vibration of the charge starts a wave of
vibrating electric and magnetic fields that
moves outward in all directions.
4. when the electric field is strongest in one
direction (ehe ☺), the magnetic field is
strongest perpendicular to that direction.
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L2 : ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
o is the entire range of electromagnetic
waves with different frequencies and
wavelengths
1. Radio Wave
o low frequency, low energy
electromagnetic wave that has a
wavelength longer than about 30cm
o are often used for communication
o the energy is low enough that they are
not harmful
o usually produced by an electric charge
moving in an antenna, but the sun and
other objects in space also produce
radio waves
Broadcasting – is the use of em waves to send
information in all directions
Carrier Wave – an em wave that a radio station
uses to carry its sound or image signals
2. Microwaves
o is a low frequency, low energy
electromagnetic wave that has a
wavelength between about 1mm and
30cm
o used for communication, such as
cellphone signals
o are less often scattered by particles in
the air
o are useful for satellite communications
because they can pass through Earth’s
upper atmosphere
3. Infrared Waves
o has a wavelength shorter than a
microwave but longer than light
o vibrating molecules emit infrared waves
o your skin senses infrared waves, with
longer wavelengths as warmth
o your television remote control, sends
out these waves
Thermal Cameras – they convert invisible
infrared waves or different temperatures to
different colors so that your eyes can interpret
the information
4. Visible Light
o electromagnetic waves that your eyes
can see
o can be described as red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet (yay
rainbow)
o harmless
o makes our computer, tv, and cellphone
screens work
5. Ultraviolet Wave
o is an electromagnetic wave that has a
slightly shorter wavelength and higher
frequency than light
o carries enough energy to cause
chemical reactions and move through
clouds and to penetrate the skin
o they can damage or kill cells, causing
sunburn and or even skin cancer
o often used to sterilize and used to cure
skin conditions
o a dentist can use an ultraviolet wand to
quickly harden adhesives (braces)
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6. X-Rays
o is a high energy electromagnetic wave
that has a slightly shorter wavelength
and higher frequency than an
ultraviolet wave
o have enough energy to pass through
skin and muscle, but the calcium in
bone can stop them
o often used for airport security and to
check for broken bones (medical
detection)
7. Gamma Rays
o is a high energy electromagnetic wave
with a shorter wavelength and higher
frequency than all types of
electromagnetic waves
o are produced when the nucleus of an
atom breaks apart or changes
o have enough energy that physicians can
use them to destroy cancerous cells
L3 : REFLECTION AND IMAGE FORMATION
(from capino’s reviewer)
Reflection
o refers to the bouncing of a wave off a
surface like the motion of a bouncing
ball
Law of Reflection – when a wave is reflected
from a surface, the angle of reflection equals
the angle of incidence
Terms to Remember :
Angle of Incidence
⤷ the angle between the incident ray on the
surface and the normal line
Angle of Reflection
⤷ the measured angle where the incident ray
bounces creating a reflected ray
Regular Reflection
⤷ reflection of light from a smooth and shiny
surface
Diffuse Reflection
⤷ reflection of light from a rough surface
Object
⤷ the figure in front of the mirror or the
reflecting surface
Image
⤷ an intangible replica formed on a mirror or
reflecting surface
Optical Axis
⤷ a line passing through the center of a mirror
or lens creating a symmetrical division within
the two parts of the surface
Vertex
⤷ the center of the intersected lines
represented as the optical axis and distance of
the object to the mirror
Focal Point
⤷ the point where light rays that are parallel to
the optical axis converge after being reflected
onto a mirror or a reflective surface
Focal Length
⤷ the distance along the optical axis from a
mirror to the focal point
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Mirrors Size : equal

Type : always virtual
1. Plane Mirrors
o has a flat reflecting surface 2. Convex Mirror
Location : between V&F
Virtual Image – is an image of an object that Orientation : always upright
your brain perceives to be in a place where the Size : always reduced
object is not Type : always virtual
- formed at the back of the mirror

2. Concave Mirrors 3. Concave Mirror (Object is placed beyond C)

o a mirror that curves inward Location : always between C and F
like this - ) Orientation : always inverted
Size : always reduced
Real Image – one that forms where rays Type : always real
converge (no image is formed if the object is at
4. Concave Mirror (Object is placed at C)
the focal point)
Location: Always at C
- formed in front of the mirror
Orientation: always inverted
Size: always equal
3. Convex Mirrors Type: always real
o a mirror that curves outward like the
back of the spoon 5. Concave Mirror (Object is placed at F)
like this – ( Location: no image is formed
Orientation: N/A
Convex and Plane mirrors only form virtual Size: N/A
images. However, concave mirrors can form Type: N/A
both virtual and real images.
6. Concave Mirror (Object is placed between F
and V)
Location: always behind the mirror or beyond V
L4 : MIRRORS AND HOW THEIR IMAGES
Orientation: always upright
FORM Size: always magnified
(from capino’s reviewer)
Type: always virtual

L – Location
O - Orientation L5: RAYS OF CONCAVE AND CONVEX
MIRRORS
S - Size (from capino’s reviewer)
T – Type Convex Mirrors

1. Plane Mirror Parallel Ray- incident ray is parallel to optical

axis then splits into a broken lined virtual ray
Location : same distance as the object
Orientation : upright
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that hits the focal point, and a solid ray that is

reflected back.
Focal Ray- aligns with the focal point that
breaks into two: a broken line and solid line that
is both parallel to the optical axis
Straight Ray- broken line passes through the
center along with the solid line.
Concave Mirrors
Parallel Ray- incident ray is parallel to the
optical axis then hits the focal point upon
reflection.
Focal Ray- incident ray passes through F then
reflects parallel to the optical axis.
Vertex Ray- hits the center at a certain angle
depending on placement and reflects back at
the same angle.
Index Of Refraction
 pertains to the arrangement of atoms
and medium.
𝑐
 Formula for index of refraction: 𝑛 = 𝑣
 Material with the lowest index of
refraction is vacuum while the highest
material is diamond.
 Lower index of refraction = faster speed
of light
 Higher index of refraction = slower
speed of light
Example: light will move faster in oil when
refracted to water because water has a lower
index of refraction than oil.
L7 : LENSES

Straight Ray- passes through the center. Biconvex Lens- converging lenses that are
thicker in the middle than on its edges.

Biconcave Lens- diverging lenses that have

L6 : REFRACTION OF LIGHT thicker edges than in the middle.

Refraction of Light

o Change of light’s speed and direction in

a certain medium.
o Only transparent materials such as
windows, glasses and transparent
containers can be used as a medium for
refraction.

Key Factors affecting Refraction:

1. Direction- going toward or away
from the normal line.
2. Speed- 300,000km/s (speed of
light and vacuum)
3. Medium- also known as
“substance”
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Biconcave Lens
Location: always between optical center and
primary F
Orientation: always upright
Size: always reduced
Type: always virtual

Biconvex Lens (Object placed beyond 2F’)

Location: beyond F
Orientation: inverted
Size: reduced
Type: always real

Biconvex Lens (Object placed inside focal point)

Location: behind the object
Orientation: always upright
Size: always magnified
Type: always virtual