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Electrical Boundary Conditions: Is A Unit Vector Normal To The Interface From Region 2 To Region1
Electrical Boundary Conditions: Is A Unit Vector Normal To The Interface From Region 2 To Region1
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K=Js
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Dielectric- dielectric boundary conditions
Conductor-dielectric boundary conditions
Dielectric materials are dominated by “bound” rather than “free’’
charges (E-fields causes +ve and –ve charges of molecules to separate
and form dipoles throughout the material interior
Therefore, the free charge density sand the surface current density Js
are zero
1En1= 2En2
Bt 1
Bt 2
n Dn1 s
1 2
•The normal component of B is
continuous across the interface while the
tangential component of E is continuous
across the interface
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D1t 0 E1t 0
D1n 0 E1n s
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Electrodynamics
• Electrostatic charges electrostatic fields
• Steady currents (motion of electric charges with uniform velocity
magnetostatic fields
(Not Yet) • Time varying currents electromagnetic fields
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B, H
N S
Current
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Time Harmonic fields and their phasor • In general, a phasor could be a scalar or vector.
Es = Eo e -j x ay phasor form
Notice that
E
Re( Es e jt ) Re( jEs e jt )
t t
E
j E
t
E
Et j
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Es jH s E dl j H
L
s
s
s dS
H s J s jEs H
L
s dl J s dS j Es dS
s s
Es vs
S EsdS v vs dv
Hs 0 H
S
s dS 0
From the table, note that the time factor e jt disappears because it is
associated with every term and therefore factors out, resulting in time
independent equations
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Waves in General
• A wave is a function in both space and time.
• The variation of E with both time and space variable z, we may
plot E as a function of t by keeping z constant and vice versa.
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E x ( z, t ) Re( E x e jt )
Re[ Em e j (t o z ) Em e j (t o z ) ]
Em cos(t o z ) Em cos(t o z )
B
E.dl .ds “a changing magnetic field causes an electric field”
t
D
H.dl JC .ds “a changing electric field/flux causes an magnetic field”
t
E x ( z , t ) Re[ E x ( z )e jt ] Question : If we put these together, can we get electric and
magnetic fields that, once created, sustain one another?
or Re[ E x0 e j (t o z ) ]
or E x0 cos(t o z )
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Cross-breed Ampere and Faraday! Cross-breed Ampere and Faraday!
D E
H JC E ... all in terms of E and H
t t D E
H JC E ... all in terms of E and H
B H t t
E ... all in terms of E and H
t t B H
E E ... all in terms of E and H
H E ... differentiate both sides
d d t t
dt dt t
E E
E
H H E E ... curl of both sides
... curl of both sides t t
t
H
dH dE d 2E E
2 t
dt dt dt
H 2H
E
dH H 2
dt t t
dE d 2E
E 2
dt dt 31 32
Start with an insulator to make life easy (=0) Still don’t know what it means …
• Travelling wave of Ey Ey 0e j (t x ) Ey 0 cos t x
d 2Ey dEy d 2Ey d 2Ey d 2E y
becomes the form
dx 2 dt dt 2 dx 2 dt 2 2p 1
It travels with a velocity v f
j (t x )
2p
Look for a solution of the form Ey Ey 0e
Where and depend upon and … the characteristics of the insulator In a vacuum, =0=4px10-7, =0=8.85x10-12
d 2E y d 2E y 2 1 1
2Ey 2Ey ,
dx 2 dt 2 2 v 3 108 m / s ... a familiar speed?
0 0
2 1
, what does this mean??
2 In (eg) glass, =0=4px10-7, =r0=5x8.85x10-12
2p 2p
Remember, 2p frequency = 2p f , = = and v f 1
wavelength v 1.43 108 m / s ... light slows down in glass
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HEAT!
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E y ( x, t ) Re( E y ( x)e jt ) Look for a solution of the form Ey Ey 0e j (t x ) ea x
Ey Ey 0e x e j t
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