TYPES OF SOLIDS

e.g. Salt, Diamond

e.g. Steel, glass

e.g. Silicon
Grain

Crystalline electrical properties are superior to Polycrystalline grain boundaries tend to

those of a non-single crystal material. degrade the electrical characteristics.
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 UNIT CELL
The structure of a crystal can be seen to be
composed of a repeated element in 3D. This
repeated element is known as the unit cell. It is the
building block of the crystal structure.

There are two distinct types of unit cell: primitive and

non-primitive. Primitive unit cells contain only one
lattice point, which is made up from the lattice points
at each of the corners. Non-primitive unit cells contain
additional lattice points, either on a face of the unit
cell or within the unit cell, and so have more than one
lattice point per unit cell.

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 TYPES OF UNIT CELLS

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 TYPES OF UNIT CELLS

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 TYPES OF UNIT CELLS CONT..,

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 WHAT IS SEMICONDUCTOR?
Semiconductors are a group of materials having electrical
conductivities intermediate between metals and insulators

Conductivity of these materials can be varied by

 Temperature

 Optical excitation

 Impurity content

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 High Conductivity Low

Conductor/Metal Semiconductor Insulator

Elemental Compound
Group IV of periodic table Combinations of Group III and
Group V Elements
・Silicon (Si)  Binary: Two elements
・Germanium (Ge) e.g. GaAs, AlAs, AlP,GaN, GaP, InP etc.
・Carbon (C)  Ternary: Three elements
e.g. AlGaAs, InGaAs, InGaP etc.
III IV V  Quaternary: Four elements
e.g. InGaAsP
B C
Al Si P Combinations of Group IV and
Ga Ge As Group IV Elements
In Sb ・SiC, SiGe etc.
Silicon is the most common material for ICs.
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 Binary
Elemental Compounds -
Compound - Zinc Blende
Diamond Lattice
Lattice LEDs: GaAs, GaN
LASERs: GaAlAs

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 COVALENT BONDING

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