Heat and Mass Transfer Assignment 3

Name : Aulia Zahratus Sarah

Student Number : 02311840000066 ( A )
Problem 5.2
The inner surface of a plane wall is insulated while the outer surface is exposed to an
airstream at 𝑇∞ , the wall is at uniform temperature corresponding to that of the airstream.
Suddenly, a radiation heat source is switched on, applying a uniform flux to 𝑞𝑜 " to the outer
surface
(a) Sketch and label, on T-x coordinates, the temperature distributions; initial, steady-
state, and at two intermediate times
(b) Sketch the heat flux at the outer surface 𝑞𝑥 " (𝐿, 𝑡) as a function of time.
Answer
Given data :
 The inner surface of the plane wall is insulated while the outer surface is exposed to
an air stream at T
 The wall is at a uniform temperature corresponding tot that of air stream
 A radiation heat source is switched on applying a uniform flux 𝑞𝑜 " to the outer
surface
(a) Figure shows the plane wall with one side insulated and the other is exposed to
uniform flux

Write the initial and boundary conditions:

𝑇(𝑥, 0) = 𝑇∞ , since the initial temperature of the wall is uniform
𝜕𝑇
−𝐾 𝜕𝑥 | = 0, since the inner surface of the plane wall is insulated at x=0
𝑥=0

𝜕𝑇
−𝐾 𝜕𝑥 | = ℎ [𝑇(𝐿, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ] − 𝑞0 ", since surface energy balance at x=L
𝑥=𝐿
The temperature distribution are shown on the T-x coordinates

The following conclusions are made from the above graph

1. The temperature distribution in a plane wall is a function of thickness of the wall, L
and time t
2. At the initial condition, the temperature is equal to air stream Temperature 𝑇∞ and
graph varies linearly
3. At two intermediate times, the temperature with respect to x varies
4. For steady state the temperature distribution in the plane wall is straight line since
the temperature is constant with respect to time
5. For steady state conditions, the radiant flux is equal to the convective heat flux

𝑖
(b) 𝑞0 " = ℎ ∫0 𝜃𝑑𝑡
𝑖
ℎ𝐴
𝑞0 " = ℎ ∫ (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) exp [− ( ) 𝑡] 𝑑𝑡
0 𝜌𝑉𝑐
𝑖
ℎ𝐴
𝑞0 " = ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) ∫ exp [− ( ) 𝑡] 𝑑𝑡
0 𝜌𝑉𝑐

Thus, the graph varies exponentially as shown below, shows the heat flux at the outer surface
𝑞𝑥 "(L,t) as a function of time
Problem 5.8
The heat transfer coefficient for air flowing over a sphere is to be determined by observing
the temperature- time history of a sphere fabricated from pure copper. The sphere which is
12.7 mm in diameter is at 66º C before it is inserted into an air stream having a temperature
of 27ºC. A thermocouple on the outer surface of the sphere indicates 55ºC, 69 s after the
sphere is inserted into an air stream. Assume, and then justify, that the sphere behaves as a
space-wise isothermal object and calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
Answer:
Known: The temperature-time history of a pure copper sphere in air stream. Find: The heat
transfer coefficient between and the air stream
Schematic:

Assumptions: (1) temperature of sphere is spatially uniform, (2) negligible radiation

exchange, (3) constant properties. Properties: From table of properties, pure copper (333K):
=8933 kg/m3 , cp=389 J/kg.K, k=389W/m.K Analysis: the time temperature history is given
by
𝜃(𝑡) 𝑡
= exp (− )
𝜃𝑖 𝑅𝑡𝐶𝑡
Where
1
𝑅𝑡 =
ℎ𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷2
𝐶𝑡 = 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝜋𝐷3
𝑉=
6
𝜃 = 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑇∞ = 27 𝑐
Recognize that when t = 69 s
𝜃(𝑡) ( 55 − 27)℃ 1 69𝑠
= = 0,718 = exp (− ) = exp (− )
𝜃𝑖 (66 − 27 )℃ 𝜏𝑡 𝜏1
And noting that 𝜏𝑡 = 𝑅𝑡𝐶𝑡, 𝜏1 = 208𝑠
Hence,
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 𝐽
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 8933 𝑚3 (𝜋 0.0127 6 ) 389 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾
ℎ= =
𝐴𝑠𝜏1 𝜋0.0127 𝑥 208 𝑠
𝑊
ℎ = 35.3 .𝑘
𝑚

Problem 5.129
In Section 5.5, the one-term approximation to the series solution for the temperature
distribution was developed for a plane wall of thickness 2L that is initially at a uniform
temperature and suddenly subjected to convection heat transfer. If Bi < 0.1, the wall can be
approximated as isothermal and represented as a lumped capacitance ( Equation 5.7) For
the condition shown schematically, we wish to compare predictions based on the one-term

approximation, the lumped capacitance method, and a finite – difference solution

(a) Determine the midplane, T(0, t), and surface, T(L, t), temperatures at t = 100, 200, and
500 s using the one-term approximation to the series solution, Equation 5.43, What is the
Biot number for the system?
(b) Treating the wall as a lumped capacitance, calculate the temperatures at t = 50, 100, 200,
and 500 s. Did you expect these results to compare favorably with those from part (a)? Why
are the temperatures considerably higher?
(c) Consider the 2- and 5-node networks shown schematically. Write the implicit form of the
finitedifference equations for each network, and determine the temperature distributions
for t = 50, 100, 200, and 500 s using a time increment of ∆t = 1 s. You may use IHT to solve
the finite-difference equations by representing the rate of change of the nodal temperatures
by the intrinsic function, Der(T, t). Prepare a table summarizing the results of parts (a), (b),
and (c). Comment on the relative differences of the predicted temperatures.
Answer :
Known:

(a) The biot number for system as follows

The general equation for temperature at mid-plane and on surface is as follows

- At mid plane

- At surface

Where,

At mid- plane T( 0,t)

At t = 100

Where

The temperature at mid-plane T(0,100) is given by

The temperature at surface T(L,100) is given by

Similarly calculating the temperature at time (t) = 200s, 500s
On performing calculations the results obtained are tabulated in table form as follows

Hence the temperature at mid-plane and at surface are as follows:

At mid-plane the temperatures are

At surface the temperatures are

 (b) The results are tabulated below for the wall temperature, using lumped capacitance
method. On performing calculations, the results obtained are tabulated in table form
as follows

At mid- plane the temperatures are

At surface the temperatures are

The lumped capacitance neglects the internal conduction and since Bi = 0,67 >> 0.1 it is
expected that this method is to predict low temperatures ( fast cooling ) at the mid plane
compared to the one term approximation,