BTC 3302-1

BIOSEPARATION AND PURIFICATION

Title of Simple Filtration

Experiment:

Date of 30th September 2019

Experiment:

Group Members: Puan Sheau Ling (194252)

Annisha Izzatie Binti Ayob (192370)

Group Number: 8

Name of Lecturers: Prof. Madya Dr. Murni Binti Halim

Y. Bhg. Professr Dr. Arbakariya Bin Ariff

 ABSTRACT

This objective of this experiment is to study the simple filtration works. Filtration can
be conducted using several conditions which is constant pressure with decreasing flow
rate of filtration, constant flow rate of filtration and pressure applied to the system is
increase and flow rate of filtration and pressure applied to the system are various.. In
order to determine the cake and filter media resistance, two types of yeast suspension
were used which is 10 g dry yeast in one litre distilled water and 10 g dry yeast in one
litre 0.1 % carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution. During the filtration, formation of
filter cake will occur. Formation of filter cake will decrease the volume of the filtrate.
A graphical plot of t (A/V) versus (V/A) is used to show the simple filtration system
and compare the filter cake resistance between the yeast in the CMC and the yeast in
distilled water. The slope of the graph indicates the filter cake resistance while the y-
intercept is the filter media resistance. The result obtained was the filter cake resistance
for the yeast in CMC solution is higher than the yeast in distilled water.
 1. INTRODUCTION

Filtration separates mainly based on their physical and chemical characteristics and in
human system, filtration also happens in blood filtration in the kidneys (“Filtration” ,
2014). In simple filtration system, filtration defined as the separating solid particles,
microorganism or droplets from a liquid or a gas by pouring them on a filter paper
which only allows the filtrate went through (JOURNAL). BLA BLA states that the
solution that has been filtered is called as filtrate and the filter cake is the product
formed from the solution. Filtration can be performed using several conditions which
are constant pressure with decreasing flow rate of filtration, constant flow rate of
filtration and pressure applied to the system is increase and flow rate of filtration and
pressure applied to the system are vary.

In this experiment, simple filtration is conducted by using the cake filtration model.
During the filtration when there is an appearance of cake, the filtration process occur at
the top of the cake and the medium (filter paper) act as an assisting tool. (CITE). If
flow rate is constant, the pressure will increase linearly. In theoretical way, for a
constant pressure system, when the thickness of the cake increases with time, the flow
rate of filtration can be expressed as ;

𝑑𝑉 ⁄𝑑𝑡 = (1⁄𝛾 )[ (𝐴. ∆𝑃)⁄𝜇. 𝐿)]

Where,

V = flow rate of filtration (m3)

A = filtration area (m2)

L = thickness of filter material (m)

𝛥𝑃 = pressure drop across the cake ( N/m2)

µ = viscosity of the slurry ( Ns/m2)

𝛾 = cake porosity

To determine the cake and filter media resistances, a graph of t(A/V) versus (V/A) is
plotted. The graph will produce a linear straight line where the gradient slope is the
cake resistance while the y-intercept is the filter media resistance. Hence, the objective
of this experiment are :

1. To study the simple filtration system

2. To relate the thickness of the cake and the time taken for it to be separated
3. To understand the efficiency of the filtration affected by the size of the particles
 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1.PREPARING THE SAMPLE

To determine the cake and filter media resistances for two different type of yeasts, 10
g of yeast is prepared in one litre of distilled water and another 10 g of yeast is prepared
in one litre of 0.1 % carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution. Filter paper is used to
filter out the suspension. An equipment of Buchner funnel is required to set up the
simple filtration system. Conical flask and a measuring cylinder is needed to measure
the filtrate.

2.2 ANALYTICAL METHOD

To begin the experiment, two types of yeast cell suspension is prepared with 10 g of
yeast in one litre of distilled water and another 10 g of yeast in one litre of 0.1 %
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution. Filter paper is used to filter out the suspension.
An equipment of Buchner funnel is required to set up the simple filtration system which
require the filter paper to be put inside the Buchner funnel. The first solution was poured
into the Buchner funnel and let it flow in a constant rate. At one minute interval, the
volume of the filtrate collected was measured until it reached 5 minutes. A duplicate
measurement was needed to obtain an accurate result. The steps were repeated for the
second solution. A graph of t(A/V) versus (V/A) was plotted to determine the cake
and filter media resistance for both types of yeast suspension.
 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Size of Buchner funnel, A = πr2

= π (0.07/2)2

= 3.848 ×10-3 m2

Table 3.1: 10 g dry yeast cell in 1 L of distilled water

Time Volume of Filtrate (mL) Total V/A (1 t/(V/A)

(min) Reading Reading Average Volume ×10-4 (1×103
1 of m) min/m)
Filtrate
(1 ×10-6
m3)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2.8 4.0 3.40 3.40 8.836 1.132
2 2.4 3.8 3.10 6.50 16.892 1.184
3 2.0 3.0 2.50 9.00 23.389 1.283
4 1.8 2.8 2.30 11.30 29.366 1.362
5 1.4 2.4 1.90 13.20 34.304 1.458
 1.8

1.6

1.4
t/(V/A) (1× 103 min/m)

1.2
y = 0.0354x + 0.4045
1
R² = 0.7202
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

V/A (1 × 10-4 m)

Figure 3.1.1: Typical plot of t/(V/A) against V/A for simple filtration system of 10
g dry yeast cell in 1L of 0.1 % CMC. Slope of the graph, m= filter cake resistance =
0.0354 × 107 min/m2. Y-intercept, c= filter media resistance = 0.4045 × 103 min/m.

Figure 3.1.2: 10 g of dry yeast cell in 1L Figure 3.1.3: 10 g of dry yeast cell in
of distilled water (Reading 1). 1L of distilled water (Reading 2).
Table 3.2: 10 g dry yeast cell in 1 L of 0.1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

Time Volume of Filtrate (mL) Total Volume V/A (1 t/(V/A)

(min) Reading Reading Average of Filtrate (1 ×10-4 m) (1×103
1 2 ×10-6 m3) min/m)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2.2 1.6 1.90 1.90 4.938 2.025
2 1.3 1.4 1.35 3.25 8.446 2.368
3 1.2 1.1 1.15 4.40 11.435 2.625
4 1.0 1.0 1.00 5.40 14.033 2.851
5 2.0 0.8 1.40 6.80 17.672 2.830

3.5

3
t/(V/A) (1× 103 min/m)

2.5

2 y = 0.1496x + 0.707
R² = 0.7765
1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
V/A (1 × 10-4 m)

Figure 3.2.1: Typical plot of t/(V/A) against V/A for simple filtration system of 10
g dry yeast cell in 1L of 0.1 % CMC. Slope of the graph, m= filter cake resistance =
0.1496 × 107 min/m2. Y-intercept, c= filter media resistance = 0.707 × 103 min/m.
 Figure 3.2.2: 10 g of dry yeast cell in Figure 3.2.3: 10 g of dry yeast cell in
1L of 0.1% CMC (Reading 1). 1L of 0.1% CMC (Reading 2).
Simple filtration is a process to separate and remove the undissolved solid
particles from solution by using the filter medium. The liquid that filtered out is known
as filtrate, while the particles that remain on the filter paper is known as retentate which
can be observed in Figure 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3. In this experiment, the filter
media used is Whatman filter paper. The filter paper is a porous medium to allow the
small molecules to pass through and retain the large molecules. The filter cake will
form as the filtration proceeds (Yang, 2003). The formation of filter cake will decrease
the volume of the filtrate as shown in Table 3.1 and 3.2.

According to Table 3.1 and 3.2, the total volume of filtrate for 10 g of yeast cell
in 1L of distilled water is higher than in 1L of 0.1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC).
This is because CMC is a complex molecule which is a derivative of cellulose with
carboxymethyl groups bound to hydroxyl groups that form the cellulose backbone
(Hermaan et al., 2015). The molecular size of the CMC is also larger than the distilled
water. Thus, it is more difficult to pass through the pores of the filter paper than distilled
water.

The slope of the graph shows filter cake resistance. Based on Figure 3.1.1 and
3.2.1, the filter cake resistance of the CMC is higher than the distilled water. This is
because the CMC has larger molecular size and thus it may retain on the filter paper
and increase the filter cake resistance. For the y-intercept of the graph, it shows filter
media resistance. The filter media resistance for CMC is higher than distilled water as
shown in Figure 3.1.1 and 3.2.1. In fact, the filter media resistance is dependent upon
the filter cake height (Chase et al., 1994). As the filter cake for CMC is more than
distilled water, the filter media resistance is higher too.
 There are some precaution steps that need to be noted. Firstly, the filter paper
should be moistened with the solvent such as water before filtration to ensure that the
volume of filtrate obtained is accurate. This is because some of the filtrate may absorb
by the filter paper which can cause the decrease in the volume of filtrate if the filter
paper is not moistened. Besides, the size of filter paper must match the size of Buchner
funnel. If the filter paper is too small, the solution can pass through the Buchner funnel
directly without being filtered and thus results in increase of the filtrate. This will
decrease the filtration quality as many suspended solids will present in the filtrate. In
addition, the flow rate of the solution should be same to ensure the accuracy of the
volume. In this case, the flow rate refers to the rate of pouring the solution into the
Buchner funnel.

4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the filtration is a method of separation of suspended solid from the

liquid suspension. This process depends on the filter cake resistance and filter medium
resistance. The filter cake is built up when the filtration is proceeding. The filter
medium resistance is based on the filter cake formation. Increase in the filter cake height
will cause the increase of filter medium resistance. In this practical, the filter cake
resistance and filter medium resistance for 10 g/L of dry yeast cell in 0.1 % of
carboxymethylcellulose are higher than in distilled water. The formation of filter cake
will result in decrease in the volume of filtrate.
 5. REFERENCES

Biologydictionary.net Editors. (2014). Filtration. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from

https://biologydictionary.net/filtration/

Chase, G., Arconti, J., & Kanel, J. (1994). The Effect of Filter Cakes on Filter Medium
Resistance. Separation Science And Technology, 29(16), 2179-2196. doi:
10.1080/01496399408002197

Hermaan, P., Ngemakwe, N., Roes-Hill, M., & Jideani, V. (2015). Effects of yeast,
carboxymethylcellulose, yoghurt, transglutaminase and cyclodextrinase on
mixing properties of oat dough. J Food Sci Technol., 52(10). doi:
10.1007/s13197-015-1776-5

Ripperger, S. , Gösele, W. , Alt, C. and Loewe, T. (2013). Filtration, 1. Fundamentals.

In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (Ed.).
doi:10.1002/14356007.b02_10.pub3

Yang, W. (2003). Handbook of Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems (pp. 812-813).

New York, USA: Marcel Dekker, Inc.