STS REVIEWER- ​CHAPTER 1
damming up of water sources to the city
EARLY CIVILIZATION
● Hominids- prehuman
- Australopithecines
- 3.9 to 2.9 million years ago
● Homo habilis- ​skillful man
- Opposable thumbs
- 2.3 to 1.5 million years ago
- Crude stone tools
● Homo erectus- u ​ pright human
- 100,000to 1.6 million years ago
- Hunters
- First to create fire
- Used of hand a
● Homo neanderthalis
● Homo sapien
- Bone, ivory and hunter
- Long, thin snowflakes shaped into long
blade knives, spearheads and other tools
- “microliths” a very small blade
- Control of fire
- Used of clothes
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
● Mesopotamia​- land between two rivers
- Meso (middle); potam (river)
- Cradle of civilization
- Located between Tigris and Euphrates
(Fertile crescent)
● Sumerians​- first to settle in Mesopotamia
Contributions
● City-states ​(Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Larsa, Isin,Adab,
Kullah, Lagash,Nippur and Kish)
● Cuneiform- ​system of writing derived from
pictographs and symbols engraved on soft clay
tablets with the use of ​reed stylus.
● Wheel- ​used to easily transport agricultural
products and transfer people from one place to
another.
● Plow- ​used for initial cultivation of soil in
preparation for sowing seed or planting.
● Sailboat- ​for transportation, trade and war
● Sexagesimal number system- ​arithmetic
pertaining to number system.
- Base 60
● Code of Ur-Nammu- ​first recorded written law
● Ziggurat- ​pyramid-like, stepped temples which
can either be square or rectangle.
- Where the king lives, temple at the top
for priest to serve their gods and
goddesses
● Levees- ​hold back the floods from the fields
● Medicine- ​diseases are punishment of God due
to sins
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
● Samu-abum- ​conquered Babylon
● Hammurabi- ​great king of Babylonian
- conquered all of ancient Mesopotamia
- “to improve the life of those he ruled”
● Amorites- ​nomadic people who migrated from
coastal region of Eber Nari (Syria)
● Harsh System of Laws: ​An eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth
● Usual method included:
1.
to withhold them from the enemy until
surrender
2. releasing waters to flood the city before
then it was mounting an atta
● Hanging garden- ​people stated that it was built
for Amyitis
- ruled by King Nebuchadnezzar for 43 years
​Contributions
● Weapons- ​made of bronze material; sharpened
weapons, sickle sword socketed axes, spears
and bladed mace
● Mathematics- ​sexagesimal system; 10 base
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
● kingdom were built along the Nile River
● starting around 3200 BCE
● ruled by King Narmer
● King- absolute ruler and owner of all land, water,
people, etc.
● Pharaoh- a ​ living God
● Theocracy- a government ruled by religious
leaders
Contributions
● Temple- ​home of Gods and Goddesses
● Mummification- ​ritual that believed in “life after
death”
- removing the internal organs (liver, intestines,
stomach and lungs) and placed in a ​canopic
jarm
- heart was untouched (believed to be used for
intelligence and emotion)
- brain was removed through the nose by using
a hook
- body was wrapped in linen cloth and placed
in the sarcophagus (coffin)
● Hieroglyphics- ​writing system with picture of
living creature and symbols
1. logograms-​ signs that right out morphemes
2. phonograms-​ sounds
3. determinatives- signs that denote neither
morpheme nor sound
● Medicine- ​knowledge of healing herbs and
repairing physical injuries
● Irrigation System- ​to water their crops
A. Shadufs- hand-operated device for lifting
water from the Nile River into buckets
B. Archimedean screw- used to lift water from a
low-lying body of water into irrigation system
● Mathematics- ​used fractions, decimals,
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division;
basic ideas in geometry
● Calendar- ​determine flooding, planting and
harvest season
● Wigs- ​for beauty, vanity and hygiene
- social status (more wigs)
GREEK CIVILIZATION
- 8th century BC
- Society focused on government, art, sports,
architecture, and philosophy
- paid reverence to their ​gods & goddesses
- Theatre: seating area (​theatron​) ito yung
malaking space
circular space (​orchestra​) ito yung ​bilog
stage (​skene​) ito yung ​rectangle
 - looked to its ​gods & mythology​ to explain - Aqua Appia- ​connected the spring from the
natural mysteries & current events Rome
- Houses ● Roman Architectures- ​inspired from Greek
● majority of the poor lived in rural area works; some from Egyptian design
● larger houses: constructed around a ❖ The Pantheon​ - temple of Roman gods
courtyard, with rooms leading off ❖ Colosseum - largest amphitheater;
- Trade seating cap. of 50,000
● looked to the sea for livelihood ❖ Arch of Septimus Severus -
● city states sent out groups to monumental arch; built in recognition of
Mediterranean Sea & the Black Sea Roman victories over Parthians
to establish ​strong trading ties among ❖ Maison Carree - ​temple that preserved
one another up to this day
- Philisophers ● Roman numerals- ​around ​9th to 8th BC
● Socrates Romans began a number system named after
❖ “Socratic Method” them
❖ problem is broken down into a - For trading and communication purposes.
series of inquiries that would - seven basic symbols: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50)
lead to answers to the problem ,C(100), D(500) & M(1000)
● Plato
❖ student of Socrates CHAPTER 2
❖ Laid the foundations of Western
philosophy & science SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN WESTERN
❖ The Academy of Athens - first CIVILIZATION
institution of higher learning in
the Western world Middle Ages/ Medieval Age
● Aristotle
❖ student of Plato ● Fall of roman empire (division of roman empire –
❖ Developed the Empirical to make governing easier, Western empire
approach in studying nature capital city of Rome, Eastern empire capital city
❖ Theory of Four Causes of Constantipole, weakened by political
(material, formal, efficient, final) instability)
● Thales ● First half- dark ages
❖ Believed that ​water was the ● Middle ages​- because of the long barbaric
only substance that was ​source period that separated the Classic age of ancient
of all things Greece and Rome
● Pythagoras
❖ Pythagorean Theorem Dark Ages (500 CE-1500 CE)
● Empedocles ● period of declining achievements
❖ Four fundamental elements ● lack of scientific inquiry because of being
(fire, water, air and earth) illiterate.
● Democritus ● intellectual activity centered on Bible and
❖ Concept of atomism Christian faith
❖ Everything is made up of High Middle Ages (1000-1300 CE)
indivisible elements called ● 12​th century – centers of learning Studium
atoms Gernale sprang up across Western Europe
● Archimedes ● mixed ung knowledge ng scholars- greek and
❖ Known for his physical law of great muslims philosopher
buoyancy ● oldest university established- ​Oxford 1167,
Cambridge 1209, Montpellier 1220, Padua 1222,
ROMAN CIVILIZATION Sorbonne 1253, Valladolid 1292
● Rome- founded by Romulus in 753 BCE, the ● orders within the church began battle for political
first king and his brother Remus and intellectual control over these universities.
- conquered the rest of Italy (Turkey, North Franciscans, Dominicans – dominated by
Africa, France, Spain and Greece) Scholasticism
- became a republic governed by the Senate ● Christian scholasticism- method of learning
and Roman people which emphasize reasoning and deduction
● Natural theology – attempt to prove the
Contributions existence of God
● Cities- ​focused on forum Late Middle Ages (1300-1500 CE)
- Forum- ​a large open plaza surrounded by ● Franciscan John Duns Scotus​-maintained that
important buildings (basilica- main temple) the world of reason and the world of faith had to
● Building materials- ​sun-dried and fire-dried be kept apart
mud bricks ● William of Ockham- proposed the principle of
- Tufa- ​native volcanic stone used to construct parsimony
buildings ● Jean Buridan- developed the theory of impetus.
● Roman Aqueducts- ​built to convey water from Anticipated Newtonian physics and the modern
far-away springs and mountains into cities and concept of inertia, as the cause of motion of
town through gravity projectiles
 ● Thomas Bradwardine- study on kinematics and
velocity which predated Galileo’s work on falling
objects
● Nicole Oresme- proposed compelling theory
about heliocentric rather than geocentric
universe
TECHNOLOGY IN MIDDLE AGES
● Power main sources
- humans
- draft animals
- water
● Horse- ​first instrument of power revolution
● Norse Mill- ​type of water mill in Northern
Europe
- horizontally mounted waterwheel driving
a pair of grindstones directly, without the
intervention of gearing
● Vertical water mill- ​can be powered by a
stream running underneath or over the wheel
AGRICULTURE AND CROPS
Teutonic tribes-​ people of Iron Age who moved to
Western Europe and ​first to use iron
plowshares
● wooden cloth industry​ – spinning jenny or
spinning wheel was introduced
● waterpower was used to drive fulling stocks
(wooden hammers raised by cams on a driving
shaft)
● paper industry ​– rags from which paper was
derived being pulverized by hammers similar to
fulling stocks
● other traditional crafts​ – rope makers, barrel
makers (Coopers), leatherworkers (curriers),
and metalworkers (goldsmiths and silversmiths)
● soapmaking ​– new craft brought by teutonic
people
Gunpowder- ​bombards were mostly made of iron and
were used to fire large stones
Mining and Metallurgy- ​developed with manufacture of
cannons used in warfare
- extracting of metals (pumping devices and
machines for lifting heavy loads)
Georgius Agricola- summarized the extent of mining
and metallurgy
Other Notable Inventions
● Mechanical clock​ – oldest of which was driven
by weight and controlled by an oscillating arm
(1386)
- Clocks driven by spring (mid 15​th​ century)
● Artesian well (1126) ​– underground water
pressure forces the water up to the hole without
pumping
- Named for Artois in France
● Wheelbarrow (1170s)​ – use for construction,
mining, and forming
● Spectacles (1280s)​ – Florence, Italy,
- convex lenses for far-sighted people
- concave lenses for near-sighted people
● Mirrors (1180)​ – by Alexander Neckham
Alchemy
● Ancient branch of natural philosophy which has
a long philosophical and pseudo-scientific
tradition originating in Greco-Roman Egypt in
the first few centuries AD
● Alchemists​ – experts on matter of 4 main
elements: earth, air, water, and fire
- Laid the foundation on modern Chemistry
● Transmutate “base metals” into “noble metals”
● Creation of “elixir” of immortality
● Creation of “panaceas” to cure any disease
● Development of “alkahest” a universal solvent
● Jan Baptist Van Helmont – claimed that plants
drew all of their substances from water
Astrology
● Pseudoscience that claims to divine information
about human affairs and terrestrial events by
studying the movements and relative positions
of celestial objects
● 2​nd​ millennium BC & used to predict seasonal
shifts and interpret celestial cycles as signs of
divine communications
● Associated with horoscopes
● No scientific validity
● Gerolamo Cardano ​– cast the horoscope of
king Edward VI of England
● Michael Nostradamus ​– paid by Catherine de
Medici (1566) to verify the prediction of the
death of her husband
Medieval Mathematics
● 4​th​ to 12​th​ century – Europeans had limited
knowledge
● 12​th​ century – eastern knowledge began to
spread to the west
● Robert of Chester​ – translated Al-Khwarismi’s
book on algebra into Latin
● Adelard of Bath, Herman of Carinthia, Gerard of
Cremona – translated the complete text of
Euclid’s “Elements” in various versions
● Leonard of Pisa ​– first great medieval
mathematician
- Known as Fibonacci
- Fibonacci sequence of numbers
● Nicole Oresme​ – important but largely unknown
and underrated mathematician
- First to use geographic analysis
- Used system of rectangular coordinates
(before Rene Descartes)
● Nicholas of Cusa ​– his ideas on infinite and
infinitesimal directly influences later
mathematicians like Gottfried Leibniz and
George Cantor
Scientific Revolution
- intellectual movement that accompanied
renaissance
- 16th century- scientists used observations and
experiments instead of pure reason and logic to
establish theories
Fields of Science that had major changes during the
Scientific Revolution
16th century- revival of study of nature
Otto Brundels and Leonard Fuchs- ​produced a guide
collecting medical plants
Andreas Vesallus (1514 - 1564)- ​founder of modern
anatomy
- published a book in 1543, ​De humani corporis
fabrica​- “On the Fabric of the Human Body”
 - made observations regarding various ​shapes
and sizes of human skull, and compare this with
dog’s skull
New Astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)- ​not practical
astronomer but theoretician
● disputed theory of Aristotle about universe- it
was spherical and finite, ending at the range of
the stars and the motion of all heavenly bodies
was perfectly circular
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)​- spent his time observing the
heavens
● he tests and revised astronomical theories but
limited knowledge of math prevented him from
making much sense out of the data
Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600)
● Ash-Wednesday Supper, On Cause, Principle,
and Unity, and On the Finite Universe and its
Worlds​ (three books explaining his philosophy)
● the universe was infinite
● our planetary system was not the center of the
universe
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
● New Astronomy with Commentaries on the
Motions of Mars​ ​(Astronomia Nova)
● De Stella Nova (The New Star)​- "brighter than all
other stars and planet at its peak"
- supernova​ or an exploding star
● assistant of Tycho Brahe tapos kinolek niya ung
mga data ni tycho
● 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
1. The Law of Ellipses- planets are
orbiting the sun in a path described as
an ellipse.
2. The Law of Equal Areas- speed at
which any given planet will move while
orbiting the sun.
3. The Law of Harmonies- compares the
orbital period and radius of the orbit of a
planet to those of other planets.
- comparison between the motion characteristics
of different planets.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
● “father of observational astronomy”, father of
modern physics, father of scientific method, and
father of modern science.
● most well known and successful scientist of the
Sci. Revolution other than Isaac Newton
● 1623 he published his ​magnum opus,​ Dialogue
Concerning the ​Two Chief Systems of the World
● made a telescope with a magnification of 30x –
first use to warn of enemy ships approaching
Venice but then he turned it towards the heaven
● Sidereus Nuncius ​(Messenger of Heavens)​-
Telescopic observations
➔ Moon's surface has craters
➔ Jupiter has four moons (IO, Ganemede,
Europa and Callisto)
➔ Venus has phases like the moon,
prooving it reflected light from the sun
and it rotated around the sun.
➔ There are dark spots on the sun and the
sun is rotating
➔ Stars appeared as point of light due to
its distance from the Earth
Astronomy and the New Physics
Isaac Newton- ​"If I have seen farther than others, it is
because I was standing on the shoulders of the giant"
● greatest figure of Sci Revolution – first who
invented Calculus
● he discovered that white light was not one and
pure, but rather mixed and heterogeneous made
up of ​spectrum of colors​, which are refracted
by different angles in a glass prism.
● 1669, he builds his first reflecting telescope –
includes eyepiece, concave mirror, known today
as ​“Newtonian”
● published his first major work (in the
Philosophical Transactions) – nature of light
● 1687, published his book ​Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica (on the
mathematical principles of natural philosophy)
● he integrated ideas of Copernicus, Kepler (laws
of planetary motion), and Galileo (laws of gravity
and laws of motion on earth) to explain the
orderly manner in which the planets revolved
around the sun
● 3 Laws of Motion
1. Law of Inertia​- every object will remain
at rest unless acted upon an external
force
2. Law of Acceleration​- The acceleration
of an object as produced by a net force
is directly proportional to the magnitude
of the net force, in the same direction as
the net force, and inversely proportional
to the mass of the object. (F = m * a)
3. Action and Reaction​- For every action,
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Advancement to Mathematics (1591-1655)
Francois Viete (1540-1603)
● origin of modern algebra and trigonometry –
used ​letters as symbols to represent unknown
(numerical) quantities in 1591 and applying
algebraic methods to geometry
The Fleming Simon Stevin (1548-1620)
● ​applied physics of inclined planes and the
hydrostatic surface tension of water
● decimal system of representing fractions
John Napler
● invented ​logarithms
● publication of ​Miricifi logarithmorum canonis
descripto (Description of the Marvelous Canon
of Logarithms) – he established rules for
logarithms and supplied useful tables of
logarithms showing how they can be used to
accelerate calculations
Rene Descartes
● Father of Modern Mathematics
● published his Geometry where he presents the
modern Cartesian coordinate system
John Wallis
● published Arithmetica infinitum- set the stage for
the invention and development of differential
calculus
Johannes Kepler
● founder of modern optics
● published book Dioptrics, to explain the principle
how telescope works and to discover and
describe the properties of total internal reflection
Christian Huygens
● first to derive the now standard formula for
centripetal force and the first to formulate the
 correct laws of elastic collision, in optics, known
for his wave theory of light
The Physical Sciences (1590 – 1666)
Robert Boyle
● father of modern chemistry
● Skeptical Chymst​- debunks the Aristotelian
view of four elements and suggest the use of
chemical indicators for detecting acidic and
basic liquids
● Boyle’s Origin of Form and Quality (1666)-
existence of the universal type of matter,
divisible onto smallest components (atom)
Antoine Lavoisier and John Dalton
● put modern chemical science on a firm
theoretical basis (diko magets yung sa book
shuta)
Evangelista Torricelli
● invented the barometer​ to measure air pressure.
Blaise Pascal
● explained the results concerning the torricelli
mercury tube, arguing that presence of matter
above certain liquids (Spirits) cannot be
detected but exists
Otto van Guericke
● invented air pump and demonstrates the
properties of vacuum by using his air pump to
take the air from within his famous ​“Magdeberg
hemisphere” – proves that air has weight and
exerts pressure
Biology (1600-1680)
Santorio Santorio
● he developed clinical thermometer and pulse
clock his experiments laid the groundwork for
study of basal metabolism and the physical and
chemical processes of the human body
William Harvey
● first to demonstrate the dissection in detail, the
continuous systematic circulation and properties
of blood being pumped to the brain and body by
the heart
Giovanni Alfonso Barelli
● published ​On the Motion of Animals-
mechanics on animal locomotion – an
application of mechanics to the organism
Franciscus Sylvius
● introduced the idea of chemical affinity to explain
the human body’s use of salts. He and his
followers contributed greatly to the study of
digestion and body fluids
Marcello Malpighi
● Founder of microscopical anatomy and histology
& Father of physiology and embryology. He was
the first to see the capillaries in animals, and
discovered the link between arteries and veins
that had eluded William Harvey
Edme Mariotte
● he demonstrated that every species of plant and
even parts of a plant, exactly reproduce their
own properties in their offspring
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
● the father of microbiology and is best known for
his pioneering work in microscopy.
● He discovers microorganisms and observes
spermatozoa arguing they are not forms of
disease but a source of reproductive material.
Renaissance
● Rebirth
● Transition of Europe from the Middle Ages to
modernity
● Scholars studied cultural, literary, and historical
texts resulting to the flowering of Latin and
vernacular literature
● Leonardo da Vinci - Monalisa
● Michaelangelo – most famous artist of the Italian
Renaissance
- “David” and “Pieta”
● Humanism
- Intellectual basis of Renaissance
- derived from Italian word ​umanista,​ meaning
"a teacher of the humanities"
- emphasized the abilities and
accomplishments of human beings.
- developed the concept of humanism
Francesco Petrarch "Father of Humanism"
Age of Discovery or the Age of Exploration (1400 –
1800)
● Navigational techniques​ – magnetic compass,
quadrant, Jacob’s cross-staff, mariner’s
astrolabe
● Jacob’s cross staff ​- typically used to measure
the elevation of the Sun at mid-day in order to
find the current latitude of the observer.
- ideal use at sea
● Compass​ – ancient method of navigation based
on the sighting of the sun and stars; used to
determine the direction. First invented in China
● Quadrant​ – improved by conversion to the
octant, using mirrors to align the image of a star
with horizon and measure angle more accurately
● Theodolite​ – used in surveying for measuring
angles in both the horizontal and vertical planes
● Octant​ – relies on mirrors that reflect light along
a path to the observer
● Astrolabe​ – used to measure angle of a slope
or elevation of an object
● Spanish and Portuguese​ – created the world’s
first nautical maps
The Emergence of Western Technology (1550 –
1750)
● Galileo ​– used telescope to observe the moons
of Jupiter
● Preparation of steam engine
Mining and Metallurgy
● Abraham Darby (1709)​ – used coke to reduce
iron ore in his enlarged and improved blast
furnace, iron founder in Shropshire
● 1500 – 1750 – a steady expansion in mining for
minerals other than coal and iron
● Queen Elizabeth I introduced german miners to
England to develop mineral resources of the
country
● Brass manufacture
Agriculture
● Jethro Tull​ (1674 – 1741) – perfected a
horse-drawn seed drill in 1700
● Second agricultural revolution or british agricultural
revolution (17​th​-19​th​ century)
Invention of Printing
● Johannes Gutenberg​ – 1455 - made the first version
of the printing press with movable metal type in
Mainz, Germany to print a Vulgate Bible
● 1500 – 40,000 recorded editions of books had been
printed in 14 European countries Internal-combustion Engine
Prime mover- any machine that converts energy from
an energy source into mechanical energy
Industrial Revolution
Internal-combustion engine- ​a heat engine where the
● Refers to a period of rapid economic and
burning of a fuel and air mixture occurs in the
technological growth
combustion chamber
Textile industry
Etienne Lenoir
John Kay​- invented the ​“flying shuttle”​ in 1773
● made the 1st successful gas engine (1859)
a weaving machine faster than the old technology used.
NIkolaus Otto (1878)
Made the textile industry boom
● adopted four stroke cycle of induction
James Hangreaves​- invented the machine called
compression firing exhaust
“spinning jenny” ​in 1767 (jenny=engine)
machine that produced multiple spools of thread
Petroleum
used in factory and homes
Chinese (600 BC)- ​first to discover crude oil and used
Samuel Crompton​- invented the ​“spinning mule”
bamboo pipelines to transport
In 1785, ​Edmund Cartwright finished the ​“power
kerosene- ​first used as fuel in oil lamps
loom”
Edwin L. Drake
● it mechanized the process of weaving cloth
● bored through 21 meters of rock to strike oil at
Iron Industry
Titusvill, Pennsylvania
Abraham Darby (18th century)
Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz
● discovered easier method to produce cast iron,
● equipped first motorcycle and motor car
using coke-fueled furnace.
● Benz’s ​“horseless carriage”​- prototype of
Henry Bessemer
modern automobile
● 1850’s- British engineer
● Bessemer’s process that process
CHAPTER 3
mass-producing steel
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF
SCIENCE
Steam Engine
Thomas Newcomen (1712)
Thomas S. Kuhn ​- American physicist and philosopher
● developed the first practical engine
● The Structure of Scientific Revolutions-
James Watt (1770’s)
paradigm shift
● innovated Newcomen’s engine into power
● Paradigm shifts constitute a ​scientific
mavhinery
revolution, ​which contrasts with normal science
● He defined ​paradigm shift​ as common sets of
Transportation Industry
tools shared by a community
Robert Fulton (early 1800’s)
● built the first successful steamboat
Richard Trevithick (1800’s) ​invented the first railway
steam locomotive
➔ In 1830, England’s Liverpool and Manchester
Railway first to offer regular passenger services
John McAdam (1820)​- developed the process for road
construction

Normal science -
Communication
models or existing theories na kayang isolve ang isang
● In 1837, ​William Cooke and Charles
particular issue or problem
Wheatstone ​patented the first commercial
Model drift - eventually may mga lilitaw na questions na
electrical telegraph.
hindi na kayang masagot ng normal science, which is an
● In 1866, telegraph cable laid across the country
anomaly, so lalayo na siya sa normal science kaya
Charles Parsons- invention of steam turbine in 1884
magiging model "drift"
constituted in major technological innovation
Model crisis - at this point sobrang daming anomalies
na ang lumitaw na hindi masagot ng current normal
Electricity
science so nagkakaroon ng "crisis"
● Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania,
Model revolution - since hindi na nga masagot nung
Alessandro Volta and Michael Faraday were
normal science yung anomalies, may mga new models
the first pioneer in electricity
na magagawa para isolve yung anomalies
● Benjamin Franklin​- demonstrated lightning is
Paradigm change - kapag accepted na yung mga
static electricity
proposed models ituturo na siya as sagot dun sa mga
● Alessandro Volta​- produced electric currents
anomalies at ito na yung magiging bagong normal
using chemical reactions within voltaic piles
science
● Michael Faraday- discovered the relationship
The Copernican Revolution
between electricity and magnetism in 1831
Claudius Ptolemy​ ​(c. 100 to c. 170) -​ he standardized
William Murdock in 1792
the ​geocentric model
● experimented in lighting the buildings by gas
● the Earth is in the ​center of the universe​; the
Thomas Edison​- first to find new uses of electricity
Sun, Moon, stars and planets ​revolve around
Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison- made a lamp with
the Earth
different filament, and chose carbon
● each planet moved in two systems of orbits
(​deferent and epicycle) - ​these systems were
 added in order to explain variations in the speed
and direction of the apparent motions of the
planets. This model is called ​Almagest
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) - ​a Renaissance
astronomer who is known for his ​heliocentric model
● Heliocentric model considered the ​sun as the
center of the universe​ and that the planets
revolve around it
● Copernicus stated that:
1. The motions of heavenly bodies are
uniform and circular
2. The Sun is near the center of the
universe
3. The ff. revolves around the Sun in order:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
and Saturn. Further are the stars which
are fixed in space
4. The Earth undergoes three motions:
daily rotation, annual revolution and
annual tilting of its axis. The apparent
retrograde motions of the planets werde
due to the motions of the Earth
● Copernicus ​first published ​his model in
Commentariolus ​(Little Commentary) ​in 1514
● De revolutionibus orbium caelestium​ (On the
Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres) ​in 1532
● Copernican model will be revised and
expounded by ​Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler,
and ​Galileo Galilei
The Newtonian Revolution
● Isaac Newton - law of universal gravitation
● Laws of motion ​(nabanggit na sa astronomy
and new physics)
● He is also considered as the developer of
infinitesimal calculus ​with ​Gottfried Leibniz
● Theory of color - ​the observed colors of objects
are due to their selective interaction with the diff.
colors of the visible light spectrum
● Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (​ 1687) -​ ​discussed his laws and
theories, including the suggestion that all matter
in the universe will be affected by gravity in the
same manner
The Chemical Revolution
● Robert Boyle ​- “Father of Chemistry”
● Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier ​(1743 - 1794) ​-
sparked the Chemical Revolution
● demonstrated that combustion requires oxygen
gas
● “Father of Modern Chemistry”
● studied the ​role of oxygen on combustion
(1722)
● he ​coined​ the term ​“oxygen”
● Traite elementaire de chimie (​ Elementary
Treatise on Chemistry) - ​contained all of his
contributions to chemistry
● Lavoiser’s effort to ​standardize chemistry - he
revised chemical nomenclature and established
standards for conducting experiments made him
the figurehead of Chemical Revolution
● Joseph Priestley ​- the one who ​discovered
oxygen ​(si Antoine ang nagpangalan sa oxygen
tapos si Priestley naman ang nakadiscover)
● Phlogiston theory - assumed the presence of
phlogiston​, a fire-like element contained in
objects
The Einsteinian Revolution
Albert Einstein ​(1879 - 1955)
● Special theory of relativity - ​time and motion
are entirely relative
● General theory of relativity - ​it explains that
what we perceive as the force of gravity in fact
arises from the curvature of space and time.
Einstein proposed that objects such as the sun
and the Earth change this geometry (1915)
Annus mirabilis papers ​(Miracle year)- ​all of the ff.
were published:
● Photoelectric Effect (1905)- the emission of
electrons or other free carriers when light hits a
material
● Brownian Motion/ pedesis (1905)- ​random
motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting
from their collision with the fast-moving
molecules in the fluid
● Mass energy Equivalence (1905)- ​mass is
concentrated energy (E=mc^2)
1921 Nobel Prize in Physics- ​won this award for his
photoelectric effect
Other Intellectual Revolutions
Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin
● HMS Beagle voyage- ​diversity of plants and
animals
- Galapagos finches- the beaks of the
birds were different according to their
food source
● process of evolution due to ​natural selection-
survival of the fittest
● Only organisms with favorable traits will be able
to adapt to ever-changing env’t, these traits
mapapasa sa offspring
● On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection (1859)
Alfred Russel Wallace
● developed similar idea as Darwin
Freudian Revolution
Weinert- ​considered Freud as a scientific revolutionary
based on a premise
Sigmund Freud
● attempted to explain human behavior in terms of
physiological events in the brain
● Psychoanalytic theory- ​he abandon the
former, and explain in this theory that behavior
arises from the interaction of the conscious and
unconscious dimensions of the human mind
● unconscious- ​part of the mind that cannot be
controlled nor cannot be directly understood
● Psychological repression- ​unpleasant
thoughts and memories were being put out in
the mind, only be hidden in the unconscious
● mental disorders can be understood by the
interpretation of dreams, examination of
verbal slips and free association
● Free association- ​person is allowed to speak
what’s in their mind without restrictions
● Freud’s theory was grounded on hypothetical
concepts like ​oedipus complex (​attraction ng
lalaking anak sa ina​) ​and ​Electra complex
(​attraction ng anak na babae sa ama​)
 CHAPTER 4
Science and Technology in the Philippines
4.1. Precolonial Science and Technology
● Slow pacing of the spread of science and
technology
1. Primitive technology- trade and industry are too
vivid in the seas
2. Different dialects shows diversity which shows
inability to interact to other country for trade and
commerce
● Late technology development- forget to
explore new ideas
3. Not open to new ideas for agriculture- contented
with primitive ideas (planting crops and fishing)
● Use asteonomical data such as moon
for planting and fishing season
● Indio- ​tawag ng Spaniards sa mga
Pilipino-
4. Strong belief to superstitious, which embedded
as their way of life
● Houses in precolonial are made of bamboos
Uses of science and technology
● Planting crops
● Taking care of animals- food, rituals and bond
● Food production
● Interpreting movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates for harvesting and
fishing
● Medicinal uses of plants for healing and
prosperity
● Building technologies
● Use of irrigation system in lowland planting
● Tools for hunting and security to survive from
danger of wild animals
● Musical interments: planting season, marriages,
burial and for birth to death
● Known as ​metal age​, use gold and silver for
jewelry
4.1.1. Writing System
● Baybayin= to spell
- incorrectly known as ALIBATA
- Core part of our culture and heritage
- Form of communication once utilized
● Fr. Pedro Chino, S.J. (1604)- ​Relacion de las
Islas
● Paulo Coehlo
"Our outer beauty is our inner beauty
made visible"
4.1.2. Concept of Time
● Time=gold (irretime = gold (irreplaceable value)
- irony to “Filipino time”
● no clocks to show time (tiempo/ tiyempo)
● units and measurable changes:
➔ taon- name of each period of events
- metaphor which means,
“assembling to many”
- recent: define as year
- other meaning: pagkakataon
(opportunity), nagkataon (by
chance), nataon (occur at the
same time), itinaon (to set
sched) and panahon (weather)
VISAYAN- have 3 known terms in years
1. taon = harvest (Taon na didto dile)- it’s already
harvest
2. “tuig” = harvest- periodic events
3. “dag-on” = spring- time for the blooming trees
and plants
MOON PHASES- time markers that display shifting of
one month to another
● Gimata- moon seems to open its eyes
● Katin- third quarter
● Malasumbang- new moon phase
SUN- more dominant time provider
● Arao (araw)- sun
● Gab-i (gabi)- night
TAGALOGS- elaborate description of night and day
● Bukang liwayway- breaking of dawn
● Katanghalian- high noon or mid day
➔ pagsikat ng talang baquero- begins
around 3:30 am
➔ pagsikat ng talang batugan- light first
appears on the horizon
➔ mababa na (low)- afternoon around 2
o’clock
➔ lulunod na- setting of the sun
● Takipsilim- dusk
● Malalim na ang gabi- around 10 or 11 pm
● Hatinggabi- midnight
4.1.3. Early Filipino Weights and Measure
● used parts of the body for measuring
● 3000 B.C.- produced adzes ornaments of
seashells and pottery
● 2000 Yrs- pottery flourished
● Iron age- lasted the 3rd cent B.C. to 11th cent
A.D.
➔ extraction smelting and refining of iron
from ores, until importation of cast iron
from Sarawak and China
➔ learned to weave cotton, make glass
ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice
and dikes fields of terraced fields
utilizing spring water
➔ build boats for trading
4.2. Science and Technology During the Spanish
Regime (1521-1898)
● established schools and introduced the concepts
of subjects and discipline
● understanding concepts related to human body,
plants, animals and bodies.
● technology focuses on using and developing
house tools
● replicated technology using indigenous materials
● medicine and advanced science were
introduced in formal colleges and universities
● superstitious belief and cahtolic doctrines and
practices halted the growth of science in the
country
● Manila Galleon Trade- significant route that
connected the Philippines to the west.
● Fujian- traveled to Manila to sell Spaniards
spices, porcelain, ivory, silk cloth and valuable
commodities
Description of Galleon Trade
● sole means of communication bet. Spain and
Philippine colony
● economic lifeline for the Spaniards in Manila
 ● 1565-1815, contributed to the changes in
culture, language and environment for
Philippines and Mexico
● government monopoly, two galleons were used:
(1) Acapulco to Manila- P500,000 worth goods,
spending 120 days at sea; (2) Manila to
Acapulco- P250,000 worth of goods, spending
90 days at sea
● Caracoa- plank built warships suited for
interisland trade raids
● Filipino from Butuan were trading with Champa
(Vietnam) and Ma-l (Mindoro) with China- this
finding indicate the regular trade relations
between the Philippines, Vietnam, and China
had been established from 10th cent to 15th
cent A.D.
● had negative effect on economic development in
the Philippines, all Spanish capital was devoted
to speculation in Chinese goods.
Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais de
Filipinas
● founded by Governador Jose Basco y Vargas
(1780), encouraged research in agriculture and
industry
● promoted cultivation of indigo, cotton, cinnamon
and silk industry
● 1789- Manila opened to Asian shipping, initiating
an era of increase in export of rice, hemp,
tobacco, sugar and indigo, and import
manufacturing goods
● Leon Ma. Guerrero- considered as “Father of
Philippine Pharmacy” due to his works on
Medicinal Plants of the Philippines
● No schools for engineering- offered nautical four
year course for pilot of merchant marine that
includes: arithmetic, algebra, geometry,
trigonometry, physics, hydrography,
meteorology, navigation and pilotage
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOUNDED DURING
SPANISH COLONIZATION
● Colegio de Manila- ​first college considered as
the first Royal and Pontifical University in Asia.
➔ Located at intramuros grounds of Manila
and founded by first Spanish Jesuits
(1590)
➔ Renamed as ​Colegio de San Ignacio
and became ​Universidad de San
Ignacio​ ​(1621)
➔ Forced to close when San Ignacio was
surrendered to Spanish authorities
(1768)
● Colegio de San Ildefonso- founded in Cebu
(1595) by Spanish Jersuits
➔ 1769- ​closed due to expulsion of the
Jersuits in the Philippines
➔ 1783- ​reopened under the name
Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos
➔ Claims to be the oldest school in country
and asia but disputed by UST
● University of Santo Tomas- known as ​Colegio
de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
➔ Bishop Miguel de Benavidez (1611)-
thord archbishop of Manila who
established UST
➔ First school that got university status at
1645
➔ Oldest existing university in Asia and the
largest Catholic University in the world
in terms of populatiin
4.3 Science and Technology during the American
Regime (1898 - 1935)
● Coverage of the Philippine S&T, that was
formed by the American Government, was very
limited
● Mainly focused on agriculture, health and food
processing.
● Development of industrial technology was
largely neglected due to colonial economic
policy
● American regime, known as “Americanize” the
Filipinos, reorganized the learning of science
● In basic education, science education focuses
on nature studies and science and sanitation.
Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper
hygiene and healthy practices. Hospitals, clinics
and health centers were established including
public hospitals.
● Americans built roads, streets and bridges. The
new infrastructure helped make the movement
of products and services more efficient.
Boulevards, zone districts, and centers of leisure
were also established.
● In 1901, the Philippine Commission established
Bureau of Government Laboratories that
replaced Laboratorio Municipal that was created
during Spanish colonial era. In 1905, it was
replaced again by the Bureau of Science.
● In 1933, the National Research Council of the
Philippines was established. It became the
primary research center of the Philippines until
World War II
● In 1908, the University of the Philippines (UP)
was founded through Act No. 1870 of the
Philippine Assembly. It was opened at Calle
Isaac Peral (now United Nations Avenue) and
Padre Faura in downtown Manila in 1909.
● In 1947, the Philippine General Hospital formally
became a part of UP through Executive Order
No. 94
● In 1948, much of UP was transferred from
Manila to Diliman, Q.C. UP now has 8
constituents universities with 17 campuses all
over the country.
4.4 Science and Technology during the Commonwealth
Period (1935-1946)
● During the commonwealth period, new agencies
were created such as Bureau of Mines which
aided and assisted Filipino businessmen who
were into mining exploration.
● It also increased appropriations for the Bureaus
of Science, Plant and Animal Industry, and
thereby encouraged more scientific research for
industrial purposes
● Commonwealth government was unable to
achieve its goal of economic self-reliance. This
was because of foreign trade and tariff policies
remained under the control of the American
government.
● Free trade relations also continued and thus
perpetuated the preferential treatment of exports
of agricultural raw materials. Moreover, the
Pacific War broke out in 1941 and the
Philippines was occupied by Japanese troops
 ● With so much devastation caused in so short a
time, World War II undoubtedly stands as one of
the darkest chapters of human history.
● Commonwealth of the Philippines was under the
Japanese occupation from 1942-1945. The
event can be remembered mainly as the time
the Japanese occupied the Philippines and
oppressed the Filipinos before being finally
driven out by Americans.
● The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself
from the ruins of the war. The human spirit to
survive and to rebuild the country may be strong
but the capacity of the country to bring back
what was destroyed was limited. Nevertheless,
the Filipinos strived to move on.
4.6 Science and Technology During the Marcos Era
(1965-1985)
State of the Nation Address - Marcos put emphasis and
priority for the development of science and technology
Highlights:
Second SONA
● January 23,1967
● Science was essential for research and
development programs
● Instructed the DepEd to review the science
courses in public high schools
Third SONA
● January 22,1968
● Acknowledged that technology was the foremost
factor in economic development
● Channeled additional funds in order to support
projects in applied sciences and science
education
Fourth SONA
● January 27, 1969
● Funds were allocated to private universities
● Urged them to create courses in science,
technology and research
Philippine Science Community
● April 6, 1968
● 35 hectares in Bicutan,Taguig, Rizal
● Where seminars for public and private high
school and college science teachers were
conducted
Fifth SONA
● January 26,1970
● Enhancement and improvement of science
curricula
● By upgrading the science equipment of different
schools
Seventh SONA
● January 24,1972 major development projects in
reforming sectors of education
● Including: research and development schools,
technical institutes, science education centers,
and agricultural colleges, and vocational high
schools
Other SONA highlights:
1. Philippine Coconut Research Institute was
integrated with NSDB to upgrade the coconut
industry.
2. NSDB also established the Philippine Textile
Research Institute
3. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of
the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy
for economic development
Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s 1976
● Year 1976
● National Academy of Science and Technology
● Composed of scientists with “innovative
achievement in the basic and applied sciences”
● To serve as a reservoir of scientific and
technological expertise for the country
4.5 Science and Technology since Independence (1946
to 1965)
● 1946 - no significant innovation in education and
training of scientists and engineers.
Highlighted events since independence:
● 1946 - increase in the creation of government
science agencies with a rise in the
establishment of numerous states colleges and
universities in PH
● 1947 - Bureau of Science was organized to
Institute of Science
● 1947 - Institute of Nutrition (perform research
advisory and extension functions)
● 1952 - Science Foundation of the Philippines
(SFP) - (to encourage research in science and
engineering areas; promote research and
development consciousness among Filipinos)
● 1952 - Commission on Volcanology placed
under National Research Council of the
Philippines (NRCP) - (basic research on
volcanology)
● Early postwar years - Scientific work suffered
from lack of support, planning and coordination
● 1951 - Institute of Science => Institute of
Science and Technology (government owned
corporation and placed under the office of
Economic Coordination)
● 1958 - Science Act created National Science
Development Board (NSDB) - (formulate policies
for the development of science and coordinate
the work of science agencies)
● creation of Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC) and National Institute of
Science and Technology (NIST)
● 1960 - Philippines Laws established science
researches:
4.7 Science and Technology During the Fifth Republic
(1986 to present)
Corazon C. Aquino
1987 Philippine Constitution, Section 10 of Article XIV
- The State shall provide priority to research and
development, invention, innovation and their
utilization and support to indigenous,
appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and
technological capabilities, and their application
to the country’s productive systems and national
life
Major contributions of Corazon Aquino:
● Proclamation of Executive Order No. 128
○ “Reorganization of the National Science
and Technology Authority”
○ thus creating the Technology
Application and Promotion Institute
(TAPI)
○ TAPI’s responsibility - to promote the
commercialization of technologies and
market the services of other operating
units of DOST
● RA 6655
○ Science for the Masses Program
 ○ Aimed to encourage children who had
passion in science and technology to
study for free
● Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology
○ Envisioning the status of the Philippines
to be the next industrialized country
● Republic Act. No. 7459
○ “An Act Providing Incentives to Filipino
Inventors and Expanding the Functions
of the Technology Application and
Promotion Institute, Appropriating Funds
Therefor, and for Other Purposes”
○ A.k.a. “Inventors and Invention
Incentives Act of the Philippines ”
○ Recognition of the important contribution
of the Filipino inventors and the
technologies they developed
○ To give priority to invention and its
utilization and to provide incentives to
investors and protect their exclusive
right to their invention
○ Incentives: cash rewards, tax incentives
and exemptions, invention development
assistance fund, and invention
guarantee fund
Fidel V. Ramos
Believes that science and technology was the foremost
requisite for the country to acquire “New Industrialized
Country” status
● Science and Technology Agenda for National
Development (STAND)
○ Exporting winners identified by DTI
○ Domestic needs identified by the
President’s Council for Countryside
Development
○ Support industries and
○ Coconut industry development
● Laws during his term:
○ Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (R.A. 8439)
○ Science and Technology Scholarship
Law of 1994 (RA 7687)
○ Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
(RA 7459)
○ The Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines (RA 8293)
■ Provides industrial property
rights, copyrights and related
rights, and technology transfer
arrangements
Joseph Estrada
Two major legislations:
1. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749)
a. Designed to protect and preserve the
environment
b. Ensure sustainable development of its
natural resources
2. Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (RA 8792)
a. Ban computer hacking
b. Provides opportunities for new
businesses emerging from the
Internet-driven New Economy
First SONA:
- launched a full scale program based on cost
effective irrigation technologies
- Dole-outs are out
- basic health care, basic nutrition and
useful education for those who want but
cannot afford
- they would speed up program to establish one
Science High School every province
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
“Golden Age” era for Science and Technology -
secretary Estrella Alabastro
Laws and projects:
● RA 9367
○ “Biofuels” act
○ promotes development and usage of
biofuels throughout the country
○ enables a cheaper alternative to
gasoline as a medium in producing
energy
○ benefits the environment since it boasts
a cleaner emission compared to regular
fuel
● RA 10601
○ improves the Agriculture and fisheries
Sector through Mechanization (AFMech)
○ covers research, development, and
extension (RDE), promotion,
distribution, supply, assembling,
manufacturing,regulation, use,
operation, maintenance and project
implementation of agricultural and
fisheries machinery and equipment
● RA 10055
○ Technology Transfer Act of 2009
○ harmonized all technology transfer
activities in the country and expediting
the commercialization of
government-funded research
SONA 2001
- emphasized the role of technology in future
economic development
National Innovation Summit in 2007
- National Innovation Strategy called
Filipinnovation was presented to the President
The President’s efforts resulted in accomplishment of:
1. research and development programs
2. S and T human resource development programs
3. scientific and technological services
4. S and T promotion and information services and
5. scientific linkages and international cooperation
Benigno Aquino III
4 new National Scientist:
● Gavino C. Trono
○ helped a lot of families in the coastal
populations through the extensives
studies he made on seaweed species
● Angel C. Alcala
○ pioneer scientist and advocate of coral
reefs aside from contributions in
systematics, secology, and herpetology
● Ramon C. Barba
○ changes the seasonal supply of fresh
fruits to an all year round availability of
mangoes through his studies in the
induction of flowering of mango and
micropropagation of important crop
species
● Edgardo D. Gomez
 ○ steered the national-scale assessment
of damage coral reefs which led a
national conservation
Low ranking of PH in Sci and Tech
- According to Technology Index of 1982,the state
of S and T of the Philippines is -0.1 compared to
U.S.(world’s tech leader) which is 100
- PH ranks low in technological capacity
- In terms of basic technologies: Material,
Equipment, Energy, Information, Life, and
Management Technology:
- there is a very low output of international
scientific research publications
compared to other Asian countries
- Due to lack of funding, there is no adequate and
attractive financial support for research and
development scientists and engineers
- lack of research laboratories in semiconductors,
molecular biology, photovoltaics, etc
- is the inadequate facilities of the S and
T libraries and information networks,
including access by the university
students and researchers to the internet
Policies on S and T under Aquino administration:
● RA 10533 emphasizing teaching in the mother
tongue
● K9RA 10931 developing school infrastructure
● RA 10844 providing for ICT broadband
● RA 2076 integrate, coordinate and intensify
scientific and technological research to foster
invention
● RA 9711 ensuring compliance of
drug-manufacturing firms with
ASEAN-harmonized standards by full
implementation of the FDA
● RA 5921 creating an education council
dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical
services/care
● RA 3720 Empowering food and drug agencies to
conduct evidence-based research as pool of
information
● RA 8424 Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
● RA 10747 Legislating a law supporting human
genome projects
● RA 9147 Protecting and conserving biodiversity
by full implementation of existing laws
● Use biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
countries
● RA 8371 promoting indigenous knowledge
systems and indigenous people’s conservation
● RA 10611 formulation of common food and
safety standards
Rodrigo Duterte
RA 11035
● Balik Scientist Act
● provides incentives and assistance to returning
Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and
engineers
● it will address the lack of scientists in the country
● as of 2018, PH only has 189 scientists per
million, ideal ratio is 380 per million
● was first established in 1975 through
Presidential Decree No. 819 of President
Ferdinand Marcos and initially called Balik
Scientist Program but it was only implemented in
1986
● Former President Fidel Ramos revived the
program in 1993 and put under the DOST
through E.O. No. 130
CHAPTER 5
Philippine Inventions and Filipino Scientists
5.1. Philippine Inventions
● Showcase skills and inventiveness of Filipinos
using available raw and local materials
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
● Launched by H2O Technologies at Capital
Commons Center (Pasig City)
● Invented by ​Atoy Llave and Dominic Chang
● Lamberto Armada- ​combined the ideas of
Llave and Chang
● Can drive over land and water and carry 6
passengers including the driver
● Two prototypes: (1) powered by 5kW electric
engine and (2) powered by 250 cc gasoline
motor
● Land: ​power transmits to pavement via two rear
gears
● Water: ​propelled by 3 blade propeller directly
connected to engine
● Cost between Php 200,000- Php 230,000
E-jeepneys
● Runs on pure electricity powered by automotive
batteries that can be charged on ordinary outlet
● No noise, fumes and harmful emissions
● Rommel Juan (​Pres. Of PhUV​)- ​aims to
manufacture jeepneys that release no harmful
pollutants
● Darna- ​first e-jeepneys named after Filipino
female hero
● Cost ranged from Php 700,000 - 750,000
Medical Incubator
● Fe del Mundo- invented bamboo incubator in
1941
● Composed of 2 native laundry basket of different
sized and made of bamboo.
● Aim: to produce inexpensive and can be
reproduced by people with limited access to
medical center
Single-chip 16-bit Microprocessor
● Diosdado Banatao- ​developed the first
single-chip graphical user interface accelerator
that made computers work a lot faster
➔ Developed the world's first system logic
chip set for IBM's, PC-XT and PC-AT
➔ Developed first Windows Graphics
accelerator chip for personal computers
● 16-bit ​microprocessor-based calculator:
Allow users to use graphics for commands and
not usual type commands in older computers
Electrifilter
● Christian G. Sta. Romana & John Paul G.
Santos - ​invented electrifilter (Electricity
Generation from Filthy Water.)
● Generates electricity from waste water and
power lamp posts
● Excess energy can be stored in a battery or
energy grid
● Waste output can be used as natural fertilizers

SALt lamp
● Invented by ​Aisa Mijeno, ​her vision was “to light
up the rest of the Philippines sustainably”
● Alternative light source that runs on ​saltwater
● Composed of two tablespoons of salt, one glass
of tap water, catalysts and metal alloys
Vazbuilt: A Modular housing system
● Invented by ​Edgardo G. Vazquez
● He manufactured reinforced concrete columns,
wall panels, and tie beams assembled in
housing units
● This is ​fire-proof, termite-proof, and
earthquake-proof
Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal trap
● The Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) through its Industrial Technology
Development Institute (ITDI) developed
mosquito ovicidal/ larvicidal trap (OL trap)
● Aims to control the population of ​Aedes
mosquitoes
● OL trap kits consists of a black cup and popsicle
stick that is half immersed in an organic solution
that can destroy mosquito eggs and larvae
● Attracts ​Aedes aegypti t​ o lay their eggs on the
lawanit stick
● It only kills the eggs, not the mosquitoes
Multi-cooler fan
● Edgardo Vazquez ​- invented an electric giant
fan that can surround an area with ​cool mists
● It is based on his ​Misty Kool ​apparatus
● Misty Kool sprays ​ultra-fine microns of water
to cool off any area. It conserves energy and
repels ​flying insects, dust, smoke and pollen.
Diwata -1: Philippine made Micro-satellite
● The ​first of the two micro-satellites in the
Philippines
● Was built and designed by Filipinos
● Launched and deployed to orbit on ​April 27,
2016
● Can assist in ​weather observation, disaster
risk management, environmental monitoring
and preservation of cultural and historical
sites
Diwata-2
● Second Earth-observing microsatellite built
under the Development of Philippine Scientific
Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat)
● Diwata-2 proj. was launched on ​October 29,
2018
● This is due to the preparation for the expected
end of Diwata-1’s life by November 2018
Pinoy Hybrid Electric Train
● 1st Filipino ​hybrid electric train (HET) ​was
launched on ​April 24, 2019
● Developed by DOST and Research
Development center in partnership w/
Philippine National Railways (PNR)
● It made a round trip between ​Alabang PNR
station and Biñan, Laguna ​on ​April 24
● Paolo Acuin described the HET features:
diesel-powered generator, electric motor, a
bank of electrical batteries, and regenerative
braking technology
Quink Ink
● Invented by ​Francisco Quisimbing ​In ​1931​. He
is a Filipino botanist
● The ink has resistance to water and molding, not
corrosive and dries quickly
● Parker Company bought the rights to the ink,
Dr. Quisimbing requested that the ​“Quink”
would be retained
5.2. Filipino Scientists
note: ​ite-table ko na lang sa another gdoc!
CHAPTER 6
Philosophical Aspects of Science and Technology
6.1. Defining Science
● depiction in mass media often entail an eccentric
person donning a white lab coat and safety
goggles
● scientists depicted as cold individuals devoid of
emotions, and engrossed in serious scientific
work.
● science is a social institution
● Oxford dictionary- ​systematic study of the
structure and behavior of the physical and
natural world through ​observation and
experiment.
● Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica- ​science
refer to the body or system of knowledge
derived from such studies
6.2. Philosophy of Science
● Philosophy- ​philo​= love; ​sophy/ sphie=​ wisdom
(love of wisdom)
➔ investigation of knowledge, experience and
reality
● Ancient Greek Philosophers- ​first scientists
that pondered on the workings of the universe
● 18th and 19th century- ​science became distinct
from philosophy
● developed scientific method ​starting from
Aristotle
● Francis Bacon- ​refined the ​process of
scientific reasoning​ during the Renaissance
➔ combined ​inductive reasoning ​for holistic
approach in understanding the universe
● Aristotle- ​emphasized the importance of
deductive reasoning
● Deduction- ​process of obtaining specific
statement from generalized observation
● Induction- ​generates generalized statement
from specific observations
Scientific Revolution
● scientific method differentiates science from
non-science
● gave approach on how to approach problems in
the universe
1. Natural Science- ​investigate natural phenomena
➔ explain how things happen based on the
interpretation of empirical data
➔ includes physical sciences (chem, physics, earth
science, astronomy) and biological science
2. Social Sciences- ​attempt to give insight on
human behavior and societies
➔ includes anthropology, archeology, economics,
history, psychology and sociology
3. Formal Sciences- ​based on set of rules defined
beforehand (​priori statement​)
 ➔ includes mathematics, logic and statistics
Philosophers
● Berlin and Vienna Circle- ​two groups of
empiricist philosophers in 1920s, introduced
verificationism or verifiability principle
➔ ​Verifiability principle- ​discipline that can
be supported by empirical evidence
➔ ex. ung kape raw sinabi mo na mainit, pero
para malaman kung mainit talaga gagamit
ka ng thermometer ganern
● Karl Popper- ​Austrian philosopher offered an
alternative view: ​falsification principle
- stated that true science cannot be proven,
only falsified
➔ Falsification principle- ​hypothesis or idea
can be tested by experimentation. As long
as the experiment shows that an idea is not
false, it is accepted as explanation to
prevailing phenomena
➔ ex. plants derive energy from the sun by
means of photosynthesis. This can be
tested by growing the same plant w/wo
sunlight, other variables are held constant.
2 possible results: (1) plant will survive or
(2) the plant will die. Kung nabuhay ung
plant w/o sunlight, then the idea is false.
● Science is not absolute, it can only predict or
state possibilities, therefore it is ​dynamic
● science cannot be used as theological issues
● Philosophy of Science- ​study of scientific
methods of inquiry and defining of the scope
and validity of science
6.3. Good life and Human flourishing
● Greek philosophers contemplated about life
● tackled concepts of morality, virtue, good and
happiness
● humans today still persist to achieve ​good life
● more scientific disciplines are becoming
invested in the concept of the good life and
happiness
6.3.1. The Greek Pioneers in the Philosophy of
Life
● all humans have a right to a life that is
comfortable and secure
● Greek philosophers delved in the concepts
about life and the universe
● Big questions: purpose of the universe, nature of
humans, pursuit of happiness and good
Socrates (470-399 BCE)
● focused about life, he disagreed with the
Sophist- ​intelligent men that traveled from place
to place teaching subjects like grammar,
mathematics and athletics
● “the unexamined life is not worth living”
● asked questions about moral and psychological
issues then changed existing idea
● always ask
● “knowing what is good is the same as doing
what is good”
● condemned and put to death by Athenian
Society
Plato (428-348 BCE)
● student of Socrates
Aristotle (384-322 B)
● student of Plato
● Aristotelian Laws
➔ Law #1: Identity - ​each thing is inseparable
from itself, a thing is just itself and not
something else
➔ Law #2: Law of Contradiction - ​some
attribute cannot be at the same time
➔ Law #3: Law of Excluded middle/
Excluded third ​- sinasabi rito na dapat daw
walang sagot na “depende”, it’s either
maga-affirm ka o mago-oppose ka
After the death of Alexander the Great, the ​Hellenistic
age​ began. Four major schools of philosophy emerged:
1. Cynics ​= came from the greek word “kynikos”
meaning dog-like
○ for them the ​purpose of life is to live in
virtue​. According to them, people must
reject ​power, sex, wealth​ and such.
○ Figures of this are: ​Anthisthenes,
Diogenes​ and ​Crates of Thebes.
2. Sceptics
○ believed that people should doubt their
senses, morality and logic.
3. Epicureans - ​consider ​all sensations we
experience are ​true​.
○ Founded by ​Epicurus
○ it is a form of ​hedonism - ​a view that
pleasure and ​pain are the two only
important aspects of living
4. Stoics - ​perfect rationality is the key to achieve
moral goodness and happiness
○ leans toward the achievement of
apotheia ​(translated as ​epuanimity​) - a
state of mind wherein one is not
disturbed by passion, pain or
emotions.
6.3.2 The good Life and Happiness
● Good ​is a universal concept
● considered to be the opposite of evil
● what is good is preferred and desirable, be it
intention or action
● philosophers have long been contemplating
what really is a ​good life
● happiness ​exists in diff. cultures and
philosophies:
○ Psychology​: happiness is a positive
being or state arising from well-being
○ Eastern religions​: spiritual state
○ Buddhism​: free from cravings
○ Hinduism​: freedom from the cycle of
births and deaths.
○ Biological perspective​: interplay of
genetics, brain psychology, and
 chemistry, body hormones and physical
health are all involved in happiness
● Greek​: ​eudaimonia ​(good-spirited) is their
concept of happiness
- more properly translated as ​“human
flourishing”​ or “​prosperity”
- Highest human good
● Philosophers have different views in
eudaimonia:
○ Plato​ asserted that happiness results
from morality and justice
○ The Cynics, hedonists and Stoics​: all
have diff. notions on how to achieve
happiness
● According to Aristotle: ​euadamonia i​ s the end
goal of human action and it is the highest human
good
● In Aristotle’s work ​Nicomachean ethics, ​he
discussed ​eudamonia​ in relation to ​arete ​(virtue)
and ​philia ​(friendship)
● Eudamonia​ is not just the a state of mind but it
results from the ​sum of human activities to
lead a life
● Aristotle’s idea of ​eudamonia​ is comparable to
Abraham Maslow’s concept of
self-actualization ​(the highest personal need)
● According to Aristotle, ​eudamonia​ can be
achieved by ​rational action​ and it also arises
from ​friendship
● Plato considered ​virtue​ as the only and
necessary requirement to ​eudamonia
● Virtue- ​refers to excellence either intellectual
and moral
● Intellectual virtue (virtues of thought)- ​arises
from teaching
● Moral virtue (virtues of character)- ​from habit
or practice
● Aristotle ​considered the ff.
➔ Episteme- ​scientific knowledge
➔ Phronesis (practical wisdom)-
intellectual virtues
➔ Andreia- ​bravery
➔ Sophrosune- ​temperance
➔ Andreia and Sophrosune ​are moral
virtue
6.4. Technology as a Way of Understanding the
World
Technology- ​application of scientific knowledge to make
our life easier
● Amoral- ​it does not tell whether we utilized it in
the right and wrong manner.
●
● Martin Heidegger
○ he mostly studied ​ontology​ or the
philosophical ​study of being.
○ among his work is his essay
“​Questioning Concerning
Technology” ​which discussed the
nature of technology​ and its relation to
human activity
● Heidegger’s main points:
○ Technology is not an instrument​; it is
a way of revealing the truth about the
world.
○ Technology is not controlled by humans;
it is ​technology​ that can ​control
human ​activity
○ Technology​ is dangerous in the sense
that it ​frames our thinking​ about the
world
● Techne ​refers to b ​ oth manufacturing and the
arts. ​Techne is part of ​poiesis ​which means
“​bringing-forth”
● Poeisis​ is related to ​aletheia ​which is the Greek
word for ​“truth”​.
● According to Heidegger, revealing in modern
technology is not bringing-forth, instead it is
revealed by ​challenging
○ Forceful extraction and transformation is
called ​Gestell ​(German word) or
enframing ​(removes the essence of
poeisis​ in technology).
○ it also reduces nature into a
standing-reverse
○
● Danger of technology
○ Heidegger suggested that if humans
continue to utilize technology that
enframes nature, ​we will be lead to
self-destruction
● Memorial Address​ - Heidegger called for
humans to practice meditative thinking over
calculative thinking
○ Calculative thinking ​- emphasized
numbers and categories; it only satisfy
our material desires
○ Meditative thinking - ​elucidates
meaning of things; we allow nature to
reveal itself to us
■ In ancient Greece, ​art​ is a
unifying force that tied together
culture
●